Morphometric measurements and carcass characteristics of Black Australorp, Naked Neck, and Rhode Island Red crossbreds under alternative production systems

Usman, M.; Ishaq, H. M.; Mahmud, A.; Bughio, E.; Azhar, M.; Saleem, M. M.; Riaz, M. F.; Raza, H. A.; Hussain, M.; Latif, H. R. A.; Ahmad, S.

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.252594

Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Brasil

Brazilian Journal of Biology

Español English

Brasil

Español English

sumário « anterior atual seguinte »

Sumário

Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 83 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.252594 copy

Morphometric measurements and carcass characteristics of Black Australorp, Naked Neck, and Rhode Island Red crossbreds under alternative production systems

Medições morfométricas e características de carcaça de Black Australorp, Naked Neck e Rhode Island Red crossbreds sob sistemas de produção alternativos

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The present trial explained the effect of alternative production systems on growth, morphometric and carcass traits of four different chicken genotypes. The second generation of two genotypes RNN (Rhode Island Red × Naked Neck) and BNN (Black Australorp × Naked Neck) obtained by two self-crosses (RNN × RNN = RR and BNN × BNN = BB) and two reciprocal crosses (RNN × BNN = RB and BNN × RNN = BR) were evaluated in three alternative production systems (conventional cages, enriched cages, and aviary). At the 6^th week of age after sexing, a total of 600 birds, comprising 150 from each crossbred with a total of 300 pullets and 300 cockerels were divided into conventional cages, enriched cages, and aviary systems having 200 birds in each.Birds were organized into 3×4 factorial arrangements under Completely Randomized Design (3 production systems × 4 genotypes × 2 sexes × 25 birds = 600 birds). Regarding genotypes, RB and BR males showed higher (p < 0.01) carcass yield, drumstick weight, breast weight, and thigh weight than BB and RR genotypes. Females of BR genotype showed higher (p < 0.01) breast weight, thigh weight and drumstick weight. As far as production systems are concerned, higher (p < 0.01) liver weight, heart weight, breast weight, intestinal weight, drumstick weight, and thigh weight were observed in the males reared in enriched cages compared with conventional cages and aviary system. Females reared in enriched cages showed higher (p < 0.01) heart weight, breast weight, intestinal weight, drumstick weight, and thigh weight when compared with those reared in conventional cages and aviary. It is concluded that chickens (both sexes) of BR and RB genotypes had better morphological measurements and carcass traits than those of RR and BB genotype chickens. Among alternative production systems, chickens reared in enriched cages had better traits than those of reared in conventional cages and aviary during the growing phase.

Keywords:
crossbred chickens; alternative production systems; carcass traits; morphometric; measurements

Specifications	Conventional cage (Separate for each sex)	Enriched cage (Separate for each sex)	Aviary (Straight run)
Dimensions (Length × Depth × Height) (cm)	60.9 × 76.2 × 60.9	91.4 × 91.4 × 91.4	304.8 × 304.8 × 304.8
Stocking Density	5 birds/ cage	5 birds/cage	50 birds / aviary
Floor space per bird (cm²)	931.9	1672	1858
Dimensions of Dust bathing Area (Length × width) (cm)	------------------------	55 × 25.3	137 × 137
Dust bathing Space/bird (cm²)	------------------------	276	376
Perches
Number	------------------------	1	2
Material	------------------------	Wooden	Wooden
Shape	------------------------	Round	Round
Diameter (cm)	------------------------	1.8	4.2
Length (cm)		121.9	304.8
Height from floor (cm)		45.7	91.4

Age (weeks)	Daily feed allowance (g)
7	24
8	28
9	30
10	30
11	34
12	36
13	38
14	38
15	40
16	42

Nutritive value	Grower (7-16 weeks)
CP (%)	14
ME (Kcal/Kg)	2850
Ca (%)	0.87
Av. P (%)	0.38
Lysine (%)	0.70
Methionine (%)	0.30
Na (%)	0.19
Feed Ingredient (%)
Corn	61.55
Soybean Meal	31.70
Soybean Oil	3.00
DCP	1.70
NaCl	0.30
Methionine	0.12
Total	100

Production system	Genotype	BW	BL	DC	DL	KL	SC	SL	WS
CC		1420.05±8.44^b	62.10±1.26	7.86±0.20^ab	11.36±0.16^ab	10.54±0.22	3.96±0.09	9.40±0.25	8.88±0.20^b
AV		1376.86±6.87^c	58.05±2.33	7.47±0.20^b	11.07±0.20^b	10.30±0.16	3.74±0.07	9.61±0.13	9.63±0.20^a
EC		1453.52±11.94^a	63.85±1.41	8.20±0.21^a	11.80±0.17^a	10.69±0.17	3.91±0.09	9.81±0.24	9.08±0.17^b
P-value		<0.0001	0.0599	0.0060	0.0064	0.2955	0.1699	0.3693	0.0187
	RB	1453.61±12.93^a	63.73±1.65	8.52±0.19^a	11.99±0.20^a	10.89±0.22^a	4.02±0.13	10.01±0.25^a	9.42±0.07^a
	RR	1398.93±8.74^b	60.33±1.15	7.42±0.21^b	11.12±0.07^b	10.21±0.16^b	3.78±0.09	9.29±0.24^b	9.07±0.28^ab
	BR	1447.64±11.80^a	62.53±2.82	8.41±0.17^a	11.72±0.19^a	10.89±0.20^a	3.95±0.10	9.91±0.24^ab	9.54±0.24^a
	BB	1367.02±8.00^c	58.73±0.23	7.04±0.18^b	10.81±0.25^b	10.04±0.20^b	3.72±0.04	9.21±0.20^b	8.75±0.24^b
P-value		<0.0001	0.2994	<.0001	<.0001	0.0047	0.1244	0.0389	0.0505
CC	RB	1424.77±15.63^bcd	60.00±1.64	8.57±0.21^abc	11.75±0.32^abc	10.94±0.59	3.95±0.30	9.78±0.69^ab	9.39±0.11^ab
CC	RR	1433.76±17.86^bc	59.80±1.15	7.45±0.28^def	11.12±0.08^bcd	10.20±0.29	4.03±0.17	8.92±0.58^b	8.15±0.40^c
CC	BR	1446.57±17.62^b	66.00±3.34	8.48±0.08^abc	11.69±0.34^bc	10.96±0.37	4.06±0.16	9.24±0.45^b	9.18±0.42^abc
CC	BB	1374.66±12.93^de	62.60±2.99	6.95±0.40^ef	10.88±0.42^cd	10.04±0.48	3.81±0.11	9.65±0.30^ab	8.82±0.44^bc
AV	RB	1392.81±13.04^cde	65.60±3.44	8.01±0.40^abcd	11.51±0.32^bc	10.64±0.23	3.88±0.14	9.64±0.20^ab	9.41±0.22^ab
AV	RR	1375.76±12.65^de	59.60±2.56	7.19±0.50^def	10.95±0.12^cd	10.03±0.33	3.62±0.12	9.70±0.32^ab	9.71±0.56^ab
AV	BR	1393.79±11.64^cde	57.40±6.91	7.91±0.33^bcde	11.46±0.31^bc	10.59±0.38	3.77±0.20	9.81±0.19^ab	10.09±0.50^a
AV	BB	1345.14±15.64^e	49.60±2.11	6.78±0.21^f	10.37±0.62^d	9.94±0.31	3.69±0.05	9.29±0.37^b	9.31±0.21^ab
EC	RB	1537.96±23.68^a	65.60±2.97	8.97±0.22^a	12.71±0.19^a	11.08±0.34	4.24±0.22	10.62±0.15^a	9.47±0.00^ab
EC	RR	1388.36±11.99^cde	61.60±2.33	7.62±0.38^cdef	11.29±0.16^bcd	10.40±0.28	3.70±0.15	9.26±0.29^b	9.37±0.21^ab
EC	BR	1502.57±23.51^a	64.20±3.81	8.85±0.29^ab	12.02±0.36^ab	11.12±0.34	4.03±0.20	10.69±0.37^a	9.37±0.26^ab
EC	BB	1380.61±12.27^de	64.00±2.70	7.37±0.29^def	11.18±0.14^bcd	10.14±0.32	3.67±0.06	8.69±0.31^b	8.13±0.43^c
p-value		<0.0001	0.0545	<.0001	0.0012	0.2005	0.3030	0.0184	0.0111

Production system	Genotype	BW	BL	DC	DL	KL	SC	SL	WS
CC		1081.89±14.53^b	56.70±1.31	7.17±0.22^ab	10.32±0.39	7.93±0.19^ab	3.28±0.08	8.09±0.22	7.85±0.25
AV		1041.55±8.09^c	54.80±1.60	6.76±0.21^b	10.06±0.26	7.62±0.14^b	3.13±0.14	8.30±0.22	8.23±0.32
EC		1120.70±16.71^a	57.90±1.29	7.60±0.21^a	10.63±0.21	8.18±0.18^a	3.15±0.13	8.01±0.25	8.02±0.12
P-value		0.0001	0.3128	0.013	0.3966	0.04	0.6282	0.6264	0.5775
	RB	1121.70±21.16^a	56.40±1.42	7.61±0.23^a	10.84±0.30	8.32±0.21^a	3.40±0.18	8.76±0.31^a	8.24±0.30
	RR	1046.76±8.67^b	55.53±1.03	6.94±0.28^ab	10.07±0.24	7.58±0.15^b	3.15±0.11	7.91±0.31^b	7.99±0.16
	BR	1130.35±19.32^a	57.80±2.21	7.50±0.16^a	10.69±0.52	8.26±0.19^a	3.22±0.12	8.20±0.17^ab	8.11±0.34
	BB	1028.44±7.05^b	56.13±1.74	6.64±0.25^b	9.74±0.16	7.48±0.18^b	2.98±0.13	7.67±0.17^b	7.79±0.31
P-value		<0.0001	0.7994	0.009	0.0850	0.001	0.2458	0.0274	0.7359
CC	RB	1144.02±39.14^ab	53.00±1.18	7.53±0.34	10.74±0.51	8.33±0.51^abc	3.45±0.14	8.49±0.54	7.76±0.42
CC	RR	1031.66±13.10^d	56.20±2.15	6.99±0.52	10.18±0.48	7.58±0.22^abcd	3.45±0.18	8.44±0.46	7.70±0.20
CC	BR	1128.25±33.60^abc	60.00±3.34	7.65±0.17	10.72±1.50	8.33±0.32^abc	3.17±0.12	7.99±0.32	8.42±0.56
CC	BB	1026.00±12.36^d	57.60±2.99	6.5±0.52	9.66±0.26	7.47±0.34^bcd	3.07±0.21	7.46±0.36	7.55±0.74
AV	RB	1040.37±16.48^d	58.00±3.14	7.19±0.38	10.44±0.74	8.09±0.15^abcd	3.34±0.49	9.17±0.26	9.29±0.56
AV	RR	1032.96±11.78^d	54.40±1.36	6.54±0.51	9.74±0.22	7.23±0.28^d	3.06±0.17	8.20±0.66	7.87±0.29
AV	BR	1064.56±22.28^cd	55.00±4.84	7.01±0.36	10.48±0.71	7.83±0.28^abcd	3.05±0.12	7.83±0.24	8.02±0.90
AV	BB	1028.65±12.43^d	51.80±2.92	6.29±0.39	9.57±0.28	7.31±0.24^cd	3.06±0.30	8.01±0.35	7.75±0.65
EC	RB	1174.33±41.60^a	58.20±2.37	8.12±0.46	11.33±0.28	8.53±0.37^ab	3.39±0.28	8.61±0.76	7.67±0.21
EC	RR	1077.03±18.34^bcd	56.00±2.07	7.30±0.50	10.29±0.53	7.93±0.24^abcd	2.94±0.19	7.09±0.37	8.40±0.29
EC	BR	1198.23±37.42^a	58.40±3.65	7.85±0.18	10.89±0.36	8.63±0.34^a	3.45±0.33	8.77±0.22	7.91±0.25
EC	BB	1030.66±12.46^d	59.00±2.70	7.14±0.38	9.99±0.35	7.66±0.42^abcd	2.83±0.21	7.56±0.10	8.08±0.14
p-value		<0.0001	0.6797	0.07	0.6875	0.034	0.6881	0.0588	0.5173

Trait	Production System			P-value	Genotype				p-value
Trait	CC	AV	EC	P-value	RB	RR	BR	BB	p-value
DW	687.72±8.17	713.95±11.49	711.57±12.00	0.0923	733.70±13.66^a	697.81±10.12^bc	715.79±11.41^ab	670.35±7.49^c	0.0010
CY	55.86±0.40^b	58.70±0.64^a	57.83±0.62^a	0.0004	59.13±0.84^a	56.61±0.47^b	58.25±0.55^a	55.85±0.63^b	0.0004
LW	24.22±1.22^ab	21.66±0.98^b	27.20±1.40^a	0.0039	27.27±1.17^a	24.58±1.17^a	24.79±1.96^a	20.80±1.18^b	0.0088
HW	5.85±0.36^c	6.95±0.35^b	8.04±0.32^a	0.0001	7.92±0.48^a	6.03±0.37^c	7.38±0.37^ab	6.46±0.49^bc	0.0017
GW	21.37±1.24^a	17.21±1.31^b	15.28±1.09^b	0.0016	15.26±1.32^b	18.88±2.00^ab	16.81±1.29^b	20.87±1.17^a	0.0237
BW	113.55±3.79^b	118.27±2.76^b	143.04±4.29^a	0.0001	136.41±4.90^a	118.55±4.55^b	133.19±5.57^a	111.64±4.55^b	0.0001
IW	44.68±1.03^b	47.04±1.00^b	52.67±1.78^a	0.0001	50.92±2.03^a	46.53±1.53^bc	50.25±1.79^ab	44.82±1.24^c	0.0075
IL	150.12±5.85	139.37±4.75	146.00±7.42	0.3853	164.00±5.51^a	140.91±7.78^b	143.91±7.30^b	131.83±4.00^b	0.0073
WW	59.61±1.33^b	69.61±1.01^a	65.97±1.43^a	0.0001	65.05±1.98	65.49±1.58	66.59±1.95	63.13±2.06	0.4228
DMW	112.81±2.36^b	116.63±2.78^b	130.26±2.48^a	0.0001	125.26±3.19^a	117.46±2.83^b	125.41±3.63^a	111.48±3.47^b	0.0004
TW	132.13±2.43^b	135.72±2.91^b	149.59±2.68^a	0.0001	144.74±3.28^a	136.81±2.91^b	144.71±3.87^a	130.33±3.52^b	0.0006

Trait	CC				AV				EC				p-value
Trait	RB	RR	BR	BB	RB	RR	BR	BB	RB	RR	BR	BB	p-value
DW	687.38 ± 10.19^cd	689.95 ± 21.73^cd	706.33 ± 20.62^bcd	667.22 ± 8.88^cd	765.80 ± 7.16^a	714.25 ± 15.39^abc	720.54 ± 16.72^abc	655.22 ± 3.88^d	747.93 ± 27.80^ab	689.23 ± 16.80^cd	720.50 ± 26.15^abc	688.6 ± 18.24^cd	0.0038
CY	55.34 ± 0.63^f	55.31 ± 0.25^f	57.96 ± 0.85^cde	54.81 ± 0.25^f	61.32 ± 0.36^a	58.39 ± 0.56^bcd	59.54 ± 0.77^abc	55.56 ± 1.14^ef	60.74 ± 0.23^ab	56.13 ± 0.61^def	57.26 ± 1.07^cdef	57.18 ± 1.45^cdef	0.0001
LW	28.41 ± 1.93^ab	25.06± 1.97^abc	23.52 ± 2.83^abc	19.88 ± 1.40^c	24.55 ± 1.97^abc	20.97 ± 1.10^bc	22.80 ± 1.70^abc	18.31 ± 2.05^c	28.85 ± 1.93^a	27.70 ± 1.58^ab	28.06 ± 5.10^ab	24.20 ± 1.77^abc	0.0353
HW	6.08 ± 0.73^de	4.95 ± 0.45^e	7.18 ± 0.22^bcd	5.19 ± 0.92^e	8.46 ± 0.45^ab	6.33 ± 0.55^cde	6.81 ± 0.79^bcde	6.20 ± 0.59^cde	9.22 ± 0.22^a	6.81 ± 0.62^bcde	8.15 ± 0.75^abc	7.97 ± 0.35^abcd	0.0002
GW	18.77 ± 1.32^abc	22.46 ± 4.19^ab	19.67 ± 1.41^abc	24.57 ± 1.60^a	14.92 ± 0.79^bc	16.47 ± 4.33^bc	17.37 ± 2.60^abc	20.10 ± 1.95^abc	12.09 ± 3.06^c	17.71 ± 1.17^abc	13.39 ± 1.75^c	17.93 ± 1.05^abc	0.0366
BW	127.68 ± 3.49^bc	105.89 ± 6.47^de	120.33 ± 4.41^bcd	100.30 ± 7.41^e	125.71 ± 1.50^bc	114.35 ± 4.64^cde	122.93 ± 4.82^bcd	110.07 ± 7.24^cde	155.84 ± 7.80^a	135.42 ± 3.17^b	156.32 ± 5.52^a	124.56± 4.65^bc	0.0001
IW	46.26 ± 2.78^cd	43.23 ± 2.16^d	47.45 ± 1.20^cd	41.77 ± 0.67^d	49.30 ± 3.57^bcd	44.95 ± 0.47^cd	47.09 ± 1 .35^cd	46.82 ± 1.43^cd	57.19 ± 2.00^a	51.40 ± 2.95^abc	56.22 ± 3.76^ab	45.87 ± 3.13^cd	0.0009
IL	168.00 ± 8.70	151.75 ± 19.15	140.75 ± 6.92	140.00 ± 4.96	162.75 ± 8.13	132.75 ± 7.27	134.75 ± 6.20	127.25 ± 6.42	161.25 ± 13.59	138.25 ± 13.56	156.25 ± 20.47	128.25± 8.78	0.1624
WW	61.37± 1.80^bcd	61.10 ± 3.28^bcd	60.40 ± 1.82^cd	55.56 ± 3.30^d	70.88 ± 2.40^a	69.42 ± 1.62^ab	70.29 ± 2.39^a	67.84 ± 2.16^abc	62.89 ± 4.13^abcd	65.94 ± 1.54^abc	69.07 ± 3.69^ab	65.98 ± 1.38^abc	0.003
DMW	119.57± 5.65^bcde	110.31 ± 4.04^de	116.10 ± 2.47^cde	105.23 ± 4.14^e	123.36 ± 4.62^abcd	114.96 ± 0.92^cde	123.00 ± 6.12^abcd	105.22 ± 4.68^e	132.85 ± 5.29^ab	127.09 ± 4.59^abc	137.14 ± 4.98^a	123.98± 3.89^abcd	0.0001
TW	139.07± 5.71^bcde	129.89 ± 4.39^de	135.22 ± 2.74^cde	124.35 ± 4.26^e	142.97 ± 4.79^abcd	134.16 ± 1.21^cde	142.00 ± 6.49^abcd	123.75 ± 4.95^e	152.18 ± 5.70^ab	146.36 ± 4.90^abc	156.91 ± 5.77^a	142.89± 3.89^abcd	0.0002

Trait	Production System			P-value	Genotype				p-value
Trait	CC	AV	EC	P-value	RB	RR	BR	BB	p-value
DW	552.24±18.67	542.62±8.58	575.60±16.97	0.221	568.81±19.99^ab	530.64±11.95^b	602.59±20.29^a	525.24±7.08^b	0.0033
CY	55.50±0.37^b	58.27±0.91^a	56.88±0.63^ab	0.0045	58.65±0.94^a	55.15±0.37^b	58.25±0.79^a	55.47±0.61^b	0.0002
LW	17.76±1.14^a	14.93±0.78^b	19.75±1.17^a	0.0048	19.01±0.97^a	17.55±1.13^ab	18.72±1.83^a	14.65±0.85^b	0.0374
HW	4.30±0.39^b	4.84±0.25^b	5.87±0.29^a	0.0017	5.54±0.41^a	4.25±0.33^b	5.60±0.39^a	4.62±0.39^ab	0.0146
GW	16.26±0.97^a	12.50±1.14^b	11.15±0.91^b	0.0011	10.56±1.01^b	13.77±1.45^ab	13.25±1.43^ab	15.62±0.95^a	0.0175
BW	88.51±4.68^b	87.15±1.68^b	110.05±5.04^a	0.0001	100.71±5.77^ab	89.62±5.22^bc	106.02±5.69^a	84.58±3.44^c	0.0023
IW	35.29±1.51^b	35.24±0.80^b	41.11±2.22^a	0.0149	37.96±2.17	35.84±2.27	40.52±2.01	34.54±1.11	0.1149
IL	116.06±3.63	111.62±2.42	116.25±3.49	0.4859	107.41±4.12^b	115.00±2.75^ab	121.75±4.64^a	114.41±1.72^ab	0.0541
WW	46.66±1.98^b	51.96±1.11^a	50.44±1.17^ab	0.0338	47.61±1.14^b	49.70±1.86^ab	53.12±2.08^a	48.31±1.72^ab	0.0993
DMW	84.87±3.58^b	83.32±2.03^b	97.05±3.78^a	0.0042	89.65±5.04^ab	85.64±3.24^b	96.59±4.02^a	81.79±2.76^b	0.0292
TW	100.27±4.00^b	97.78±2.16^b	112.17±4.23^a	0.0096	104.26±5.49^ab	100.57±3.56^b	112.33±4.62^a	96.47±2.82^b	0.041

Trait	CC				AV				EC				p-value
Trait	RB	RR	BR	BB	RB	RR	BR	BB	RB	RR	BR	BB	p-value
DW	523.28 ± 18.05^b	512.65 ± 5.60^b	648.98 ± 48.39^a	524.06 ± 9.61^b	550.53 ± 9.54^b	524.76 ± 6.38^b	575.40 ± 22.68^ab	519.79 ± 12.93^b	632.62 ± 42.68^a	554.50 ± 34.52^b	583.38 ± 24.27^ab	531.88 ± 16.35^b	0.0034
CY	54.99 ± 0.99^c	55.05 ± 0.39^c	57.02 ± 0.73^bc	54.94 ± 0.32^c	61.80 ± 0.42^a	55.27 ± 0.89^c	61.28 ± 0.24^a	54.72 ± 1.07^c	59.18 ± 0.89^ab	55.14 ± 0.79^c	56.45 ± 1.27^c	56.74 ± 1.44^bc	0.0001
LW	20.02 ± 1.42^ab	17.05 ± 1.49	20.13 ± 3.41	13.86 ± 1.10	15.94 ± 1.56	14.68 ± 1.35	16.17 ± 2.03	12.93 ± 1.27	21.06 ± 1.04	20.93 ± 1.86	19.86 ± 4.22	17.15 ± 1.41	0.0726
HW	4.17 ± 0.55^cd	3.25 ± 0.39^d	6.18 ± 0.64^ab	3.58 ± 0.71^d	5.58 ± 0.27^abc	4.48 ± 0.58^bcd	4.77 ± 0.52^bcd	4.55 ± 0.56^bcd	6.88 ± 0.50^a	5.03 ± 0.45^bcd	5.85 ± 0.82^abc	5.73 ± 0.27^abc	0.0013
GW	13.53 ± 1.12^abcd	15.86 ± 3.05^abc	17.24 ± 1.50^ab	18.40 ± 1.29^a	9.83 ± 0.52^cd	11.86 ± 3.17^bcd	12.96 ± 2.68^abcd	15.37 ± 1.75^abc	8.33 ± 2.24^d	13.60 ± 1.12^abcd	9.56 ± 1.78^cd	13.10 ± 0.76^abcd	0.0173
BW	94.25 ± 2.16^bc	75.71 ± 4.35^c	108.90 ± 10.79^ab	75.16 ± 5.89^c	86.55 ± 2.71^bc	85.23 ± 1.81^c	91.79 ± 3.28^bc	85.01 ± 5.01^c	121.33 ± 1148^a	107.92 ± 9.75^ab	117.37 ± 10.80^a	93.57 ± 3.72^bc	0.0001
IW	34.67 ± 2.71^bc	31.48 ± 1.56^c	43.1 6 ±2.47^ab	31.87 ± 0.61^c	34.25 ± 2.01^bc	34.13 ± 1.31^bc	35.66 ± 1.39^abc	36.91 ± 1.84^abc	44.96 ± 4.00^a	41.91 ± 5.75^ab	42.73 ± 4.98^ab	34.83 ± 2.35^bc	0.0202
IL	106.75 ± 5.55	107.00 ± 2.34	134.50 ± 7.02	116.00 ± 2.85	103.75 ± 4.58	117.50 ± 4.03	111.75 ± 5.17	113.50 ± 4.48	111.7 5 ± 11.15	120.50 ± 5.31	119.00 ± 8.43	113.75 ± 1.79	0.0683
WW	45.52 ± 2.04^bc	44.07 ± 1.56^bc	55.04 ± 5.67^a	42.01 ± 2.62^c	49.22 ± 2.46^abc	52.60 ± 2.97^ab	52.95 ± 2.00^ab	53.05 ± 1.58^ab	48.101 ± 1.30^abc	52.43 ± 3.36^ab	51.37 ± 3.03^ab	49.86 ± 1.31^abc	0.0408
DMW	85.60 ± 5.84^abc	76.42 ± 3.08^c	101.21 ± 8.05^a	76.26 ± 3.34^c	82.32 ± 4.32^abc	83.24 ± 2.63^abc	89.06 ± 3.96^abc	78.67 ± 4.80^bc	101.03 ± 12.68^a	97.27 ± 4.92^ab	99.48 ± 8.26^a	90.44 ± 3.41^abc	0.0239
TW	100.34 ± 6.14^abcd	90.86 ± 3.17^d	118.86 ± 9.34^a	91.04 ± 3.48^d	96.13 ± 4.61^bcd	97.97 ± 2.99^abcd	103.61 ± 4.31^abcd	93.40 ± 5.15^cd	116.32 ± 14.03^ab	112.88 ± 6.01^abcd	114.51 ± 9.37^abc	104.96 ± 3.49^abcd	0.0368

Instituto Internacional de Ecologia R. Bento Carlos, 750, 13560-660 São Carlos SP - Brasil, Tel. e Fax: (55 16) 3362-5400 - São Carlos - SP - Brazil
E-mail: bjb@bjb.com.br

Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS

[1] *e-mail: musman@uvas.edu.pk; sohail.ahmad@uvas.edu.pk