INTERACTION BETWEEN FOOD PYRAMID AND GUT MICROBIOTA. A NEW NUTRITIONAL APPROACH

MAGRO, Daniela O; ROSSONI, Carina; SAAD-HOSSNE, Rogerio; SANTOS, Andrey

doi:10.1590/S0004-2803.202301000-15

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BRIEF-COMUNICATION • Arq. Gastroenterol. 60 (1) • Jan-Mar 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-2803.202301000-15 copy

INTERACTION BETWEEN FOOD PYRAMID AND GUT MICROBIOTA. A NEW NUTRITIONAL APPROACH

Interação entre a pirâmide alimentar e a microbiota intestinal. Uma nova abordagem nutricional

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The food pyramid is a pre-established nutritional education tool. The integration between the intestinal microbiome, food groups, and SCFA-producing bacteria, which benefit from the ingestion of these foods, has the potential to further improve and innovate healthy eating. The diet-microbiome interaction needs to be incorporated into nutrition science, and the food pyramid might assist in this interaction and nutritional learning. Against this context, this brief communication proposes through the food pyramid, the interactions between the intestinal microbiota, food groups, and SCFAs-producing bacteria.

Keywords:
Microbiota; food pyramid; nutrition

Food	Nutrient	Bacteria	Function	References
Potato	Resistant starch and polyphenols	Bifidobacteria, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Lachnospira	Increases the SCFA, reduction of intestinal permeability and endotoxemia	⁸8. Wu Y, Hu H, Dai X, Che H, Zhang H. Effects of dietary intake of potatoes on body weight gain, satiety-related hormones, and gut microbiota in healthy rats. RSC Adv. 2019;9:33290-301.
White rice	Resistant starch	Blautia, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii	Antimicrobial activity; SCFA synthesis; lowering blood glucose	¹⁵15. Mano F, Ikeda K, Joo E, Fujita Y, Yamane S, Harada N, et al. The Effect of White Rice and White Bread as Staple Foods on Gut Microbiota and Host Metabolism. Nutrients. 2018;10:1323.
Whole grains	Flavonoids, ferulic acids	Bifidobacterium and butyrate producers (Eubacterium rectale, Roseburia faecis, and Roseburia intestinalis)	Increased fecal acetate and total SCFAs; anti-inflammatory effects	⁷7. Armet AM, Deehan EC, O’Sullivan AF, Mota JF, Field CJ, Prado CM, et al. Rethinking healthy eating in light of the gut microbiome. Cell Host Microbe. 2022;30:764-85.
White bread	Resistant starch	Increased Bifidobacterium,	Increases propionate, butyrate, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1); decreases lipopolysaccharide (LPS)	¹⁵15. Mano F, Ikeda K, Joo E, Fujita Y, Yamane S, Harada N, et al. The Effect of White Rice and White Bread as Staple Foods on Gut Microbiota and Host Metabolism. Nutrients. 2018;10:1323.
Fruits	Resistant starch, flavonoids	Increased Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Akkermansia muciniphila, Ruminococcaceae, Clostridiales, and Acidaminococcus. Inversely associated with Fusobacterium	Increasing production of SCFAs, maintaining intestinal mucosal integrity, improving insulin sensitivity and anti-inflammatory properties	³3. Jiang Z, Sun TY, He Y, Gou W, Zuo LS, Fu Y, et al. Dietary fruit and vegetable intake, gut microbiota, and type 2 diabetes: results from two large human cohort studies. BMC Med. 2020;18:371.
Vegetables	Metabolized glucosinolates, generating chemopreventive isothiocyanates	Increased Bacteroides, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron	Decreased risk of certain cancers	¹¹11. Liou CS, Sirk SJ, Diaz CAC, Klein AP, Fischer CR, Higginbottom SK, et al. A Metabolic Pathway for Activation of Dietary Glucosinolates by a Human Gut Symbiont. Cell. 2020;180:717-28.e19.
Raw vegetables	Resistant starch	Clostridium and Bacillus. Might increase the diversity of bacteria	Alleviate the symptoms of gluten related diseases	¹¹11. Liou CS, Sirk SJ, Diaz CAC, Klein AP, Fischer CR, Higginbottom SK, et al. A Metabolic Pathway for Activation of Dietary Glucosinolates by a Human Gut Symbiont. Cell. 2020;180:717-28.e19.
Banana and garlic	Resistant starch and Inulin	Increased Bifidobacterium	Promoted satiety, and reduced body weight	⁷7. Armet AM, Deehan EC, O’Sullivan AF, Mota JF, Field CJ, Prado CM, et al. Rethinking healthy eating in light of the gut microbiome. Cell Host Microbe. 2022;30:764-85.
Mushrooms	Fiber, polysaccharides, heteroglucans, peptidoglucans, proteoglucans, and vitamins	Increased Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Roseburia, Prevotella, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Bifidobacterium	Increases SCFA-producing bacteria. Reduced endotoxin-bearing Proteobacteria levels	³3. Jiang Z, Sun TY, He Y, Gou W, Zuo LS, Fu Y, et al. Dietary fruit and vegetable intake, gut microbiota, and type 2 diabetes: results from two large human cohort studies. BMC Med. 2020;18:371. ^, ¹¹11. Liou CS, Sirk SJ, Diaz CAC, Klein AP, Fischer CR, Higginbottom SK, et al. A Metabolic Pathway for Activation of Dietary Glucosinolates by a Human Gut Symbiont. Cell. 2020;180:717-28.e19.
Animal protein	Amino acids from dietary protein can be used for protein synthesis by gut microbes. The undigested protein and amino acids are mainly fermented into various bacteria metabolites, such as SCFA, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia	High concentrations of dietary protein increase the populations of pathogens Escherichia coli, Fusubacterium, Coliforms, Streptococcus and Bacillus. Lower concentrations of dietary protein decrease butyrate-producing bacteria including Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria and Saccharolytic	Some of these bacterial metabolites can be transported inside colonocytes and exert beneficial or deleterious effects on these epithelial cells depending on their toxic potential and concentration in the lumen. Lower dietary protein decreased substrate is available for E. coli proliferation. However, when the concentration of protein in the diet is too low to meet the basic requirement for the host, it can increase the abundance of potential pathogens and decrease the population of prebiotics	¹²12. Windey K, De Preter V, Verbeke K. Relevance of protein fermentation to gut health. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2012;56:184-96.
Dried legumes (beans, seeds, lentils)	Resistant starch	Ruminococcus spp and Bifidobacterium spp	Resistant starch has been reported to increase SCFA production. Phytic acid improves the composition of cecal organic acids, microbiota, and mucins, and it may decrease the levels of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines	¹¹11. Liou CS, Sirk SJ, Diaz CAC, Klein AP, Fischer CR, Higginbottom SK, et al. A Metabolic Pathway for Activation of Dietary Glucosinolates by a Human Gut Symbiont. Cell. 2020;180:717-28.e19.
Milk and dairy products	Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, minerals and vitamins	Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium	Suppresses the growth of pathogens	⁴4. Aslam H, Marx W, Rocks T, Loughman A, Chandrasekaran V, Ruusunen A, et al. The effects of dairy and dairy derivatives on the gut microbiota: a systematic literature review. Gut Microbes. 2020;12:1799533.
Fish and Olive oil	Omega 3 and Omega 9	Roseburia, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bifidobacteria	Increases the SCFA, reduction of IL17, inflammation reduction via reducing intestinal permeability and endotoxemia	¹⁴14. Machate DJ, Figueiredo PS, Marcelino G, Guimarães RCA, Hiane PA, Bogo D, et al. Fatty Acid Diets: Regulation of Gut Microbiota Composition and Obesity and Its Related Metabolic Dysbiosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:4093.
High fat	Total fat	Increased Blautia, reduction of bacterial abundance, diversity, and richness, increase Clostridium bolteae, reductium Faecalibacterium prausnitzii,	Increased BMI, insulin resistance	¹³13. Wolters M, Ahrens J, Romaní-Pérez M, Watkins C, Sanz Y, Benítez-Páez A, et al. Dietary fat, the gut microbiota, and metabolic health - A systematic review conducted within the MyNewGut project. Clin Nutr. 2019;38:2504-20.
Fat	n-6/n-3 PUFA proportion at 3/1 to 11/1 (polyunsaturated fatty acids)	Increased Allobaculum, Isobaculum, Proteobacteria, and Lachnospiraceae	Low levels of triglycerides, decreasing or preventing adipose tissue fat accumulation, insulin resistance, inflammation, hypertension, atherosclerosis, obesity, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)	¹⁴14. Machate DJ, Figueiredo PS, Marcelino G, Guimarães RCA, Hiane PA, Bogo D, et al. Fatty Acid Diets: Regulation of Gut Microbiota Composition and Obesity and Its Related Metabolic Dysbiosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:4093.
Fat (PUFA)	PUFA (Polyunsaturated fatty acids) (safflower, sesame, pumpkin seed, rice bran, human milk, olive, peanut, wheat germ and hemp)	Increased Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and Lactobacillus	Increased gut microbiota diversity, increases SCFA production, reduction of BMI and T2DM	¹⁴14. Machate DJ, Figueiredo PS, Marcelino G, Guimarães RCA, Hiane PA, Bogo D, et al. Fatty Acid Diets: Regulation of Gut Microbiota Composition and Obesity and Its Related Metabolic Dysbiosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:4093.
Ultra-processed Foods	Food additives, enriched with salt, sugars, saturated fats, and hydrogenated fat	Reduction of Lactobacillus, increases the populations of pathogens	Reduced diversity, increased gut permeability, inflammatory properties	¹³13. Wolters M, Ahrens J, Romaní-Pérez M, Watkins C, Sanz Y, Benítez-Páez A, et al. Dietary fat, the gut microbiota, and metabolic health - A systematic review conducted within the MyNewGut project. Clin Nutr. 2019;38:2504-20.
High sugar diet	Glucose and fructose	Modifies the ratio of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes	Reduced diversity, increased gut permeability, promotes metabolic endotoxemia, development of metabolic dysregulation	¹³13. Wolters M, Ahrens J, Romaní-Pérez M, Watkins C, Sanz Y, Benítez-Páez A, et al. Dietary fat, the gut microbiota, and metabolic health - A systematic review conducted within the MyNewGut project. Clin Nutr. 2019;38:2504-20.

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[1] Corresponding author: Andrey Santos. Email: andreysts@gmail.com