Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

AMBLIOPIA

Amblyopia

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

  • 2
    O tema
    Pela sua importância clínica (distúrbios de uma das funções mais características da visão - sua acuidade - prevenível passada e recuperável, mais irreversível passada a fase crítica do desenvolvimento de competências neuronais), experimental (base de entendimento dos processos visuais) e epidemiológica (prevalência populacional de uns 4%, relativamente alta), resultando em extensa multidisciplinaridade nas possíveis abordagens, a ambliopia representa um dos assuntos mais fascinantes de nossa especialidade. Deve ser muito bem conhecida por todos oftalmologistas, daí sua escolha para inaugurar esta nova seção dos Arquivos.

REFERÊNCIAS

  • 1
    FRANÇOIS, J. & VANDEKERCKHOVE, R. Considerations sur l'amblyopie. Ann. Oculist., 204: 347-69, 1971.
  • 2
    STAGER, D.R.; BIRCH, E.E.; WEAKLEY, D.R. Amblyopia and the pediatrician. Pediatr. Ann., 19: 301-5, 1990.
  • 3
    KUSHNER, B.J. Successful treatment of functional amblyopia associated with juvenile glaucoma. Graeffes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol., 226: 105-3, 1988.
  • 4
    HAASE, W. Amblyopia: clinical aspects. In: LENNERSTRAND, G.; VON NOORDEN, G.K.; CAMPOS. E. Strabismus and amblyopia.Werner-Gren international symposium series. Houndmills, Macmillan, 1988, cap 13, p. 169-72.
  • 5
    CRUZ, A.A.V. & BICAS. H.E.A. Differential acuity of the two eyes. Bull. Psychonomic. Soc., 26: 416-8, 1988.
  • 6
    CRUZ, A.A.V. Historical rots of 20/20 as a (wrong) standard of normal visual acuity. Optom. Vis. Sci., 67: 661, 1990.
  • 7
    FRISEN, L. & FRISEN, M. How good is normal visual acuity? Alb. Graef. Arch. Opththalmol., 215: 149-57, 1981.
  • 8
    VON NOORDEN, G.K. Classification of amblyopia. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 63:238-44, 1967.
  • 9
    VON NOORDEN, G.K. Factors involved in the production of amblyopia. Brit. J. Ophthalmol., 58: 158-64, 1974.
  • 10
    VON NOORDEN, G.K. Amblyopia: A multidisciplinary approach. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 26: 1704-16, 1985.
  • 11
    WERNER, B.D. & SCOTT, W.E. Bilateral hypermetropic ametropic amblyopia. J. Pediat. Ophthalmol. Strab., 22: 203-5, 1985.
  • 12
    SCHOENLEBER, D.B. & CROUCH, E.R. Bilateral hypermetropic amblyopia. J. Pediat. Ophthalmol. Strab., 24: 75-77, 1987.
  • 13
    GWIAZDA, J. et alli Meridional amblyopia does result from astigmatism in early childhood. Clin. Vis. Sci., 1: 145-52, 1986.
  • 14
    MARTIN, G. Theorie et clinique de l'amblyopie astigmatique. Annal d Oculistique, 104: 101-38, 1890.
  • 15
    Amblyopia: evidence for modification of the human visual system by early visual experience. Vis. Res., 25: 979-91, 1973.
  • 16
    GREENWALD, M.J. & PARKS, M.M. Amblyopia. In: TASMAN, W. & JAEGER, E.A. Duane's Clinical Ophthalmology, J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1990, vol 1, cap. 10. p. 1-22.
  • 17
    FRIENDLY, D.S. Amblyopia: definition, classification, diagnosis, and management. Considerations for pediatricians, family physicians, and general practitioners. Pediatric. Clin. North.Am., 34: 1389-401, 1987.
  • 18
    VON NOORDEN, G.K. Idiopathic Amblyopia. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 100: 214-7, 1985.
  • 19
    BJERRUM, J. Untersuchungen uber den Lichtsinn und den Raumsinn bei verschiedenen Augenkrankheiten. Arch. Ophthalmol., 30: 201, 1884.
  • 20
    WALD, G. & BURIAN, H.M. The dissociation of form vision and light perception in strabismic amblyopia. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 27: 950-63, 1944.
  • 21
    FRANÇOIS, J. & VERRIEST, G. La discrimination chromatique dans l'amblyopie strabique. Documenta Ophthalmol., 23: 318: 1967.
  • 22
    MILLER, E. F. II The nature and cause of impaired visual acuity in amblyopia. Am. J. Optom. Arch. Am. Acad. Optom., 32: 10-28, 1955.
  • 23
    GROSVENOR, T. The effects of duration and background luminance upon the brigthtness discrimination of an amblyope. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt., 34: 634-63, 1957.
  • 24
    HARWERTH, R.S. & LEVI, D.M. Increment threshold sensitivity in anisometropic amblyopia. Vis. Res., 17: 585-590, 1977.
  • 25
    LEVI, D.M. & HARWERTH, R.S. Psychophysical mechanisms in humans with amblyopia. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. 59:936-51, 1982.
  • 26
    BRADLEY, A.; DAHLMAN, C.; SWITKES,. E.; De VALOIS, K. A comparison of color and luminance discrimination in amblyopia. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 27:1404-9. 1986.
  • 27
    DE VALOIS, R. & DE VALOIS, K. Spatial Vision. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1990.
  • 28
    BRADLEY. A. & FREEMAN, R.D. Contrast sensitivity in anisometropic amblyopia. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 21: 467-76, 1981.
  • 29
    LEVI, D.M. & HARWERTH, S. Spatio-temporal interactions in anisometropic and strabismic amblyopia. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 16: 90-5, 1977.
  • 30
    LEVI, D.M. & HARWERTH, S. Contrast sensitivity in amblyopia due to stimulus deprivation. Brit. J. Ophthalmol., 64: 15-20, 1980.
  • 31
    ABRAHAMSSON, M. & SJOSTRAND, J. Contrast sensitivity and acuity relationship in strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia. Brit. J. Ophthalmol., 72:44-9, 1988.
  • 32
    HESS, R.F. & HOWELL, E.R. The threshold contrast sensitivity function in strabismic.amblyopia: evidence for a two type classification. Vis. Res., 17:1049-55, 1977.
  • 33
    HESS, R.F. Contrast sensitivity asessment of functional amblyopia in humans. Trans. Ophthalmol. Soc. U.K., 99:391-7, 1979.
  • 34
    KATZ, L.M.; D.M.; BEDELL, H.E. Central and peripheral contrast sensitivity in amblyopia with varying field size. Documenta Ophthalmol., 58:351-73, 1984.
  • 35
    HESS, R.F.; BRADLEY, A.; PIOTROWSKI, L. Contrast-coding in amblyopia. I- Differences in the neural basis of human amblyopia. Proc. R.soc. Lond. B., 217:309-30, 1983.
  • 36
    WESSON, M.D. & LOOPS, M.S. Temporal contrast sensitivity in amblyopia. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 22: 98- 102, 1982.
  • 37
    MANNY, R.E. & LEVI, D.M. Psychophysical investigations of the temporal modulation function in amblyopia: uniform field flicker. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 22: 515-24, 1982.
  • 38
    FEINBERG, I. Critical flicker frequency in amblyopia ex anopsia. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 42:473-81, 1956.
  • 39
    ALPERN, M.; FLITMAN, D.B.; JOSEPH, R.H. Centrally fixed flicker thre-sholds in amblyopia. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 49:1194-1202, 1960.
  • 40
    BRADLEY, A. & FREEMAN, R.D. Temporal sensitivity in amblyopia: an ex planation of conficting reports. Vision Res., 25: 39-46, 1985.
  • 41
    WESTHEIMER, G. Visual acuity and hyperacuity. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,14:570-2, 1975.
  • 42
    CRUZ, A.A.V.; YOSHIDA, H.; BAUER, J.; HELD, R. Binocular vernier summation as a function of orientation. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. Suppl.. 32:1269, 1991.
  • 43
    GEISLER, W.S. Sequential ideal-observer analysis of visual discriminations. Psycholo Rev., 96:267-314, 1989.
  • 44
    WILSON, H.G. Responses of spatial me chanisrns can explain hyperacuity. Vis. Res., 26:435-69. 1986.
  • 45
    McKEE, S.P. & LEVI, D.M. Dichoptic hyperacuity: the precisition of nonius alignment. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A., 4: 1104-8. 1987.
  • 46
    LEVI, D.M. & KLEIN, S. Hyperacuity and amblyopia. Nature. 298:269-70, 1982.
  • 47
    LEVI, D.M. & KLEIN, S. Differences in Vernier discrimination for gratings between strabismic and anisometropic am blyopes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visc. Sci., 23:398-407, 1982.
  • 48
    BRADLEY, A. & FREEMAN, R.D. Is reduced vernier acuity in amblyopia due to position, contrast or fixation deficits? Vis. Res., 25:55-66, 1985.
  • 49
    BEDELL, H.E.; FLOM, M.C.; BARBEITO, R. Spatial aberrations in strabismus and amblyopia. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 26:909-16, 1985.
  • 50
    WEISS, C.; RENTSCHLER, L, CAELLI, T. Amblyopic processing of positional information. Part II: Sensitivity to phase distortion. Exp. Brain. Res., 60:279-88, 1985.
  • 51
    RENTSCHLER, I. & HILZ, R. Amblyopic processing of positional information. Part I: Vernier acuity. Exp. Brain. Res., 60:270-8, 1985.
  • 52
    LEVI, D.M. & KLEIN, S. Vernier acuity, crowding and amblyopia. Vis. Res., 25:979-81, 1985.
  • 53
    CIUFFREDA, K.J.; HOKODA, S.C.; HUNG, G.K.; SEMMLOV, J.L.; SELENOV, A. Static aspects of accommodation in human amblyopia. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt., 60:436-49. 1983.
  • 54
    UKAI, K; ISHII, M.; ISHIKAWA, S. A quasi-static study of accommodation in amblyopia. Ophthal. Physiol. Opt., 6:287-95. 1986.
  • 55
    PORTNOY, J.Z.; THOMPSON, H. S.; LENNARSON, L.; CORBETT, J.J. Pupillary defects in amblyopia. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 96:609-14, 1983.
  • 56
    TELLER, D.Y. & MOVSHON, J.A. Visual development. Vision Res.. 26: 1483-506, 1986.
  • 57
    BROWN, A.M. Development of visual sensitivity to light and color vision in human infants: a critical review. Vision Res., 30:1159-88, 1990.
  • 58
    SHIMOJO, S. & HELD, R. Vernier acuity is less than grating acuity in 2- and 2- month- olds. Vision Res., 27:77-86, 1986.
  • 59
    LEVI. D.M. & CARKEET. A. Amblyopia: a consequence of abnormal visual de velopment. Infant vision symposium. National Academy of Science and National Research Council, 1991. In Press.
  • 60
    HARWERTH, R.S.; SMITH, E.L.III; DUNCAN, G.C.; CRAWFORD, M.L.J.; VON NOORDEN, G.K. Multiple sensitive periods in the development of the primate visual system. Science. 232:235-8, 1987.
  • 61
    VON NOORDEN, G.K. Amblyopia: a multidisciplinary approach. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 26:1704-16, 1985.
  • 62
    GREEN, D.G. & CAMPBELL, F.W. Effect of focus on the visual response to a sinusoidally modulated spatial stimulus. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 55: 1154-7, 1965.
  • 63
    HELVESTON, E.M. Relationship between degree of anisometropia and depth of amblyopia. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 62:757-8, 1966.
  • 64
    CRUZ, A.A.V.; BAUER, J.; HELD, R. Binocular contrast sensitivity in hypermetropic anisometropia. A case report. Optom. Vis. Sci. In Press
  • 65
    VON NOORDEN, G.K. Abnormal binocular interaction. Evidence in humans. In: Strabismus and amblyopia. Wemer-Gren international symposium series. Houndmills, Macmillan, 1988, cap. 31, p. 381.
  • 66
    HARWERTH, R.S. & LEVI, D.M. Psychophysical studies of the binocular process of amblyopes. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt., 60:454-63, 1983.
  • 67
    HOLOPIGIAN, K.; BLAKE, R.; GREENWALD, M.J. Clinical suppression and amblyopia. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 29:44-51, 1988.
  • 68
    SIRETEANU, R. & FRONIUS, M. Nasotemporal asymmetries in human amblyopia: consequence of long- term interocular suppression. Vision Res., 21:1055-63, 1981.
  • 69
    KIRSCHEN, D.G. & FLOM, M.C. Visual acuity at different retinal loci of eccentrically fixating functional amblyopes. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt., 55:144-50, 1978.
  • 70
    HESS, R.F. & JACOBS, R.J. A preliminary report of acuity and contour interactions across the amblyopes visual field. Vision Res., 19:1403-8, 1979.
  • 71
    LEVI, D.M. The spatial grain of the amblyopic visual system. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt., 65:767-86, 1988.
  • 72
    WILSON, H.R. Model of peripheral and amblyopic hyperacuity. Vision Res., 31: 967-82, 1991.
  • 73
    BOOTHE, R.G.; DOBSON, V.; TELLER, D.Y. Postnatal development of vision in human and nonhuman primates. Ann. Rev. Neurosci., 8:495, 1985.
  • 74
    SHERMAN, S. M. & SPEAR, P.D. Organization of visual pathways in normal and visually deprived cats. Physiol. Rev., 62:738, 1982.
  • 75
    WIESEL, T.N. Postnatal development of the visual cortex and the influence of en vironment. Nature, 299:583, 1982.
  • 76
    KIORPES, L. & BOOTHE, R.G. Naturally occurring strabismus in monkeys (Macaca nemestria). Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 20:257-63, 1981.
  • 77
    MATSUMOTO, B.; MacDONALD, R.; TYCHSEN, L. Correlation of ocular motor findings in naturally strabismic macaque: animal model for human infantile strabismus. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. Suppl., 32:820, 1991.
  • 78
    IKEDA, H. Is amblyopia a peripheral defect? Trans. Ophthalmol. Soc. U.K., 99:347-52, 1979.
  • 79
    IKEDA, H. Visual acuity, its development and amblyopia. J.R. Soc. Med., 73:546-55, 1980.
  • 80
    CREWTHER, S.G.; CREWTHER, D.P.; CLELANO, B.G. Convergent strabismic amblyopia in cats. Exp.Brain. Res., 60:1-9, 1985.
  • 81
    PETTIGREW, J.D. Pharmacological control of cortical plasticity. Retina, 22:360, 1982.
  • 82
    BURCHFIEL, J.L. & OUFFY, F.H. Role of intracortical inhibition in deprivation amblyopia: reversal by microiontopho retic bicuculline. Brain. Res., 206:479, 1981.
  • 83
    FLOM, M.C. & BEOELL, H.E. Identifying amblyopia using associated conditions, acuity, and nonacuity features. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt., 62: 153-60, 1985.
  • 84
    GWIAZDA, J.; BAUER, J.; HELO, R. From visual acuity to hyperacuity: a 10- year update. Can. J. Psychal., 43: 109-120, 1989.
  • 85
    MAYER, D.L. & FULTON, A.B. Comunicação pessoal.
  • 86
    THORN, F. & SCHWARTZ, F. Effects of dioptric blur on Snellen and Grating acuity. Optom. Vis. Sci., 67:3-7, 1990.
  • 87
    MAYER, D.L. & FULTON, A.B. Preferential looking grating acuities of infants at risk of amblyopia. Trans. Ophthalmol. Soc. U.K., 104:903-11, 1985.
  • 88
    KATZ, B. & SIRETEANU, R. Teller acuity card test. Klin, Monatsbl. Aug., 195: 17-22, 1989.
  • 89
    ELLIS, G.S.; HARTMAN, E.E.; LOVE, A.; MAY, J.G., MORGAN, K.S. Teller acuity cards versus clinical judgment in the diagnosis of amblyopia with strabismus. Ophthalmology, 55:788-90, 1988.
  • 90
    STAGER, D.R. & BIRCH. E.E. Preferential-looking acuity and stereopsis in infantile esotropia. Am. J. Ophthalmol. Strab., 23:160-4, 1986.
  • 91
    FRIENDLY, D.S.; WEISS, I.P.; BARNET, A.B.; SAUMWEBER, R.; WALKER, J.A. Pattern-reversal visual-evoked potentials in the diagnosis of amblyopia in children. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 102:329-39, 1986.
  • 92
    GREENWALD, M.J. Amblyopia and strabismus. Ophthalmology, 94:731-5, 1987.
  • 93
    CADERA, W.; PACHTMAN, M.A.; ELLIS, F.; HELVESTON, E. M. Depth of strabismic amblyopia determined with neutral density filters. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 95:763-6, 1983.
  • 94
    WRIGHT, K.W.; ELDEMAN, P.M.; WALONKER, F.; YIU, S. Reliability of fixation preference testing in diagnosing amblyopia. Arch. Ophthalmol., 104:549-53, 1986.
  • 95
    FRIENDLY, D.S. Preschool visual acuity screening tests. Tr. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc., 76:383-480, 1978.
  • 96
    SAKUMA, J.T.; DA SILVA, J.A.; CRUZ, A.A.V. The comparison of visual acuity with logarithmic charts: comparison between methods of threshold estimation. Optom. Vis. Sci. In Press
  • 97
    SOKOL, S.; MOSKOWITZ, A.; REESE, O.; BROWN, B. Low contrast letter acuity in childhood amblyopia. Clin. Vis. Sci., 5:243-7, 1990.
  • 98
    KOTHE, A.C. & REGAN, D. The component of gaze selection/control in the development of visual acuity in children. Optom. Vis. Sci., 67:770-8, 1990.
  • 99
    GARZIA, R.P. Efficacy of vision therapy in amblyopia: a literature review. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt., 64:393-404, 1987.
  • 100
    FLAX, N. Some thoughts on the clinical management of amblyopia. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt., 60:450-3, 1983.
  • 101
    CREWTHER, D.P.; CREWTHER, S.G.; MITCHELL, D.E. The efficacy of brief periods of reverse occlusion in promoting recovery from the physiological effects of monocular deprivation in kittens. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 21:375-61, 1981.
  • 102
    CENTRO BRASILEIRO DE ESTRABISMO - CADERNO 1. Estado atual do tratamento da ambliopia. 1985.
  • 103
    GREENWALD, M.J. & PARKS, M.M. Treatment of amblyopia In: TASMAN, W. & JAEGER, E.A. Duane's Clinical Ophthalmology, J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1990, vol. 1, cap. 11, p. 1-9.
  • 104
    KEECH, R.V. & KUTSCHKE, P.J. The gradient filter test to assess amblyopia. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 110:57-61, 1990.
  • 105
    LEGUIRRE, L.E.; ROGERS, G.L.; BREMER, D.L.; WALSON, P.; WALI, N. Levodopa treatment for childhood am blyopia. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. Suppl., 32:820, 1991.

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    May-Jun 1991
Conselho Brasileiro de Oftalmologia Rua Casa do Ator, 1117 - cj.21, 04546-004 São Paulo SP Brazil, Tel: 55 11 - 3266-4000, Fax: 55 11- 3171-0953 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: abo@cbo.com.br