Mycobacterium abscessus sporotrichoid infection after a dog bite^★

Dear Editor,

The terms “atypical mycobacteria” or “non-tuberculous mycobacteria” (NTM) refer to a group of mycobacteria other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae.¹,² NTM are ubiquitous organisms that can resist extreme temperature conditions.¹,² M. abscessus is a fast-growing atypical mycobacterium that can cause cutaneous lesions and disseminated infections, typically after skin trauma.² Dermatological manifestations include nodules, abscesses, and ulcers that may often resemble Sporothrix infections.¹ Zoonotic transmission is rarely reported.³

Case report

A 63-year-old female presented with a history of a 2-month enlarging nodule over the medial aspect of the thigh after suffering a street dog bite. She was previously treated with clindamycin 300 mg TID for 21 days without improvement. On examination, there were 3 ulcerated, purulent gummas over an erythematous, warm, tender, fluctuating area of the thigh (Fig. 1). No adenomegalies were found. Samples were taken from the secretion for microbiological and molecular biology studies. Gram stain, KOH smear, and Sabouraud culture were negative. Acid-fast bacilli were identified on the Ziehl-Nielsen stain (Fig. 2). Creamy, white, cerebriform colonies grew on Lowenstein Jensen culture (Fig. 3) and with the identification of 1) PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism) of the gyrB and hsp65 genes with the digestion of the RsaI, TaqI or Sac II enzymes and HhaI enzyme respectively and 2) Multi-primer PCR to detect the absence or the presence of the RD9 and RD1 regions confirmed M. abscessus.The patient received amikacin 1 g IM daily for 2 weeks in two cycles plus clarithromycin 500 mg BID for 4 months, showing a favorable clinical response (Fig. 4).

Figure 1
Three ulcerated, purulent, gummas affecting the thigh

Figure 2
Abundant acid-fast bacili can be observed with Ziehl-Neelsen stain

Figure 3
M. abscessus colonies grew in Lowenstein Jensen culture after 7 days

Figure 4
Favorable clinical response

NTM comprise a heterogenous group of acid-fast bacilli that are further classified according to their growth speed, morphology, and pigmentation.¹ They were first described in 1931 by Pinners, and there are now more than 200 reported species.³ M. abscessus is associated with a wide spectrum of dermatological lesions that include cellulitis, abscesses, papules, pustules, fistulae, ulcers, necrotic lesions, and subcutaneous nodules that can resemble Sporothrix lesions.²,³

Wounds by animal bites are typically caused by domestic dogs, which harbor a diverse oral microbiota that includes facultative and obligate anaerobes. Such diversity depends on the age, feeding, and oral health of the canine, among other factors.⁴ There are scant reports of zoonotic transmission of NTM infection after canine bites in both humans⁵,⁶,⁷ and dogs⁸,⁹ (Table 1).⁵,⁶,⁷,⁸,⁹ In humans, only the upper extremity has been reported to be affected with either M. fortuitum, M. kansasii, or M. chelonae. In canines, only M. fortuitum and M. smegmatis infection have been documented. To the best of our knowledge, M. abscessus transmission has not been previously reported.

Table 1
Cases of non-tuberculous mycobacteria infection after dog bites in humans and canines

Author; year	Host	Comorbity	Affected area	Type of infection	Agent
Ariel et al; 1983.5	Male, 55 years old	None	Hand	Granulomatous synosivitis	Mycobacterium fortuitum
Southern; 20046	Male, 68 years old	Diabetes mellitus type 2	Hand	Tenosinovitis	Mycobacterium kansasii
Minato et. al., 20217	Male, 77 years old	None	Hand	Tenosinovitis	Mycobacterium chelonae
Fox et al., 19958	Canine, male, 15 months old	None	Neck and trunk	Subcutaneous infection	Mycobacterium fortuitum
Malik et al., 20049	Canine, female, 4 years old	Obese	Neck	Pyoderma panicullitis	Mycobacterium smegmatis
Malik et al. 20049	Canine, female, 5 years old	Obese	Trunk	Pyoderma	Mycobacterium smegmatis

The diagnosis of NTM infection includes direct microscopy, culture in a selective medium, biochemical testing, chromatography, and molecular biology techniques; the latter being the preferred method.¹⁰

Unfortunately, the treatment is not well established. However, antibiotic combination therapy and surgical drainage of the lesions is strongly recommended.¹,³ The choice of antibiotics usually involves clarithromycin or azithromycin plus amikacin, cefoxitin, or imipenem for severe infections. Treatment duration may span from 3 to 6 months. There are no clinical studies that compare different treatment schemes.²

Conclusion

Among all infectious agents that may cause disease after a canine bite, NTM is some of the most therapeutically challenging. The oral cavity of dogs may be colonized by NTM as a commensal pathogen and canines should therefore be considered a possible vector. Since the clinical presentation of sporotrichosis may be undistinguishable from NTM lesions, we emphasize the need to run all appropriate microbiological tests available that include acid-fast bacilli detection, apart from ordinary smears and cultures.

• ★
  Study conducted at the Dermatological Institute of Jalisco ‘‘Dr. José Barba Rubio’’, Secretariat of Salud Jalisco, Zapopan, Jalisco, México.
• Financial support
  None declared.

References

• ¹
  Kalpana T, Mugunthan M, Joseph NM, Kalaiarasan E. A comprehensive review and update on epidemiology, symptomatology and management of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2022;16:814–24.
• ²
  Nogueira LB, Garcia CN, Costa MSC, Moraes MB, Kurizky PS, Gomes CM. Non-tuberculous cutaneous mycobacterioses. An Bras Dermatol. 2021;96:527–38.
• ³
  Gardini G, Gregori N, Matteelli A, Castelli F. Mycobacterial skin infection. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2022;35:79–87.
• ⁴
  Zhang L, Li Y, Yang H, Mu Y, Jiang J, Duan X. Mycobacterium chelonae infection after a cat bite: a rare case report. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2022;15:1847–51.
• ⁵
  Ariel I, Haas H, Weinberg H, Rousso M, Rosenmann E, Israel J. Mycobacterium fortuitum granulomatous synovitis caused by a dog bite. J Hand Surg. 1983;8:342–5.
• ⁶
  Southern PM Jr. Tenosynovitis Caused by Mycobacterium kansasii associated with a dog bite. Am J Med Sci. 2004;327:258–61.
• ⁷
  Minato S, Sukegawa K, Onuma K, Otake Y, Iida R, Takaso M. Polymicrobial extensor tenosynovitis including mycobacterium chelonae caused by a dog bite: a case report. JBJS Case Connect. 2021;11, e20.00608.
• ⁸
  Fox LE, Kunkle GA, Homer BL, Manella C, Thompson JP. Disseminated subcutaneous Mycobacterium fortuitum infection in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1995;206:53–5.
• ⁹
  Malik R, Shaw SE, Griffin C, Stanley B, Burrows AK, Bryden SL, et al. Infections of the subcutis and skin of dogs caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria. J Small Anim Pract. 2004;45:485–94.
• ¹⁰
  García-Martos P, García-Agudo L. Infections due to rapidly growing mycobacteria. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2012;30:192–200.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  22 Jan 2024
• Date of issue
  Jan-Feb 2024

History

• Received
  12 Dec 2022
• Accepted
  01 Feb 2023
• online
  27 Sept 2023