Effect of red wine associated with physical exercise in the cardiovascular system of spontaneously hipertensive rats

Abstracts

FUNDAMENTO: Prática de exercício físico (EF) é eficiente no tratamento e na prevenção da hipertensão, associada à melhora do perfil lipídico e da função contrátil cardíaca. Consumo moderado e regular de bebidas alcoólicas, como vinho tinto, desempenha efeito cardiovascular protetor. Polifenóis da bebida apresentam propriedades antioxidantes, beneficiando vasos sanguíneos. Há poucas evidências sobre o consumo de vinho tinto associado ao EF e as influências no sistema cardiovascular. OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito da interação entre o EF e o consumo moderado de vinho tinto na pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL), desempenho físico e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR). MÉTODOS: Amostra de 32 SHR distribuídos em quatro grupos: grupo vinho e exercício (GVE), grupo vinho (GV), grupo exercício (GE) e grupo controle (GC). Doses de vinho tinto, equivalentes ao consumo moderado em humanos, foram administradas por gavagem, durante dez semanas, simultâneas ao período de EF, realizado em esteira. Os SHR receberam 3,715 ml/kg/dia de vinho. O desempenho físico foi analisado por teste de esforço (TE), e a FEVE foi obtida por medidas ecocardiográficas. A aferição da PAS ocorreu antes e após o protocolo do EF. RESULTADOS: Demonstrou-se redução significativa da PAS nos grupos de intervenção, comparados ao GC. Ao final do protocolo, o GVE apresentou a maior redução. Assim como na PAS, o GVE apresentou melhor resultado nos níveis de HDL. Não houve diferença significativa no desempenho físico e na FEVE entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: O EF associado à ingesta moderada de vinho tinto exerce efeito cardioprotetor na PAS e na HDL de SHR. O desempenho físico e a FEVE não são alterados.

Vinho; exercício; hipertensão; colesterol HDL; sistema cardiovascular

FUNDAMENTO: Práctica de ejercicio físico (EF) es eficiente en el tratamiento y en la prevención de la hipertensión, asociada a la mejora del perfil lipídico y de la función contráctil cardíaca. Consumo moderado y regular de bebidas alcohólicas, como vino tinto, desempeña efecto cardiovascular protector. Polifenoles de la bebida presentan propiedades antioxidantes, beneficiando vasos sanguíneos. Hay pocas evidencias sobre el consumo de vino tinto asociado al EF y las influencias en el sistema cardiovascular. OBJETIVO: Investigar el efecto de la interacción entre el EF y el consumo moderado de vino tinto en la presión arterial sistólica (PAS), lipoproteína de alta densidad (HDL), desempeño físico y fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo (FEVI) de ratones espontáneamente hipertensos (SHR). MÉTODOS: Muestra de 32 SHR distribuidos en cuatro grupos: grupo vino y ejercicio (GVE), grupo vino (GV), grupo ejercicio (GE) y grupo control (GC). Dosis de vino tinto, equivalentes al consumo moderado en humanos, fueron administradas por gavaje, durante diez semanas, simultáneas al período de EF, realizado en cinta. Los SHR recibieron 3,715 ml/kg/día de vino. El desempeño físico fue analizado por test de esfuerzo (TE), y la FEVI fue obtenida por medidas ecocardiográficas. La medición de la PAS ocurrió antes y después del protocolo del EF. RESULTADOS: Se demostró reducción significativa de la PAS en los grupos de intervención, comparados al GC. Al final del protocolo, el GVE presentó la mayor reducción. Así como en la PAS, el GVE presentó mejor resultado en los niveles de HDL. No hubo diferencia significativa en el desempeño físico y en la FEVI entre los grupos. CONCLUSIÓN: El EF asociado a la ingesta moderada de vino tinto ejerce efecto cardioprotector en la PAS y en la HDL de SHR. El desempeño físico y la FEVI no son alterados.

Vino; ejercicio; hipertensión; colesterol HDL; sistema cardiovascular

Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil

Mailing address

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Physical exercise (PE) is effective in the treatment and prevention of hypertension associated with improved lipid profile and cardiac contractile function. Regular and moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages such as red wine brings a cardiovascular protective effect. Beverage-derived polyphenols have antioxidant properties benefiting blood vessels. There is little evidence on the consumption of red wine associated with PE and the influences on the cardiovascular system.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of physical exercise (PE) and moderate red wine intake interaction on systolic blood pressure (SBP), high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, physical performance (PP) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).

METHODS: Sample of 32 SHRs divided into four groups: wine and exercise group (WEG), wine group (WG), exercise group (EG) and control group (CG). Red wine doses were given by intra-gastric gavage, during ten weeks, coincident with PE period, performed on treadmills. The SHRs received red wine doses of 3.715 ml/kg/day. Physical performance was analyzed by maximal exercise test (MET) and LVEF by echocardiographic measures. SBP measurement was made before and after the PE protocol.

RESULTS: Demonstrated that the three groups which suffered intervention presented significant SBP reduction compared to CG. At the end of the protocol, WEG showed the largest reduction. Like in SBP results, WEG showed the best outcome on HDL levels at the experiment end. There was no significant difference of physical performance and LVEF between groups.

CONCLUSION: PE associated with moderate red wine intake has cardioprotective effects on SBP and HDL levels in SHR. Their physical performance and LVEF are not modified.

Keywords: Wine/use, exercise, hypertension/prevention and control, HDL cholesterol, cardiovascular system.

Introduction

High blood pressure (BP) is an independent, linear and continuous risk factor for cardiovascular disease¹. A major limitation in the control of hypertension is based on the concept that this disease is complex and polygenic and is influenced by environmental factors such as diet, salt intake and obesity among others².

For the ease of obtaining of high blood pressure, spontaneously hypertensive rats are the animal model of hypertension most commonly used³. SHR are pre-hypertensive in the six to eight weeks of life. Hypertension develops between twelve and fourteen weeks. The development of hypertension is characterized by increased peripheral vascular resistance, sympathetic overactivity and increased heart frequency³.

Physical exercise (PE) benefits the cardiovascular system, as used and proven by some experiments^4-7 as an efficient non-pharmachological measure in the treatment and prevention of hypertension. Major causes of this hypotensive effect are cardiac output reduction associated with heart rate⁷ and peripheral vascular resistance decrease⁶. Physical exercise also improves lipid profile⁸ and heart contractile function⁹.

Moderate consumption of some types of alcoholic beverages, including red wine (one to two daily doses), shows an inverse association with the development of coronary artery disease (CAD)^10,11. In a meta-analysis¹² which involved 13 studies, the benefits of red wine have incorporated more support because it was shown 32% reduction in the development of atherosclerotic disease in wine consumers. Poliphenols found in red wine may help maintaining the health of blood vessels¹¹.

There is little evidence on the consumption of red wine associated with PE and the influences on the cardiovascular system¹³. It is established that regular and moderate alcoholic consumption benefits the cardiovascular system. Polyphenols found in red wine have antioxidant properties that act beneficially in blood vessels^14-16. Regular PE is proven to control and regulate BP^17,18. This study sought to investigate the effect of physical exercise (PE) and moderate red wine intake interaction on systolic blood pressure (SBP), high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, physical performance (PP) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).

Methods

Sample

This experiment was performed using 3-month-old (338.84 ± 21.25 g) male SHRs (n = 32) obtained from the Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil). The animals were housed at a controlled air temperature (20° C-25° C) in a 12:12-hr reverse light dark cycle facility. The rats were fed with standard laboratory chow and water (Ad libitum). The rats were distributed into four experimental groups: wine and exercise group (WEG), wine group (WG), exercise group (EG) and control group (CG). Red wine in doses of 3.715 ml/kg/day (commensurate with daily consumption considered moderate for a 70 kg human scaling down to an approximately 0.333 kg rat)^19,20. These were given by intra-gastric gavage, for ten weeks, five times a week, early in the morning.

Experimental protocols

Wine doses of 3.715ml/kg/day were given by gavage, for ten weeks, five times a week, early in the morning. The red wine selected was Dal Pizzol Cabernet Sauvignon (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil), with 12% of alcohol. Exercise training protocol was performed early in the evening 5 times a week. It was based on the intensity variation method, always respecting limits from 40% to 70% of maximal exercise capacity. All rats were adapted to the treadmill (specific for rats, Inbramed, Brazil) before the first maximal exercise test and before the training protocol, which started with a daily duration of 20 minutes and was gradually increased until it reached 60 minutes. This study follows the standards established in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1996) and in the Ethical Principles in Animal Experiments of the Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation (COBEA).

Maximal exercise test (MET)

It was performed at three moments during the study (beginning, middle, and final of the training protocol) and consisted of starting at a 0.3 km/h speed and increasing it (0.3 km/h) at each three minutes up to the maximal intensity supported by each rat²¹. The tests were taken only by the groups that performed exercise training (WEG and EG).

SBP measurement and plasma analyses

Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured using the pneumatic tailcuff method, in two instances: between the tenth and fifth day before the protocol and between the fifth and the tenth day after the end of the protocol (beginning and end of the exercise training protocol). Equipment used was MP100 WSW Biopac Systems (Santa Barbara, CA, USA). By the end of the experiment, the SHRs were anaesthetized with ketamine (50 mg/kg) and xylazine (20 mg/kg) and killed by cervical dislocation. At this time, a blood sample was collected by means of cardiac puncture. HDL plasmatic levels were measured using homogeneous enzymatic colorimetric method.

Echocardiography

Rats were anaesthetized with ketamine (1 mcl/g) and xylazine (0.5 mcl/g) and had their chest fur shaved in order to perform the exam. Echocardiography was used with Philips echo machine with a 7.5 MHz transducer. Images were recorded and measurements made separately by two independent examiners. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was the measure chosen for further analysis. No difference was found in these analyses by different observers.

Statistical analysis

Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. comparisons between initial and final measures were statistically verified using paired Student's t-tests. One-way ANOVA was used to compare data between groups. The multiple comparisons between groups as for the result of final BP to initial SBP difference were done using Tukey test. The software used was SPSS, Version 13.0.

Results

Systolic blood pressure

All SBP results are presented in Table 1, where the p value is presented as for the significance level between the initial SBP and final SBP difference within the same group. comparing this difference between groups, all of the groups presented significance (p<0.001) for CG. WEG showed significant reduction between the first and the second measurement, and this group showed the greatest SBP reduction. When compared to other groups, this difference between the beginning and end of the protocol was significant in relation to the WG and CG (p<0.001). On the other hand, compared to the group that only practiced physical activity (EG), the difference in initial SBP for final SBP, although greater, did not show significance (p=0.83). Physical exercise in isolation has proved effective in controlling hypertension in SHR, because in our experiment, the EG obtained a significant reduction between the first and second measurement. When compared to other groups, this initial difference in SBP for final SBP was significant in the WG and CG (p<0.001). Between our experimental groups, the WG had a small reduction in mean SBP. However, when compared to the CG, the difference between the initial and final SBP was significant (p<0.001).

Physical performance

The physical performance of rats was measured through maximal exercise test (MET) at the beginning, in the middle and by the end of the ten weeks of physical training protocol. The MET was applied only in the two groups who performed exercise (EG and WEG). The average distance traveled in the last MET by the WEG showed a nonsignificant difference (p=0.385) with respect to the EG. comparing the first and last MET, the WEG showed a 62.6% increase in the distance traveled, while EG increased 60.5% the distance on the first MET (Chart 1).

High-density lipoprotein

Serum levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) were analyzed by the end of the training protocol and wine consumption (Chart 2), showing higher levels of HDL in the WEG, with a statistical significance comparing to the CG (p=0.019) and EG (p=0.042). comparing with the WG, WEG had higher HDL levels, but not significant (p>0.05). In the EG, blood level of HDL did not differ significantly from the CG (p=0.946) - Table 2.

Left ventricular ejection fraction

Echocardiography was performed before and after experimental protocols. Although no significant difference between groups (p=0.579) was found, the results show, in the WEG, a significant increase (p=0.077) between the first and the second measurement of LVEF, and this group presented the highest increase in LVEF. Just like the WEG, the other groups in the study had, to a lesser extent, an increase in LVEF, and the results are shown in Table 3. Despite the increase in LVEF in all groups, none showed significance for a p value<0.05.

Discussion

Regular exercise seems to be one of the main therapies used to prevent the development of cardiovascular disease because it causes a series of physiological responses resulting from autonomic and hemodynamic changes that will influence the cardiovascular system^6,22 and, when associated with changes in diet, influence positively almost all risk factors⁶. Regarding diet, moderate consumption of red wine is associated with a significant reduction of cardiovascular risk¹², even for individuals who consume a diet high in saturated fat, which is a paradoxical situation found in some countries, like France. The outcomes of our study confirm and follow these concepts, because we have found in our data, a significant reduction in cardiac risk markers. Both groups of hypertensive rats that received the interventions in isolation, either exercise or wine, showed reductions in SBP. However, the main outcome of this experiment was to have found in the group that combined physical training program with moderate consumption of red wine, a greater reduction in SBP between the study groups.

As physical exercise is a known hypotensive agent in both humans and animals^4,5,17, understanding the mechanisms of this effect, which may differ according to the type of exercise employed and the population studied, it is important for its therapeutic use. The effect of an exercise program with an intensity of 60% of VO₂ max and duration of four months in controlled hypertensive individuals was examined by Monteiro et al²³, showing in the results, a 6% fall in SBP associated with an improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness and HDL levels increase. The main mechanism attributed to this result is the reduction in cardiac output associated with a drop in heart rate⁷. The reduction in peripheral vascular resistance contributes to the hypotensive effect caused by physical training⁶.

Melo et al²¹ investigated and compared in SHR and Wistar-Kyoto, the effects of an exercise program lasting 13 weeks and intensity between 50% and 60% of maximum capacity. Findings showed that only trained SHR rats significantly reduced BP (15 mmHg in average) compared with control rats, confirming a greater hypotensive effect of physical training in hypertensive rats. The growth and proliferation of small venules and regression of arteriole wall hypertrophy are compensatory adjustments caused by physical training and were indicated as contributors for the hypotensive effect.

Another mechanism caused by physical exercise is decreased sympathetic nervous system activity, which is associated with BP reduction. Bertagnolli et al²⁴ measured BP and norepinephrine concentration in the heart tissue of SHR rats that participated in a 10-week exercise program. Findings have shown, in the trained group, a reduced norepinephrine concentration in the heart tissue, justifying the animals decreased BP, and this fact is associated with reduced activity of the sympathetic system. Prior to these findings, hemodynamic mechanisms, such as reduced cardiac output associated with rest bradycardia, were described as responsible for attenuating hypertension in SHRs that participated in an exercise program with light to moderate intensity, accounting for 55% of VO₂ max²⁵.

Alcohol intake may also influence SBP. Experimental studies with SHR demonstrated that chronic administration of moderate doses of ethanol prevents age-dependant blood pressure increase²⁶. When the effect of consumption of this substance is analyzed in an acute manner, moderate doses provide BP decrease in SHR²⁷. When red wine is consumed, regardless of the presence or absence of alcohol, poliphenols play a cardioprotective role, since they have an antioxidant action on LDL-cholesterol^11,14,15 and inhibit proinflammatory proteins¹⁶. Studies using alcohol-free red wine compounds showed that in hypercholesterolemic rabbits²⁸ and rats²⁹, the phenolic compound had an antithrombotic role as a result of platelet aggregation inhibition.

Polyphenols are generally divided into two groups, flavonoids and non-flavonoids. Those flavonoids most commonly found in red wine are: quercetin, flavonols, tannin, and catechins. This substance if capable of improving endothelial NO synthase expression, releasing more nitric oxide (NO) to endothelial cells³¹, as well as inhibiting the synthesis of endothelin-1, the most powerful vasoconstrictor derived from endothelium³². Resveratrol and other polyphenols are absent in most fruits and vegetables normally used. Hence, red wine intake could be its single nutritional source, mainly because fermentation leads to total polyphenol content enrichment and polyphenol solubilizing results in its larger bioavailability³³.

The high-density lipoprotein was another risk marker analyzed in our experiment. Moderate alcohol intake causes an increase in HDL-cholesterol levels, reaching 12% in humans³⁴, and this increase results from the rise in subfractions HDL2 and HDL3, and apoA-1 and apoA-2, which provides an efficient reverse transport of LDL molecules. Physical fitness also boosts HDL levels. It is a nonpharmacological treatment that reportedly improves the lipid profile^8,35.

Just as in the results of SBP, the group that combined physical training with moderate doses of red wine showed the best result in serum levels of HDL. Another interesting finding was that the WG have shown higher levels of HDL than the EG, which, in turn, also showed better results than the CG. The fact that it is not possible to check the initial level of HDL of rats in the study undermined the power of the results concerning the levels of this lipoprotein, despite knowing that SHRs have an isogenic characteristic. In hypertensive rats that practiced physical activity for six weeks, with intensities between 30 and 60%, a significant increase (p < 0.001) in HDL levels compared to sedentary SHR was found²⁸.

An indicator of adaptation to physical training found in our study was the development of rats performance in the MET performed. The fitness program conducted in this experiment resulted in an increase of 60% in the distance traveled by the rats in the last MET. Worthy of note is that the performance of the group that received wine during the exercise protocol did not differ from the group that performed exercise alone.

Pressure overload in hypertension results in pathological cardiac hypertrophy, resulting in the reduction of cardiac function and can lead to heart failure³⁶. The exercise is also related to cardiac structural changes in SHR, however, hypertrophy triggered by physical training is beneficial to the cardiovascular system and defined as physiological⁹. Reproducibility of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) has been universally demonstrated as the preferred measure to express the entirety of cardiac contraction. Thus, LVEF is used as an optimal expression of left ventricular mechanical performance³⁷.

The SHR model is considered to be very similar to the human hypertension model and leads to heart failure³. Echocardiographic examination was used to demonstrate increased diastolic and systolic volume, as well as reduced LVEF in SHRs after 18 months of life³⁸. Within our sample, the interventions did not cause any significant difference in LVEF, although the WEG group has presented the best result in the comparison of LVEF between the first and second echocardiography. The effect of PE in the treatment of hypertensive rats with heart failure (SHHF) seems to differ according to the intensity of physical training. Emter et al³⁹ have applied a low intensity protocol in SHHF and obtained as a result a delay on heart failure progress. On the other hand, Schultz et al⁴⁰ demonstrated that excessive PE triggers deleterious effects on cardiac remodeling and may accelerate the progression of heart failure in SHHF.

Conclusion

In SHR animal model, the combination of red wine to physical exercise showed beneficial effects, significantly decreasing systolic blood pressure. However, there was no difference in relation to the intervention group with exercise alone, but it was significantly higher than in the group with wine intake alone. This, in turn, decreased blood pressure compared with the control group. This association also showed a significant increase in HDL levels compared to the rats that underwent isolated interventions. It is important to emphasize that in this model, left ventricular ejection fraction was not influenced by the interventions implemented and the physical performance was not impaired by moderate wine intake.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by Associação Brasileira dos Enólogos (Brazilian Association of Winemakers - ABE). The authors thank the staff of the technical group of the IC//FUC experimental research laboratory (Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil).

Potential Conflict of Interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Sources of Funding

This study was partially funded by the Brazilian Association of Winemakers.

Study Association

This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Paulo Roberto Soares Filho, from Instituto de Cardiologia de Porto Alegre.

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Effect of red wine associated with physical exercise in the cardiovascular system of spontaneously hipertensive rats

Paulo Roberto Soares Filho; Iran Castro; Adriene Stahlschmidt

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  25 Feb 2011
• Date of issue
  Apr 2011

History

• Reviewed
  09 Aug 2010
• Received
  25 Mar 2010
• Accepted
  18 Aug 2010