Taxonomic study of Hymenochaetaceae species (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) in the municipalities of Tomé-Açu and Bujaru, Pará, Brazil

Abstract

The family Hymenochaetaceae includes a diversity of 893 species described around the world. Its representatives are known by their usually rusty colored basidiomes with a poroid hymenial surface, hydnoid or smooth, woody consistency, and wide morphological variation regarding the arrangement on the substrate. They behave as saprophytic, parasitic, ectomycorrhizal and play a fundamental role in the decomposition of wood in forest ecosystems. In the Brazilian Amazonia region, approximately 40 species of Hymenochaetaceae are currently recorded. The main goal of this study was to increase the knowledge on Hymenochaetaceae from the Brazilian Amazonia. Collections were carried out between October 2021 and April 2022 in the state of Pará, municipalities of Tomé-Açu and Bujaru, to expanding the knowledge of this fungal family to the Brazilian Amazonia. A total of 15 specimens were identified, distributed in seven genera and 12 species. Four species are new records for the state of Pará (Fomitiporia apiahyna, Phellinus neocallimorphus, Phellinus sancti-georgii, and Sclerotus extensus) and two of them are new records for the Brazilian Amazonia (P. neocallimorphus and P. sancti-georgii). Our findings contribute to taxonomic knowledge of this family in the Brazilian Amazonia and reduce the information gaps about the diversity of species.

Key words
Amazonia; Hymenochaetales; morphology; richness; taxonomy

INTRODUCTION

The family Hymenochaetaceae was described by Donk (1948) and includes a diversity with 893 species described, and distributed in 42 genera (Wijayawardene et al. 2022). Its representatives have saprophytic, parasitic, and ectomycorrhizal lifestyle on a wide diversity of angiosperms and gymnosperms. They play a fundamental role in the decomposition of wood in forest ecosystems, causing white rot in the breakdown of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose (Ryvarden 1991, 2004, Cannon & Kirk 2007, Tedersoo et al. 2007, 2010, Vasco-Palacios et al. 2018). Further, some species are good candidates in the control of the long-term biological impact caused by exotic living tree species (Morera et al. 2017).

Hymenochaetaceae specimens are characterized by having basidiomes of ferruginous brown color due to the presence of styrylpyrones in the hyphae (rarely other colors), poroid hymenial surface, hydnoid or smooth, woody consistency, and wide morphological variation regarding the arrangement on the substrate, which may be pileate, resupinate, effused-reflexed, or stipitate. The hyphae are generative with simple septa, clamp connections are absent in the septa, and most of the species have hymenial and/or tramal setae. These features are important in taxonomic studies of the family. In addition to the microstructures, the xanthochroic reaction in the presence of potassium hydroxide —KOH— become the permanent blackening of the hyphae, is also important for the recognition specimens of this family (Parmasto & Parmasto 1979, Gill & Steglich 1987, Ryvarden 1991, 2004, Wagner & Fischer 2002, Larsson et al. 2006, Dai 2010, Campos-Santana et al. 2015).

The Amazonia region has an extensive and highly biodiverse humid hardwood forest, being the largest tropical forest in the world. It is characterized by a hot and humid climate, high rainfall rates, and abundant water resources (Aragão 2012).

The occurrence of Hymenochaetaceae in the Brazilian Amazonia region has been reported in taxonomic reviews (Gomes-Silva & Gibertoni 2009a b, Júnior et al. 2011, Soares et al. 2014, Silva et al. 2021), showing frequent new records and new taxa for science (Gomes-Silva et al. 2009, 2012a, 2013, Soares et al. 2018, Alves-Silva et al. 2020 Silva et al. 2021, Couceiro et al. 2022, Lima et al. 2022, Oliveira et al. 2022). According to Flora do Brasil (2020), approximately 40 species distributed in 13 genera of Hymenochaetaceae are currently known to occur in the region.

The municipality of Tomé-Açu in the state of Pará, Brazil, is characterized by having large areas of Ombrophilous Dense Forest, mostly corresponding to secondary vegetation due to the timber trade, agriculture and livestock farming, while primary vegetation remnants are restricted to small areas. The municipality of Bujaru, in turn, is characterized by presenting natural areas of dense lowland evergreen forest and dense alluvial evergreen forest with secondary vegetation at different successional stages called “capoeira”, resulting from successive logging for continuous use of the land for agricultural purposes over several decades (Pacheco & Bastos 2001, Rodrigues et al. 2003, Bolfe & Batistella 2011). Mycological studies in these two municipalities are scarce and in the case of Hymenochaetaceae, they are non-existent. Thus, the main goal of this work was to know the diversity of fungi of the Hymenochaetaceae family in forest areas in these two municipalities.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Study areas

The study areas are located in the municipalities of Tomé-Açu and Bujaru, in the state of Pará. Tomé-Açu is located at the geographic coordinates 2°24’53” S, 48°8’60” W (IBGE 2020), and Bujaru at the geographic coordinates 1°31’15” S and 48°2’37” W (Brasil 2022) (Figure 1). Collections were carried out in a total of five forest areas located in legal reserves of rural properties in these municipalities, called Sítio Ribeiro (2°15’41.50” S 48°18’53.27” W), Sítio Kenichi (2°39’16.00” S 48°23’59.00” W), and Sítio São Francisco (02º31’06.76” S 48º28’30.13” W) in Tomé-Açu and Fazenda Bom Intento (1°32’35.790” S 48°3’16.108” W) and Sítio Corrêa (1°30’51.204” S 48°2’29.160” W) in Bujaru.

Figure 1
Studied areas in the state of Pará: in yellow the municipality of Bujaru and in blue, Tomé-Açu.

Specimen collections

Eight collections were carried out along trails in primary and secondary forests between October 2021 and April 2022. The specimens were collected with the aid of a penknife with a portion of the substrate (trunks, fallen branches of decaying plants and soil). After removing the substrate, the material was placed in paper bags containing the main traits of the basidiomata, according to the methods proposed by Fidalgo & Bononi (1989).

Analysis and taxonomic identification of specimens

Macro- and micromorphological analyses of the samples were made. The former corresponds to the study of the characteristics of the context, tubes, margin and dimensions (width, length and thickness of caps and stipe and context, number of pores/mm on the hymenial surface). Micromorphological analyses were performed by hand-cutting thin fragments of the hymenial surface and the context of the specimens with the aid of steel blades. These sections were mounted between a slide and a coverslip in a 3% potassium hydroxide (KOH) plus 2% phloxine solution and observed under an optical microscope for identification of the following microstructures: basidia, basidiospores, hyphae, setae, and organization of the hyphal system (Teixeira 1995). Slides with samples were mounted in Melzer’s reagent to determine the presence of amyloid or dextrinoid reaction. In addition to the chemical reactions, the microstructures were analyzed in terms of shape, dimensions, type of ornamentation, and color (Ryvarden 2004).

The main identification keys used were Ryvarden (1991, 2004, 2005), Parmasto (2001), Baltazar et al. (2010), Gomes-Silva et al. (2012b, 2013), Groposo et al. (2007), Campos-Santana et al. (2013), Drechsler-Santos et al. (2016), Alves-Silva et al. (2020) Silva et al. (2021), and Lima et al. (2022).

The classification and nomenclature followed the databases Index Fungorum (http://www.indexfungorum.org) and Mycobank (http://www.mycobank.org). Data on basidiomata morphology, substrates, and geographic distribution in Brazil were checked on the Flora do Brasil (http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br), Specieslink (http://www.splink.org. br), and Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (https://www.gbif.org/) databases. All specimens were deposited in the herbarium of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG).

RESULTS

Altogether, 15 specimens of Hymenochaetaceae were collected and identified (Table I). Based on the analyses, the specimens corresponded to 12 species represented in seven genera: Coltricia Gray, Fomitiporia Murrill, Fulvifomes Murrill, Fuscoporia Murrill, Hymenochaete Lév., Phellinus Quél., Sclerotus Xavier de Lima (Table I). Four species are new records for the state of Pará, namely, Fomitiporia apiahyna (Speg.) Robledo, Decock & Rajchenb, Phellinus neocallimorphus Gibertoni & Ryvarden, Phellinus sancti-georgii (Pat.) Ryvarden and Sclerotus extensus (Lév.) Xavier de Lima. Two among the latter are new records for the Brazilian Amazonia: Phellinus neocallimorphus and P. sancti-georgii.

Table I
List of Hymenochaetaceae species collected and identified in the municipalities of Tomé-Açu and Bujaru. Legend: Sítio Ribeiro – SR, Sítio Kenichi – SK, Sítio São Francisco – SSF, Sítio Correa – SC, Fazenda Bom Intento – FBI.

	Municipalities					Species voucher
Genera/species	Tomé-Açu			Bujaru
	SR	SK	SSF	SC	FBI
Coltricia Gray
Coltricia cinnamomea (Jacq.) Murrill					1	MG202354
Coltricia hamata (Romell) Ryvarden		1				MG202355
Fomitiporia Murrill
Fomitiporia apiahyna (Speg.) Robledo, Decock & Rajchenb.		1				MG202356
Fulvifomes Murrill
Fulvifomes fastuosus (Lév.) Bondartseva & S.Herrera					1	MG202357
Fulvifomes merrilli (Murrill) Baltazar & Gibertoni					1	MG202358
Fuscoporia Murrill
Fuscoporia callimorpha (Lév.) Groposo, Log.-Leite & Góes-Neto		2		1		MG202359 MG202360 MG202361
Fuscoporia senex (Nees & Mont.) Ghobad- Nejhad		1				MG202362
Hymenochaete Lév.
Hymenochaete damicornis (Link) Lév.				2		MG202363 MG202364
Phellinus Quél.
Phellinus griseoporus D.A.Reid	1					MG202365
Phellinus neocallimorphus Gibertoni & Ryvarden			1			MG202366
Phellinus sancti-georgii (Pat.) Ryvarden		1				MG202367
Sclerotus Xavier de Lima
Sclerotus extensus (Lév.) Xavier de Lima			1			MG202368
Total of specimens	1	6	2	3	3

Taxonomy

Coltricia cinnamomea (Jacq.) Murrill, Bulletin of the Torrey botanical Club 31(6): 343 (1904) (Fig. 2a-c and 5d)

Figure 2
Coltricia cinnamomea. a. basidiomata; b. basidia (black setae) and basidiospores (red setae); c. basidiospores (red setae). Scale Bar: 20μm (b-c).

Description: Ryvarden (2004).

Substrate: on soil.

Specimen examined: BRAZIL, state of Pará, municipality of Bujaru, Fazenda Bom Intento (1°32’35.790” S 48°3’16.108” W), October 2021, Silva EO, ES26 (MG202354).

Distribution in Brazil: Amazonas, Pará, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rondônia, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Sergipe (Flora do Brasil 2020).

Comments: The species has stipitate basidiomata, circular pileus, rigid consistency when dry, velvety reddish-brown abhymenial surface, cream hymenial surface, centralized stipe, thin context, large pores, 2–3 per mm, and broadly ellipsoid basidiospores (9–10 × 6–6.5 μm). This species is characterized by stipitate, annual, circular basidiomata of brown to deep reddish-brown color with numerous concentric zones, cylindrical to flat stipe, brown hymenial surface, and oblong to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores (6.5–8 × 5–6 μm) (Ryvarden 2004). Coltricia cinnamomea is considered a morphologically variable species. The specimens from the Northern and Northeastern regions of Brazil have larger basidiospores than those described by Ryvarden (2004). The species showed is in the range of variation described by Ryvarden & Johansen (1980) (6–10 × 4.5–7 μm) and Corner (1991) (5–11 × 3.7–7.5 μm).

Coltricia hamata (Romell) Ryvarden, Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 68: 276 (1974) (Fig. 3a-f)

Figure 3
Coltricia hamata. a. stipitate basidiomata; b. abhymenial surface; c-d. hymenial surface; e. hyphal setae (red setae); f. basidiospores (black setae). Scale Bar: 1cm (a); 5mm (b-c); 1mm (d); 10μm (e-f).

Description: Ryvarden (2004).

Substrate: on soil.

Specimen examined: BRAZIL, state of Pará, municipality of Tomé-Açu, KM 14 of Jamic, Sítio Kenichi (02°39’16.00” S 48°23’59.00” W), March 2022, Freire, RBM, RF74 (MG202355).

Distribution in Brazil: Amapá, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima (Gomes-Silva et al. 2009, 2012b, Soares et al. 2014, Flora do Brasil 2020).

Comments: The species has stipitate basidiomata leathery consistency when dry, brown abhymenial surface with black zones, brown centralized stipe, rusty brown hymenial surface, 4–5 pores per mm, hyphal setae, broadly ellipsoid basidiospores (5–5.7 × 5–5.5 μm). Coltricia hamata is characterized by a rusty to snuff-brown, finely tomentose to velvety, circular and infundibuliform pileus with a centralized stipe, snuff-brown pore surface, round to slightly angular pores, and hyphal setae present in the lower context and trama. This is the only Neotropical species of the genus that presents hyphal setae (Ryvarden 2004, Baltazar et al. 2010).

Fomitiporia apiahyna (Speg.) Robledo, Decock & Rajchenb., Mycologia 102(6): 1315 (2010) (Fig. 5a)

Figure 5
a. Fomitiporia apiahyna; b. Fulvifomes merrillii; c. Phellinus neocallimorphus; d. Coltricia cinnamomea; e. Hymenochaete damicornis; f. Sclerotus extensus.

Description: Ryvarden (2004) as Phellinus apiahynus (Speg.) Rajchenb. & J.E. Wright

Substrate: on decayed wood.

Specimen examined: BRAZIL, state of Pará, municipality of Tomé-Açu, KM 14 of Jamic, Sítio Kenichi (02°39’16.00”S 48°23’59.00”W), March 2022, Freire, RBM, RF85 (MG202356).

Distribution in Brazil: Amazonas, Bahia, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo (Flora do Brasil 2020, Silva et al. 2021). First record for the state of Pará.

Comments: The species has pileate, perennial basidiomata with woody consistency, grooved and black abhymenial surface, rusty brown hymenial surface, yellow context, 7–9 pores per mm, and subglobose to globose, dextrinoid basidiospores. Fomitiporia apiahyna is characterized by the pileate, perennial basidiomata with a densely sulcate, brown glabrous upper surface and concentric zones of dark brown to black color, shining yellowish-brown context (up to 11 cm), grayish-brown hymenial surface, round pores, 6–9 per mm, absence of hymenial setae, subglobose basidiospores, and dextrinoid reaction in Melzer’s reagent (Ryvarden 2004, Alves-Silva et al. 2020).

Fulvifomes fastuosus(Lév.) Bondartseva & S.Herrera, Mikol. Fitopatol. 26(1): 13 (1992)

Description: Ryvarden (2004) as Phellinus fastuosus (Lév.) S. Ahmad

Substrate: on decayed wood.

Specimen examined: BRAZIL, state of Pará, municipality of Bujaru, Fazenda Bom Intento (01°32’ 35.790” S 48°3’16.108” W), October 2021, Silva EO, ES31 (MG202357).

Distribution in Brazil: Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondônia, Roraima, Santa Catarina (Flora do Brasil 2020).

Comments: The specimen was identified by Ryvarden (2004) as Fulvifomes fastuosus based on the following characters: pileate basidiomata, woody consistency when dry, rusty brown abhymenial surface, golden yellow hymenial surface, 7–10 pores per mm; absence of hyphal and hymenial setae; subglobose basidiospores (4.5–6(–6.5) × 4–5.5 μm).

Fulvifomes merrillii (Murrill) Baltazar & Gibertoni, Mycotaxon 111: 206 (2010) (Fig. 5b)

Description: Ryvarden (2004) as Phellinus merrillii (Murrill) Ryvarden

Substrate: on decayed wood.

Specimen examined: BRAZIL, state of Pará, municipality of Bujaru, Fazenda Bom Intento (1°32’ 35.790”S 48°3’16.108”W), February 2022, Silva EO, ES130 (MG202358).

Distribution in Brazil: Bahia, Pará, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rondônia, Tocantins (Gomes-Silva et al. 2009, Soares et al. 2014, Flora do Brasil 2020).

Comments: The species analyzed has a pileate basidiomata, woody consistency when dry, yellowish brown abhymenial surface, golden yellow brown margin, brown hymenial surface, ferruginous brown trama, round pores, 7–9 pores per mm, non-dextrinoid globose basidiopores, hymenial setae absent. Fulvifomes merrillii is characterized by perennial, sessile, dimidiate to ungulate basidiomata with a matted tomentose to coarsely scrupose, rugose and shallowly concentrically sulcate upper surface of reddish brown color; small round pores, 7–10 per mm, hymenial setae or other hymenial elements absent, and subglobose to globose basidiospores (5–6 × 4–5 μm) (Ryvarden 2004). Few differences were found in this specimen when compared with the ones described in Ryvarden (2004), but these differences are in the range of variation. Also, the globose, yellow to brown basidiospores are a remarkable character to recognize this species (Gomes-Silva et al. 2009).

Fuscoporia callimorpha (Lév.) Groposo, Log.-Leite & Góes-Neto, Mycotaxon 101: 57 (2007)

Description: Ryvarden & Johansen (1980) as Phellinus callimorphus (Lév.) Ryvarden

Substrate: on unknown angiosperm wood.

Specimens examined: BRAZIL, state of Pará, municipality of Bujaru, Sítio Corrêa (01°30’51.204” S 48°2’29.160” W), December 2021, Silva EO, ES83 (MG202359); municipality of Tomé-Açu, KM 14 of Jamic, Sítio Kenichi (02°39’16.00” S 48°23’59.00” W), March 2022, Freire RBM, RF76/RF94 (MG202360, MG202361).

Distribution in Brazil: Amapá, Mato Grosso, Pará, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Rondônia, Santa Catarina, São Paulo (CRIA 2021).

Comments: The species has pileate basidiomata, woody consistency when dry, brown abhymenial surface, cream hymenial surface, round pores, 8 per mm, and small tramal setae. Fuscoporia callimorpha is characterized by the pileate, flattened, dimidiate to cupped, widely inserted, semicircular to elongated basidiomata, round pores, 7–10 per mm, and presence of hymenial and hyphal setae (Ryvarden & Johansen 1980).

Fuscoporia senex (Nees & Mont.) Ghobad- Nejhad, Mycotaxon 101: 208 (2007)

Description: Nuñes & Ryvarden (2000) as Phellinus senex (Nees & Mont.) Imazeki

Substrate: on decayed wood.

Specimen examined: BRAZIL, state of Pará, municipality of Tomé-Açu, KM 14 of Jamic, Sítio Kenichi (02°39’16.00” S 48°23’59.00” W), March 2022, Freire RBM, RF98 (MG202362).

Distribution in Brazil: Amazonas, Bahia, Maranhão, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará, Paraná, Pernambuco, Santa Catarina, São Paulo (Flora do Brasil 2020).

Comments: Our specimen was identified by the following characters: pileate basidiomata broadly attached to the substrate, woody consistency, presenting mosses on the upper surface, rusty brown context, trama and hymenial surface, lacking a black line at the base, and presence of hymenial setae. Fuscoporia senex is characterized by the perennial, solitary to imbricate basidiomata, eventual presence of a darker line in context, seen below the tomentum, round and small pores, 7–11 per mm, straight or hook-shaped, thick-walled hymenial setae, and broadly ellipsoid basidiospores (4.5–6 × 3.5–5 μm) (Ryvarden 2004, Groposo et al. 2007).

Hymenochaete damicornis (Link) Lév., Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique 5: 151 (1846) (Fig. 5e)

Description: Parmasto (2001).

Substrate: on soil.

Specimens examined: BRAZIL, state of Pará, municipality of Bujaru, Sítio Corrêa (01°30’51.204” S 48°2’29.160” W), March 2022, Silva EO, ES152/ES153 (MG202363, MG202364).

Distribution in Brazil: Acre, Alagoas, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Pará, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondônia, Roraima, Sergipe, Santa Catarina, São Paulo (Flora do Brasil 2020).

Comments: This species presents stipitate basidiomata, leathery consistency when dry, brown, densely zonate abhymenial surface with a cream border, smooth and brown hymenial surface, thick context, brown stipe, and hymenial setae. Parmasto (2001) distinguished Hymenochaete damicornis by its stipitate, infundibuliform, flabelliform to spatulate basidiomes, smooth cinnamon to brown hymenial surface, stipe composed of densely interwoven hyphae, and absence of hyphal setae, rare scattered or numerous hymenial setae, and broadly ellipsoidal basidiospores. Hymenochaete damicornis can be found individually, as well as in cauliflower form.

Phellinus griseoporusD.A.Reid, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 28: 192 (1976)

Description: Ryvarden (2004).

Substrate: on decayed wood.

Specimen examined: BRAZIL, state of Pará, municipality of Tomé-Açu, Vila Socorro, Sítio Ribeiro (02°15’41.50” S 48°18’53.27” W), October 2021, Freire RBM, RF23 (MG202365).

Distribution in Brazil: Amapá, Pará, Rondônia (Gomes-Silva et al. 2009; Soares et al. 2014, Flora do Brasil 2020).

Comments: This species presents perennial, pileate basidiomata, woody consistency, dark brown abhymenial surface, brownish hymenial surface, round pores, 8 per mm, globose basidiospores, and hymenial and trama setae are absent. Phellinus griseoporus is characterized by perennial, solitary, pileate, dimidiate to semicircular basidiomata, gray upper surface, generally brownish hymenial surface, round and regular pores, 6–7 per mm, absence of hymenial setae, and globose, hyaline basidiospores (4.0–5.5 μm in diam) (Ryvarden 2004, Gomes-Silva et al. 2009).

Phellinus neocallimorphus Gibertoni & Ryvarden, Synopsis Fungorum 18: 53 (2004) (Fig. 4a-b and 5a)

Figure 4
Phellinus neocallimorphus. a-b. basidiomata; c. hymenial surface; d. basidiospores. Phellinussancti-georgii. e. details of context; f. hymenial surface; g. basidiospores (black setae); h. generative hyphae. Scale Bar: 1mm (c,f); 10μm (d,g); 2mm (e); 20μm (h).

Description: Ryvarden (2004).

Substrate: on living angiosperm tree (Inga sp.).

Specimen examined: BRAZIL, state of Pará, municipality of Tomé-Açu, Vila forquilha, Sítio São Francisco (02º31’06,76”S 48º28’30,13”W), April 2022, Castro TC, TC145 (MG202366).

Distribution in Brazil: Alagoas, Pernambuco (Flora do Brasil 2020). First record for the state of Pará.

Comments: The species analyzed has perennial, pileate basidiomata, woody consistency when dry, rounded margins, brown abhymenial surface with presence of mosses (fig. 4b), brown hymenial surface, 7–9 pores per mm, oblong ellipsoid to subglobose basidiospores (4–4.5 × 4–5 μm) and lacks hyphal and tramal setae. According to Ryvarden (2004), Phellinus neocallimorphus is characterized by perennial, flattened, dimidiate to broadly attached, semicircular to elongated basidiomata with rounded margin, dark reddish-brown to black abhymenial surface, cinnamon to deep dark brown hymenial surface, 7–9 pores per mm, no hymenial setae, ellipsoid oblong to subcylindrical, hyaline to pale yellow basidiospores (3.5–4.5 × 2–2.5 µm).

Phellinus sancti-georgii (Pat.) Ryvarden, Norwegian Journal of Botany 19: 235 (1972)

Description: Ryvarden (2004).

Substrate: on hard wood.

Specimen examined: BRAZIL, state of Pará, municipality of Tomé-Açu, KM 14 of Jamic, Sítio Kenichi (02°39’16.00” S 48°23’59.00” W), March 2022, Freire RBM, RF86 (MG202367).

Distribution in Brazil: Bahia, Paraná (Flora do Brasil 2020). First record for the state of Pará.

Comments: The specimen analyzed in this study is pileate to dimidiate, woody consistency when dry, rusty brown abhymenial surface, cinnamon context, golden-yellow hymenial surface, black line below the tomentum, round pores, 5–7 per mm, hymenial setae absent, oblong ellipsoid, reddish-brown basidiospores (3.8–4 × 4.1 μm). Phellinus sancti-georgii is known by its perennial, pileate, semicircular, ungulate to slightly dimidiate basidiomata, rusty brown pileus with narrow sulcate zones, rusty brown hymenial surface, round pores, 6–8 per mm, absence of hymenial setae, and the globose to broadly ellipsoid, reddish-brown basidiospores (4–5 (6) × 3.5–4 μm) (Ryvarden 2004).

Sclerotus extensus (Lév.) Xavier de Lima, Cryptogamie, Mycologie 43(1): 10 (2022) (Fig. 5f)

Description: Lima et al. (2022).

Substrate: on angiosperm tree.

Specimen examined: BRAZIL, state of Pará, municipality of Tomé-Açu, KM 14 of Jamic, Sítio Kenichi (02°39’16.00”S 48°23’59.00”W), March 2022, Freire RBM, RF83 (MG202368).

Distribution in Brazil: Amapá (Lima et al. 2022). First record for the state of Pará.

Comments: The species presents pileate basidiomata, black zones in the pileus, woody consistency when dry, yellowish-brown abhymenial surface, golden-yellow hymenial surface, 10 pores per mm, hymenial setae, and small and subglobose basidiospores. According to Lima et al. (2022), Sclerotus extensus is characterized by perennial, pileate basidiomata, presence of strongly ventricose and dark hymenial setae, and a thick black line that is exposed after the tomentum wears away, and ellipsoid to globose basidiospores. The black line and globose basidiospores were found in the specimen analyzed.

DISCUSSION

In this study, all species are registered for the first time in the municipalities of Bujaru and Tomé-Açu; four species are new records for the state of Pará, and two of them are new records for the Brazilian Amazonia. The Flora do Brasil database (2020) presented 43 species of Hymenochaetaceae registered for the Brazilian Amazonia and recent taxonomical studies, including this family, also expanded the knowledge of the distribution of the species (Soares et al. 2014, Silva et al. 2021, Couceiro et al. 2022). However, the new records found demonstrated the importance of fungal inventories in different areas of the Amazonia, to understand the true diversity.

Fuscoporia was the most representative genera in this study, with four specimens and two species identified, Fuscoporia callimorpha and Fuscoporia senex. Fuscoporia callimorpha showed the largest number of specimens (3) and the only one collected in more than one study area, sítio Kenichi (2 occurrences) and sítio Corrêa (1 occurrence), but no host preference was found. Studies on Fuscoporia callimorpha demonstrated that species could be classified as rare or occasional (Xavier et al. 2018, Couceiro et al. 2022).

The great representation of Fuscoporia species in forest areas is cited by Pires & Gugliotta (2016). These authors found 24 species of Hymenochaetaceae, among them seven of Fuscoporia. The genus also stood out as the third richest genus (7 species), behind only Phellinus and Hymenochaete, in the study by Lira et al. (2015), who compiled species of Hymenochaetaceae occurring in Northeast Brazil based on a review of the literature and herbarium samples.

In the present survey, Phellinus neocallimorphus and P. sancti-georgii had a geographic distribution that did not include the Brazilian Amazonia and are, therefore, are being reported for the first time from this region. Phellinus neocallimorphus was registered in the states of Alagoas and Pernambuco, while P. sancti-georgii in the states of Bahia and Paraná (Flora do Brasil 2020). Phellinus sancti-georgii was known to occur in the Amazonian phytogeographic domain only in Venezuela (Ryvarden 2004, GBIF 2021).

Fomitiporia apiahyna and Sclerotus extensus are new records for the state of Pará. Fomitiporia apiahyna was formerly registered only in the state of Amazonas and Slerotus extensus in Amapá (Silva et al. 2021, Lima et al. 2022).

In a study on polyporoid fungi conducted in the Amapá National Forest, Soares et al. (2014) identified 16 species belonging to Hymenochaetaceae. Four of these species were also found in the present work (Coltricia hamata, Fulvifomes fastuosus, F. merrillii, Phellinus griseoporus). Hymenochaetaceae was the second most representative family, with 17 species, in the study by Xavier et al. (2018) with poroid Agaricomycetes from the municipality of Serra do Navio, in the state of Amapá.

Alves-Silva et al. (2020) highlighted that species of the Hymenochaetales group show a low level of variation in their morphological features and this prevents the accurate identification at the species level by taxonomists, which is known as the species complex hypothesis. In fact, some species identified in the present study, such as Fuscoporia callimorpha, showed low variation of features, exhibiting similar morphological characters as other Fuscoporia species (Chen et al. 2020). Therefore, ecological data and molecular tools are need for a better delimitation of the species.

CONCLUSIONS

This study contributes to the taxonomic knowledge of Hymenochaetaceae from the state of Pará, being the first conducted on this family in the municipalities of Tomé-Açu and Bujaru. The study also contributed with two new records for the Amazonia region. It was not possible to carry out molecular analyses, but this tool is necessary to delimitate the species found here in further studies. Thus, it is important that new taxonomic studies be carried out in order to deepen the knowledge on the fungal biodiversity of the Brazilian Amazonia region.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors thank the Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi for support during the fieldtrips and provide the materials to identify the specimens analyzed in this study.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  05 Apr 2024
• Date of issue
  2024

History

• Received
  29 Mar 2023
• Accepted
  20 Oct 2023