| Guedes et al., 20201818 Guedes RC, Dias R, Neri AL, Ferriolli E, Lourenço RA, Lustosa LP. Frailty syndrome in Brazilian older people: a population based study. Ciênc Saúde Colet. 2020;25(5):1947-54. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020255.21582018. |
Cross section/ n= 5,501 |
To categorize non-frail, pre-frail and frail older people in terms of fast and slow gait speed. |
The presence of depressive symptoms gradually increased with the onset of frailty and there was a significant association between the conditions (p<0.01) /2c. |
| Silva et al., 20191919 Silva PO, Aguiar BM, Vieira MA, Costa FM, Carneiro JA. Prevalence of depressive symptoms and associated factors among older adults treated at a referral center. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2019;22(5) e190088. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562019022.190088. |
Cross section/ n= 360 |
To estimate the prevalence of depressive symptoms and associated factors in older patients treated at a referral center. |
There was an association between depressive symptoms and physical frailty [Odds ratio (OR) =1.94, 95% CI 1.41-2.66] /2c. |
| Chang et al., 20192020 Chang HY, Fang HL, Ting TT, Liang J, Chuang SY, Hsu CC, et al. The Co-Occurrence of frailty (Accumulation Of Functional Deficits) and depressive symptoms, and its effect on mortality in older adults: a longitudinal study. Clin Interv Aging. 2019;27(14):1671-80. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S210072. |
Longitudinal/ n= 3,352 |
To examine the co-occurrence of frailty and depressive symptoms at the end of life, the possibility of reversal of symptoms, their reciprocal relationship and the effects on mortality. |
The coexistence of frailty and depression symptoms was associated with higher mortality (p<0.05) /2b. |
| Park and Lee, 20192121 Park JK, Lee JE. Factors related to frailty among the elderly in south Korea: a 3-year Longitudinal Study. Int J Nurs Knowl. 2019;30(1):55-63. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/2047-3095.12198. |
Longitudinal/ n= 486 |
To analyze the factors associated with frailty among young older adults (<75 years old) and old older adults (>75 years old). |
Depression was associated with worsening frailty over a three-year period (p<0.001) /2c. |
| Herr et al., 20182222 Herr M, Jeune B, Fors S, Andersen-Ranberg K, Ankri J, Arai Y, et al. Frailty and associated factors among centenarians in the 5-COOP Countries. Gerontology. 2018;64(6):521-31. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1159/000489955. |
Cross section/ n= 1,253 |
To estimate the prevalence of frailty among centenarians included in a multinational study and investigate associated factors. |
The overall prevalence of frailty (3 criteria or more) was 64.7%. Among the factors associated with frailty was the presence of depression (p<0.05) /2c. |
| Lee, Won and Son, 20182323 Lee JK, Won MH, Son YJ. Combined influence of depression and physical frailty on cognitive impairment in patients with heart failure. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;16(1):1-10. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010066. |
Cross section/ n= 289 |
To identify the influence of combined depression and physical frailty on cognitive impairment in heart failure. |
The combined influence of depression and physical frailty increased the risk of cognitive impairment in unadjusted models (OR 4,360) and adjusted models (OR 3,545) /2c. |
| Albala et al., 20172424 Albala C, Lera L, Sanchez H, Angel B, Márquez C, Arroyo P, et al. Frequency of frailty and its association with cognitive status and survival in older Chileans. Clin Interv Aging. 2017;12:995-1001. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S136906. |
Longitudinal/ n= 2,098 |
To study the frequency of the frailty phenotype and its association with mental health and survival in Chilean older people. |
There was an association between physical frailty and depression (p<0.001) /2b. |
| Ding, Kuha and Murphy, 2017a2525 Ding YY, Kuha J, Murphy M. Multidimensional predictors of physical frailty in older people: identifying how and for whom they exert their effects. Biogerontology. 2017a;18(2):237-252. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-017-9677-9. |
Longitudinal/ n= 4,638 |
To investigate physical, psychological and social predictors of physical frailty. |
Depressive symptoms predict high levels of future physical frailty (p<0.05) /2b. |
| Ding, Kuha and Murphy, 2017b2626 Ding YY, Kuha J, Murphy M. Pathways from physical frailty to activity limitation in older people: Identifying moderators and mediators in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Exp Gerontol. 2017b; 98:169-176. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2017.08.029. |
Longitudinal/ n= 4,638 |
To identify moderators and mediators of the effect of physical frailty in changing activity limitation in older people. |
Physical frailty produces significant indirect effects through depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment in changing activity limitation in older people (p<0.05) /2b. |
| Lohman, Mezuk and Dumenci, 20172727 Lohman MC, Mezuk B, Dumenci L. Depression and frailty: concurrent risks for adverse health outcomes. Aging Ment Health. 2017;21(4):399-408. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1102199. |
Longitudinal/ n= 13,495 |
To estimate the independent and joint associations between frailty and depression trajectories and the probability of admission and falls in nursing homes resulting in injury. |
Faster increases in frailty and depression symptoms were associated with greater chances of home hospitalization and severe falls over time (Frailty: OR Nursing home =1.33, 95% CI: 1.09-1.66; OR Fall =1.52, 95% CI: 1.12 to 2.08; Depression: OR Nursing home =3.63, 95% CI: 1.29 to 9.97; OR Fall =1.16, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.34)/2b. |
| Ng et al., 20172828 Ng TP, Nyunt MSZ, Feng L, Feng L, Niti M, Tan BY, et al. Multi-Domains lifestyle interventions reduces depressive symptoms among frail and pre-frail older persons: randomized controlled trial. J Nutr Health Aging. 2017;21(8):918-26. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-016-0867-y. |
Randomized controlled clinical trial/ n= 246 |
To investigate the effects of multi-domain lifestyle interventions in reducing depressive symptoms among frail and pre-frail older adults living in the community. |
Interventions in multiple lifestyle domains that reverse frailty among older people also reduce depressive symptoms (p<0.05) /1b. |
| Tavares et al., 20172929 Tavares DMS, Corrêa TAF, Dias FA, Ferreira PCS, Pegorari MS. Frailty syndrome and socioeconomic and health characteristics among older adults. Colomb Med. 2017;48(3):126-31. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.25100/cm.v48i3.1978. |
Cross section/ n= 1,609 |
To investigate the association of frailty syndrome with socioeconomic and health variables in older people. |
Factors associated with pre-frailty and frailty were: functional incapacity for basic and instrumental activities of daily living and indicative depression (p<0.001) /2c. |
| Veronese et al., 20173030 Veronese N, Solmi M, Maggi S, Noale M, Sergi G, Manzato E, et al. Frailty and incident depression in community-dwelling older people: results from the ELSA study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2017;32(12):141-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4673. |
Longitudinal/ n= 4,077 |
To investigate whether frailty and pre-frailty are associated with an increased risk of depression in a prospective cohort of community older people. |
Frailty and pre-frailty did not predict the onset of depression during 2 years of follow-up. However, slow gait speed was a significant independent predictor of future depression (p=0.05) / 2b. |
| Lohman et al., 20163131 Lohman M, Dumenci L, Mezuk B. Depression and frailty in late life: evidence for a common vulnerability. J Gerontol: Ser B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2016;71(4):630-40. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbu180. |
Cross section/ n= 3,453 |
To estimate the correlation between depression and concurrent frailty models. |
It was observed that the three frailty definition models presented a significant correlation with depression (p<0.01) /2c. |
| Nascimento, Batistoni and Neri, 20161212 Nascimento PPP, Batistoni SST, Neri AL. Frailty and depressive symptoms in older adults: data from the FIBRA study - UNICAMP. Psicol Reflex Crít. 2016;29:1-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-016-0033-9. |
Cross section/ n= 2,402 |
To identify the relationships of the presence of depression, with frailty and pre-frailty in older people in the community. |
An association was found between depression and frailty profiles (p<0.001) /2c. |
| Almeida et al., 20153232 Almeida OP, Hankey GJ, Yeap BB, Golledge J, Norman PE, Flicker L. Depression, frailty, and all-cause mortality: a cohort study of men older than 75 years. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(4):296-300. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2014.10.023. |
Prospective cohort/ n= 2,565 |
To determine the relative mortality associated with past and current depression, taking into account the frailty effect. |
The crude mortality risk was 4.26 for men with depression at baseline compared to men who were never depressed, and 1.79 after adjusting for frailty /2b. |
| Makizako et al., 20153333 Makizako H, Shimada H, Doi T, Yoshida D, Anan Y, Tsutsumimoto K, et al. Physical frailty predicts incident depressive symptoms in elderly people: prospective findings from the Obu Study of Health Promotion for the Elderly. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(3):194-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2014.08.017. |
Prospective cohort/ n= 3,025 |
To determine whether frailty is an important and independent predictor of incident depressive symptoms in older adults without depressive symptoms at baseline. |
Frailty (adjusted OR 1.86, 95%CI 1.05–3.28, p = 0.03) was an independent predictor of incident depressive symptoms / 2b. |
| Ramos et al., 20153434 Ramos GCF, Carneiro JA, Barbosa ATF, Mendonça JMG, Caldeira AP. Prevalência de sintomas depressivos e fatores associados em idosos no norte de Minas Gerais: um estudo de base populacional. J Bras Psiquiatr. 2015;64(2):122-31. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0047-2085000000067. |
Cross section/ n= 639 |
To assess the prevalence and factors associated with depressive symptoms in non-institutionalized older people. |
The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 27.5% and it was associated with physical frailty (p<0.001) /2c. |
| Brown et al., 20143535 Brown PJ, Roose SP, Fieo R, Liu X, Rantanen T, Sneed JR, et al. Frailty and depression in older adults: a high-risk clinical population. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22(11):1083-95. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2013.04.010. |
Longitudinal/ n= 1,027 |
To identify striking characteristics of frailty that increase the risk of death in depressed older people. |
The confluence of specific frailty characteristics [fatigue (RR=1.94, 95% CI=1.11-3.40) and slow gait speed (RR=1.84, 95% CI=1.05-3.21)] and depressive illness (p = 0.03) is associated with an increased risk of death in older people /2b. |
| Feng et al., 20143636 Feng L, Nyunt MS, Feng L, Yap KB, Ng TP. Frailty predicts new and persistente depressive symptoms among community-dwelling older adults: finding from Singapore Longitudinal Aging Study. J Am Dir Assoc. 2014;15(1):1-10. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2013.10.001. |
Prospective cohort/ n= 1,827 |
To examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between physical frailty at baseline and depressive symptoms at baseline and at follow-up. |
The cross-sectional analysis showed an association between physical frailty and a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms (p<0.001). The longitudinal analysis revealed that pre-frail and frail individuals were more likely to present new and persistent depressive symptoms /2b. |
| Lakey et al., 20123737 Lakey SL, LaCroix AZ, Gray SL, Borson S, Williams CD, Calhoun D, et al. Antidepressant use, depressive symptoms, and incident frailty in women aged 65 and older from the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(5):854-61. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.03940.x. |
Prospective cohort/ n= 27,652 |
To examine associations of depressive symptoms, antidepressant use, and duration of use with incident frailty. |
After 3 years, 14.9% (n=4,125) of women became frail and those with high scores of depressive symptoms had the highest risk of incident frailty (OR =2.19, 95% CI =1.86-2.59) /2b. |
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