Fig. 4
Images of nests or their remains: (A) Angiopolybia pallens (envelope removed) 1 - downmost secondary comb hanging by a pedicel from the one just above, 2 - adjustment to vertical orientation of comb series from an oblique pedicel (and substrate); (B) A. pallens nest (envelope partially removed) adapted to a vertical substrate consisting of twigs and leaves, 1 - same as A-1; (C) remains of A. pallens nest showing two stacks of combs (arrows indicating secondary pedicels), showing lateral fusion (on upper side of the photograph; 3); (D) same as (C), lateral view; (E) Pseudopolybia dificillis, envelope structure and comb arrangement; (F) Leipomeles dorsata, 2 - combs at marginal oblique sector of the substrate-leaf adjusting to a vertical orientation. All nest specimens in MPEG collection.
Fig. 5
Phylogenetic relationships for the genera of Epiponini, adapted from Wenzel and Carpenter (1994)Wenzel and Carpenter, 1994 Wenzel, J.W., Carpenter, J.M., 1994. Comparing methods: adaptive traits and tests of adaptation. In: Eggleton, P., Vane-Wright, R.I. (Eds.), Phylogenetics and Ecology. Academic Press, London, pp. 79-101.; omitting Occipitalia and Synoecoides; Marimbonda is maintained and represented as sister-group of Leipomeles; P. langi added as sister-group of other Pseudopolybia species (terminal marked with an *). Schematic representations of architectural types adapted from Wenzel (1991)Wenzel, 1991 Wenzel, J.W., 1991. Evolution of nest architecture. In: Ross, K.G., Matthews, R.W. (Eds.), The Social Biology of Wasps. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, pp. 480-519.. “astelocyttarous”: sessile comb with cells constructed directly on substrate, covered by an envelope; and “phragmocyttarous”: multiple stacked combs with cells of secondary combs constructed on the envelope of preceding comb (see Richards, 1978Richards, 1978 Richards, O.W., 1978. The Social Wasps of the Americas Excluding the Vespinae. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 1-580.; Wenzel, 1998Wenzel, 1998 Wenzel, J.W., 1998. A generic key to the nest of hornets, yellowjackets, and paper wasps worldwide (Vespidae: Vespinae, Polistinae). Am. Mus. Novit. 3224, l-l39.); a question mark (?) indicates uncertainty on the shape and position of nest entrance of the “Cajari nest specimen” of P. langi.
