Before it is too late: description of a new genus and species of butterfly from a highly threatened Brazilian biome

A new genus, Nhambikuara Freitas, Barbosa & Zacca gen. nov., and species, Nhambikuara cerradensis Freitas, Barbosa & Zacca sp. nov., of the highly diverse Neotropical butterfly subtribe Euptychiina are described. Nhambikuara cerradensis sp. nov. is the type species for the genus, and Euptychia mima Butler, 1867 is also transferred to the new genus, as Nhambikuara mima (Butler, 1867) comb. nov., from the genus Zischkaia Forster, 1964. The taxonomy, phylogenetic relationships, geographic distribution and natural history of species of the genus are also discussed.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:41AD7568-3490-4F63-A019-32D5592A8C44

Keywords
Cerrado; Paryphthimoides; Savanna; Splendeuptychia; Zischkaia

Authorship

André V.L. Freitas ^** Corresponding author. E-mail:baku@unicamp.br (Freitas, A. V. L.).

Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal e Museu de Zoologia, Campinas, SP, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de CampinasBrazilCampinas, SP, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal e Museu de Zoologia, Campinas, SP, Brazil

Eduardo P. Barbosa

Thamara Zacca

Mario Alejandro Marín

Marina V. Beirão

Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Programa de Ecologia de Biomas Tropicais, Ouro Preto, MG, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Ouro PretoBrazilOuro Preto, MG, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Programa de Ecologia de Biomas Tropicais, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil

André R.M. Silva

Centro Universitário Una, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Belo Horizonte, MG, BrazilCentro Universitário UnaBrazilBelo Horizonte, MG, BrazilCentro Universitário Una, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

Mirna M. Casagrande

Universidade Federal do Paraná, Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Curitiba, PR, BrazilUniversidade Federal do ParanáBrazilCuritiba, PR, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Paraná, Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Curitiba, PR, Brazil

Marianne Espeland

Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, GermanyResearch Museum Alexander KoenigGermanyBonn, GermanyResearch Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany

Keith R. Willmott

University of Florida, Florida Museum of Natural History, McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Gainesville, United StatesUniversity of FloridaUnited StatesGainesville, United StatesUniversity of Florida, Florida Museum of Natural History, McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Gainesville, United States

* Corresponding author. E-mail:baku@unicamp.br (Freitas, A. V. L.).

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, GermanyResearch Museum Alexander KoenigGermanyBonn, GermanyResearch Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany

Figures | Tables

Figures (8)
Tables (3)

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Fig. 1
Nhambikuara cerradensisgen. et sp. nov. A - holotype male, dorsal; B - holotype male, ventral; C - allotype female, dorsal; D - allotype female, ventral.

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Fig. 2
Nhambikuara cerradensisgen. et sp. nov., male (YPH-0574) and female (DZ 33.900) genitalia. A - male lateral; B - male dorsal; C - male ventral; D - male aedeagus, lateral; E - male aedeagus, dorsal; F - female lateral; G - female ventral. Abbreviations: sa - saccus; te - tegumen; un - uncus; va - valva; gn - gnathos; ae - aedeagus; co - cornuti; bu - bursae coppulatrix; db - ductus bursae; pa - papilla anallis; st - sterigma; sg - signa.

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Fig. 3
Nhambikuara mimacomb. nov. A - male, dorsal (DZ 35.877); B - male, ventral; C - female, dorsal (DZ 34.823); D - female, ventral.

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Fig. 4
Nhambikuara mimacomb. nov., male (MGCL-LOAN-175) and female genitalia (FLMNH-MGCL-278955). A - lateral; B - dorsal; C - ventral; D - aedeagus, lateral; E - aedeagus, dorsal; F - female lateral; G - female ventral.

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Fig. 5
Natural habitats of Nhambikuara cerradensis gen. et sp. nov. in the Cerrado: A - Itirapina, São Paulo; B - Brasília, Distrito Federal and Nhambikuara mima comb. nov. : C - Sirinhaém, Pernambuco; D - an individual in its natural habitat in Guiana, Surama, north Rupuruni (Photo: David Geale).

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Fig. 6
Map showing the geographical distribution of Nhambikuara cerradensis gen. et sp. nov. (black circle) and Nhambikuara mima comb. nov. (black triangle).

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Fig. 7
Maximum likelihood consensus tree showing the phylogenetic relationships among species of Nhambikuara gen. nov. and exemplar species of Splendeuptychia. Numbers above branches are bootstrap values.

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Fig. 8
Frequency distribution of pairwise individual genetic distances within (gray) and between (black) species of Nhambikuara gen. nov. and Splendeuptychia species. The black bar in the class 1.1-2.0 indicates an overlapping of Splendeuptychia doxes and Splendeuptychia latia.

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Table 1
Species of Euptychiina with code, sampling site data and GenBank accession numbers for sequenced genes. Species of Nhambikuara gen. nov. are in bold.

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Table 2
Pairwise genetic distances among species of Nhambikuara and Splendeuptychia. Species of Nhambikuara gen. nov. are in bold.

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Table 3
Mean genetic distances among species of Nhambikuara and Splendeuptychia. Species of Nhambikuara gen. nov. are in bold.

Fig. 1 Nhambikuara cerradensisgen. et sp. nov. A - holotype male, dorsal; B - holotype male, ventral; C - allotype female, dorsal; D - allotype female, ventral.

Fig. 2 Nhambikuara cerradensisgen. et sp. nov., male (YPH-0574) and female (DZ 33.900) genitalia. A - male lateral; B - male dorsal; C - male ventral; D - male aedeagus, lateral; E - male aedeagus, dorsal; F - female lateral; G - female ventral. Abbreviations: sa - saccus; te - tegumen; un - uncus; va - valva; gn - gnathos; ae - aedeagus; co - cornuti; bu - bursae coppulatrix; db - ductus bursae; pa - papilla anallis; st - sterigma; sg - signa.

Fig. 3 Nhambikuara mimacomb. nov. A - male, dorsal (DZ 35.877); B - male, ventral; C - female, dorsal (DZ 34.823); D - female, ventral.

Fig. 4 Nhambikuara mimacomb. nov., male (MGCL-LOAN-175) and female genitalia (FLMNH-MGCL-278955). A - lateral; B - dorsal; C - ventral; D - aedeagus, lateral; E - aedeagus, dorsal; F - female lateral; G - female ventral.

Fig. 5 Natural habitats of Nhambikuara cerradensis gen. et sp. nov. in the Cerrado: A - Itirapina, São Paulo; B - Brasília, Distrito Federal and Nhambikuara mima comb. nov. : C - Sirinhaém, Pernambuco; D - an individual in its natural habitat in Guiana, Surama, north Rupuruni (Photo: David Geale).

Fig. 6 Map showing the geographical distribution of Nhambikuara cerradensis gen. et sp. nov. (black circle) and Nhambikuara mima comb. nov. (black triangle).

Fig. 7 Maximum likelihood consensus tree showing the phylogenetic relationships among species of Nhambikuara gen. nov. and exemplar species of Splendeuptychia. Numbers above branches are bootstrap values.

Fig. 8 Frequency distribution of pairwise individual genetic distances within (gray) and between (black) species of Nhambikuara gen. nov. and Splendeuptychia species. The black bar in the class 1.1-2.0 indicates an overlapping of Splendeuptychia doxes and Splendeuptychia latia.

Table 1 Species of Euptychiina with code, sampling site data and GenBank accession numbers for sequenced genes. Species of Nhambikuara gen. nov. are in bold.

Species name	Code	Locality	COI	GAPDH	RpS5
Oressinoma sorata	CP06-89	Peru, Pasco, Oxapampa	GQ357209	GQ357440	GQ357570
Yphthimoides eriphule	YPH-0063	Brazil, Sao Paulo, Santa Rita do Passa Quatro	MF489977	MF489997	MF490010
Yphthimoides mimula	YPH-0348	Brazil, Parana, Foz do Iguacu	MF489981	MF490001	MF490014
Yphthimoides maepius	YPH-0466	Colombia, Amazonas, Leticia	MF489982	MF490002	MF490015
Yphthimoides affinis	YPH-0082	Brazil, Sao Paulo, Luis Antonio, Reserva Jatai	MF489978	MF489998	MF490011
Paryphthimoides sp.	YPH-0544	Brazil, Amazonas, Manaus	MF489983	MF490003	MF490016
Paryphthimoides sp.	NW167-6	Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Tres Lagoas	MF489989	MF490008	MF490022
Paryphthimoides sp.	YPH-0336	Brazil, Goias, Pirenopolis	MF489980	MF490000	MF490013
Paryphthimoides sp.	YPH-0267	Brazil, Minas Gerais, Santana do Riacho	MF489979	MF489999	MF490012
Erichthodes julia	CP04-65	Peru,Jumn, Quebrada Siete Jeringas	GU205834	GU205946	GU206006
Erichthodes antonina	YPH-0325	Brazil, Alagoas, Serra Grande	KU340864	KU340913	KU340946
Erichthodes antonina	CP02-24	Peru, Madre de Dios, Albergue Posada Amazonas	DQ338792	GQ357429	GQ357558
Neonympha areolatus	CP22-03	USA	GU205856	GU205967	GU206028
Pareuuptychia binocula	CP02-42	Peru, Madre de Dios, Albergue Posada Amazonas	GU205858	GU205969	GU206030
Pareuptychia ocirrhoe	NW126-6	Brazil, Sao Paulo, Atibaia	GU205859	GU205970	GU206031
Splendeuptychia toynei	LEP-10657	Ecuador,Zamora-Chinchipe, La Libertad, km 11.5 Los Encuentros-Zarza	MF489990		MF490023
Splendeuptychia furina	CP02-39	Peru, Madre de Dios, Albergue Posada Amazonas	GU205868	GU205982	GU206043
Splendeuptychia doxes	NW126-8	Brazil, Sao Paulo, Atibaia	GU205867	GU205981	GU206042
Splendeuptychia doxes	BC-DZWillmott-092	Brazil, Parana, Campo Mourao, Parque Estadual Lago Azul	MF489991		MF490024
Splendeuptychia doxes	YPH-0172	Brazil, Sao Paulo,Jundiai, Serra do Japi	KR349478	KR349474	^-
Splendeuptychia doxes	MGCL-LOAN-386	Brazil, Sao Paulo,Jundiai, Serra do Japi	MF489992	^-	^-
Splendeuptychia latia	MGCL-LOAN-500	Brazil, Bahia, Una, Reserva Biologica de Una	MF489996	-	^-
*Nhambikuara mima*	MGCL-LOAN-550	Brazil, Rondonia, Porto Velho	MF489994	MF490009	MF490025
*Nhambikuara mima*	MGCL-LOAN-175	Brazil, Alagoas, Ibateguara	MF489993	^-	^-
*Nhambikuara cerradensis*	MGCL-LOAN-134	Brazil, Sao Paulo, Itirapina	MF489995	^-	^-
*Nhambikuara cerradensis*	YPH-0572	Brazil, Minas Gerais, Santana do Riacho	MF489984	MF490004	MF490017
*Nhambikuara cerradensis*	YPH-0573	Brazil, Minas Gerais, Santana do Riacho	MF489985	MF490005	MF490018
*Nhambikuara cerradensis*	YPH-0574	Brazil, Minas Gerais, Santana do Riacho	MF489986	MF490006	MF490019
*Nhambikuara cerradensis*	YPH-0575	Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Aquidauana	MF489987	^-	MF490020
*Nhambikuara cerradensis*	YPH-0576	Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Aquidauana	MF489988	MF490007	MF490021

Table 2 Pairwise genetic distances among species of Nhambikuara and Splendeuptychia. Species of Nhambikuara gen. nov. are in bold.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14
*1. Nhambikuara mima* MGCL-LOAN-175**
*2. Nhambikuara mima* MGCL-LOAN-550**	1.2
*3. Nhambikuara cerradensis* YPH-0572**	4.6	5.4
*4. Nhambikuara cerradensis* YPH-0573**	4.6	5.4	0.0
*5. Nhambikuara cerradensis* YPH-0574**	4.6	5.4	0.0	0.0
*6. Nhambikuara cerradensis* YPH-0575**	4.6	5.0	1.2	1.2	1.2
*7. Nhambikuara cerradensis* YPH-0576**	4.6	5.0	1.2	1.2	1.2	0.0
*8. Nhambikuara cerradensis* MGCL-LOAN-134**	4.6	5.0	1.2	1.2	1.2	0.0	0.0
9. Splendeuptychia furina CP02-39	5.6	6.0	5.6	5.6	5.6	5.2	5.2	5.2
10. Splendeuptychia toynei LEP-10657	6.7	6.7	6.1	6.1	6.1	6.1	6.1	6.1	4.2
11. Splendeuptychia doxes MGCL-LOAN-386	5.4	6.3	5.8	5.8	5.8	6.7	6.7	6.7	5.0	5.0
12. Splendeuptychia doxes BC-DZWill-092	5.2	6.1	5.6	5.6	5.6	6.5	6.5	6.5	4.8	4.8	0.2
13. Splendeuptychia doxes NW126-8	5.4	6.3	5.8	5.8	5.8	6.7	6.7	6.7	5.0	5.0	0.4	0.2
14. Splendeuptychia doxes YPH-0172	5.2	6.1	5.6	5.6	5.6	6.5	6.5	6.5	4.8	4.8	0.2	0.0	0.2
15. Splendeuptychia latia MGCL-LOAN-500	5.6	6.0	6.7	6.7	6.7	5.8	5.8	5.8	4.4	5.0	2.0	1.8	2.0	1.8

Table 3 Mean genetic distances among species of Nhambikuara and Splendeuptychia. Species of Nhambikuara gen. nov. are in bold.

	1	2	3	4	5
1. Nhambikuara mima
2. Nhambikuara cerradensis	4.9
3. Splendeuptychia furina	5.8	5.4
4. Splendeuptychia toynei	6.7	6.1	4.2
5. Splendeuptychia doxes	5.7	6.1	4.9	4.9
6. Splendeuptychia latia	5.8	6.2	4.4	5.0	1.9

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Before it is too late: description of a new genus and species of butterfly from a highly threatened Brazilian biome

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[1] * Corresponding author. E-mail:baku@unicamp.br (Freitas, A. V. L.).