Al-Ajlouni et al.3030 Al-Ajlouni YA, Park SH, Alawa J, Dodin B, Shamaileh G, Makarem N, et al. Staying Physically Active Is Associated with Better Mental Health and Sleep Health Outcomes during the Initial Period of COVID-19 Induced Nation-Wide Lockdown in Jordan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(2):776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020776. PMid:35055598.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020776...
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To determine whether physical activity is associated with mental health and sleep outcomes in Jordan during COVID-19-induced lockdown. |
In total, 1240 participants participated. There were more than 60% of participants younger than 40 years old, and the average age was 37.4 ± 11.0 years. Most participants (52.9%) were male. Among the participants, 31.5% met the physical activity guidelines. Based on levels of anxiety symptoms, 33.8% of participants had mild symptoms, 12.9% had moderate symptoms, and 6.3% had severe symptoms. |
Using the IPAQ, participants were classified into two groups according to their compliance with the 2020 Adult Physical Activity Guidelines. |
GAD-7 |
The prevalence of moderate or severe anxiety symptoms and increased levels of depressive symptoms was significantly higher for participants who did not meet PA guidelines. In those who did not meet physical activity guidelines, moderate or severe anxiety symptoms were significantly more prevalent (aPR = 1.36; 95% CI = 1.05-1.77); depressive symptoms were also more prevalent (aPR = 1.30; 95% CI = 1.14-1.49). |
Wood et al.3737 Wood CJ, Barton J, Smyth N. A cross-sectional study of physical activity behaviour and associations with wellbeing during the UK coronavirus lockdown. J Health Psychol. 2022;27(6):1432-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105321999710. PMid:33657907.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13591053219997...
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I. To examine the impact of UK border restrictions on PA behavior. II. To determine whether PA levels during the restriction differed according to the participants' perception of the importance of PA. III. Determining whether well-being differed according to participants' PA levels during the lockdown. IV. To determine which factors were the strongest predictors of PA and well-being during the lockdown. |
315 participants (77 men and 237 women) aged 40.2 ± 13.5 years. Anxiety of 5.4 ± 6.4 points (normal classification). |
IPAQ-SF - low, moderate, high |
DASS-21 |
The mean anxiety scores with low, moderate, and high PA levels were 8.8 (9.0), 4.8 (5.5), and 4.2 (5.3), respectively. The effect of PA level during boundary blocking on anxiety scores was significant [F (2,283) = 9,890; p<0.001; η 2 = 0.065] between the moderate and elevated levels compared to the low level. There were no significant differences between the moderately active and highly active groups. |
Marashi et al.3838 Marashi MY, Nicholson E, Ogrodnik M, Fenesi B, Heisz JJ. A mental health paradox: mental health was both a motivator and barrier to physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One. 2021;16(4):e0239244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239244. PMid:33793550.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...
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To collect information from 1,669 respondents regarding PA, sedentary behavior, and mental health before and during the initial COVID-19 lockdown. |
1669 participants, 82.4% women. Mean anxiety scores (19.0 ± 0.2) characterized as moderate symptoms. Age ranged from 18 to 65 years or older. |
PASB-Q (Completely sedentary; slightly active; continually active; recreational athlete; elite athlete) |
GAD-7 |
Respondents who reported a greater decrease in their aerobic and strength PA during the pandemic also experienced more anxiety (r (1544) = -0.12, p < 0.01). Negative correlations were found between moderate to vigorous PA (-0.18, p<0.01) and strength training (-0.14, p<0.01) in relation to anxiety. |
Coakley et al.3939 Coakley KE, Lardier DT, Holladay KR, Amorim FT, Zuhl MN. Physical activity behavior and mental health among university students during COVID-19 Lockdown. Front Sports Act Living. 2021;3:682175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.682175. PMid:34308346.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.682...
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To explore the associations of PA and sedentary behavior with symptoms of depression and anxiety among young adult college students during COVID-19 restrictions in the fall semester of 2020. |
697 undergraduate students aged 18 to 25 (21.29 ± 1.62) years old, 62% of whom were women. The overall mean GAD-7 score - 10.49 ± 6.07, classification of moderate symptoms. |
IPAQ - classified as “met the recommendations of MVPA” and “did not meet the recommendations”. |
GAD-7 |
GAD-7 scores were positively correlated with sitting time (r s = 0.17, p < 0.0001) and had a negative association with vigorous exercise min/week (r s = 0.082, p = 0.03). Students who met the MVPA recommendations for PA compared to those who did not meet the guidelines had a mean GAD-7 score of 10.00 (± 5.97) and 11.04 (± 6.14), respectively, being significant with the value of p=0.024. |
| Kua et al.4040 Kua Z, Hamzah F, Tan PT, Ong LJ, Tan B, Huang Z. Physical activity levels and mental health burden of healthcare workers during COVID-19 lockdown. Stress Health. 2021. PMid:34231968.
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To investigate the association between changes in PA levels and the mental health burden of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 lockdown in Singapore. |
707 health professionals. The mean age was 37.43 (10.23) years. Base anxiety score 14.74 ±5.99 (Moderate to strike). |
Physical Activity Vital Sign - Duration and frequency were verified in the last 7 days. Being classified as active or insufficiently active. |
DASS ‐ 21 |
Half had anxiety, with 77.1% reporting moderate to severe symptoms. The practice of PA obtained significant reductions in frequency, duration, and intensity, all presenting p<0.001. However, there were no meaningful results regarding changes in PA and anxiety symptoms. |
Pears et al.4141 Pears M, Kola-Palmer S, Azevedo LB. The impact of sitting time and physical activity on mental health during COVID-19 lockdown. Sport Sci Health. 2022:18(1):179-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11332-021-00791-2. PMid:34127931.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11332-021-007...
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To investigate the association between PA and sitting time on mental health and the influence of mediators and confounders. |
284 university students and the general population, 74.8% of which are women. The mean age was 33.5 (± 12.4) years. 27.1% of participants had a previous diagnosis of anxiety. |
IPAQ - High sitting time and low PA; high sitting time and moderate or high PA; Low sitting time and low PA; Low sitting time and moderate or high PA. |
GAD-2 |
The association between the different domains of PA (ie, work domain, transport domain, domestic domain, and garden and leisure) did not find significant differences related to anxiety. Sitting time and PA levels were also verified, no significant difference was found for anxiety levels. |
Antunes et al.4242 Antunes R, Rebelo-Gonçalves R, Amaro N, Salvador R, Matos R, Morouço P, et al. Higher physical activity levels may help buffer the negative psychological consequences of coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Front Psychol. 2021;12:672811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.672811. PMid:33967927.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.672...
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To examine whether individuals with various levels of PA reported various levels of anxiety and different perceptions of Basic Psychological needs satisfaction during the period of isolation due to COVID-19. |
1,404 university students, 69.6% of which are women. The mean age was 36.4 (± 11.7). Trait anxiety score - 37.9 (± 10.3) and state anxiety - 45.1 (± 11.2) |
IPAQ-short form - low (considered inactive), moderate and vigorous |
STAI |
The comparison between the IPAQ (low, moderate, and high) and anxiety (state and trait) categories were 46.94 (± 11.51) and 39.70 (± 10.71); 44.79 (± 11.04) and 37.42 (± 9.88); 42.68 (± 10.40) and 36.01 (± 9.98), respectively, following the order mentioned above. The results seem to point to two interesting trends from the low-level PA category to the high-level PA category: a decreasing trend in state anxiety and in trait anxiety. |
Peterson et al.4343 Peterson JA, Chesbro G, Larson R, Larson D, Black CD. Short-term analysis (8 weeks) of social distancing and isolation on mental health and physical activity behavior during COVID-19. Front Psychol. 2021;12:652086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.652086. PMid:33815233.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.652...
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To examine changes in psychological health and PA over an 8-week period under social distancing policies during the COVID-19 pandemic. |
90 participants, of which 73.3% are women. The age ranged from 18 to over 40 years. 18 to 29 years old represent 57.7%, 30 to 39 years old represent 26.7%, and over 40 years old 15.6%. Mean anxiety score 45.92 ± 4.38. |
IPAQ - low, moderate, and high intensity. |
STAI |
Vigorous PA had a negative and significant correlation (r= -0.25, p <0.05) with trait anxiety. In contrast, low-intensity PA (walking) was positively correlated with state anxiety (r=0.22, p<0.05). |
Lewis et al.4444 Lewis R, Roden LC, Scheuermaier K, Gomez-Olive FX, Rae DE, Iacovides S, et al. The impact of sleep, physical activity and sedentary behaviour on symptoms of depression and anxiety before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in a sample of South African participants. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):24059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02021-8. PMid:34911984.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-020...
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I. Reduced PA and increased sedentary behavior will be directly associated with more depressive and anxiety-related symptoms, and this association will be stronger during lockdown than before lockdown. II. Reduced PA and increased sedentary behavior will be indirectly associated with more depressive and anxiety-related symptoms through their influence on sleep health and this association will be stronger during lockdown than before lockdown. |
1,048 South African adults (age: 32.76 ± 14.43 years; female: n = 767; male: n = 261; non-binary: n = 15; prefer not to say: n = 5). Of the sample, 473 were university students (age: 22.6 ± 6.39 years) and 575 non-students (workers, retirees, and volunteers; age: 41.1 ± 13.8 years) |
IPAQ - low, moderate, and high intensity. |
GAD-7 |
During confinement, less PA was directly associated with less sleep regularity and more severe insomnia symptoms. The effects of exercise on anxiety symptoms did not exist before the blockade. In addition, there was a significant indirect effect between PA and anxiety symptoms during the block, so that less PA was associated with more severe insomnia symptoms and, therefore, greater anxiety symptoms. |
Haider et al.4545 Haider S, Smith L, Markovic L, Schuch FB, Sadarangani KP, Sanchez GFL, et al. Associations between physical activity, sitting time, and time spent outdoors with mental health during the first COVID-19 lockdown in Austria. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(17):9168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179168. PMID: 34501758.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179168...
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To explore associations between PA and mental health in Austria during COVID-19 social restrictions. |
652 adults with a mean age of 36.0 (±14.4) years. 481 (72.4) were women and 513 (77.3) had no diagnosed mental illness. In addition, 424 (66.7) had no anxiety and 212 (33.3) had anxiety. |
IPAQ - low, moderate, and high intensity. |
BAI |
Individuals who spent ≥ 60 min/day outdoors were more likely to have high mental well-being compared with individuals who spent <60 min/day outdoors. They were also more likely to not have depression compared to people who were outside <60 min/day. Individuals who managed to maintain their MVPA level during self-isolation were more likely to have high mental well-being, no depression, no anxiety symptoms, and no loneliness compared to those individuals who reduced their MVPA behavior. |
Meira et al.2727 Meira CM Jr, Meneguelli KS, Leopoldo MPG, Florindo AA. Anxiety and leisure-domain physical activity frequency, duration, and intensity during Covid-19 pandemic. Front Psychol. 2020;11:603770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.603770. PMid:33447249.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.603...
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To examine the relationships between state anxiety and levels of PA in the leisure domain during the COVID-19 pandemic. |
571 adult volunteers, 200 men, and 371 women. The mean age was 39 (± 14) years. |
VIGITEL - PA section that contains 5 items. Practice once a week; 40 min a day; 40 min/day in 3 days or more. |
STAI-S-6 |
The tests showed significantly lower levels of anxiety for participants who practiced PA for (1) 40 minutes or more per session compared to those who practiced less than 40 minutes per session (U = 14607.5; p = 0.005), (2) ) three or more days a week in relation to those who practiced less than 3 days a week ( U = 12,760.5; p<0.0001), and (3) at least 40 min per session on three or more days of the week in comparison with those who practiced less than that and also those who did not practice ( U = 14616.5; p < 0.0001). No differences were detected between practitioners of moderate PA compared to practitioners of vigorous or vigorous and moderate PA (U = 18714; p = 0.119). |
Schuch et al.4646 Schuch FB, Bulzing RA, Meyer J, Vancampfort D, Firth J, Stubbs B, et al. Associations of moderate to vigorous physical activity and sedentary behavior with depressive and anxiety symptoms in self-isolating people during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional survey in Brazil. Psychiatry Res. 2020;292:113339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113339. PMid:32745795.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.202...
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To explore the associations between MVPA, VPA, MPA, and SB with depressive, anxious, and comorbid depressive and anxious (D&A) symptoms in isolated Brazilians. |
937 adults, women (72.3%). Age ranged from 18 to 65 years or older. 52.6% of the sample were between 18 and 34 years old. The mean anxiety score was 6.00 (± 11.00). |
1) “How much time in a normal day do you spend in vigorous PA since self-isolation?”; and 2) “How much time in a typical day do you spend in moderate PA since self-isolation?” MVPA and MPA were dichotomized at 1 = <30 min/day, or 2 = ≥30 min/day, and VPA was dichotomized at 1 = <15 min/day, or 2 = ≥15 min VPA/day. These cutoffs are in line with the public health recommendations of 150 min of MVPA, or 75 min of VPA per week. |
BAI |
Those who reported ≥30 min in MVPA/day had a decreased chance of anxiety (OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.54-0.96) and those who spent ≥15 min in VPA/day had a lower chance. of having anxiety symptoms (OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.51-0.96). |
Rogowska et al.4747 Rogowska AM, Kuśnierz C, Ochnik D. Changes in stress, coping styles, and life satisfaction between the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal cross-lagged study in a sample of University Students. J Clin Med. 2021;10(17):4025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10174025. PMid:34501473.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10174025...
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Association between PA, anxiety and depression in the study sample? |
1512 students aged 18-51 (20.06 ±3.05). The GAD-7 scores identified that 23.81% of the sample had moderate to severe anxiety. |
PA during the coronavirus lockdown was assessed using the following question: “How many days per week have you physically exercised or engaged in sports activities at home or away from home, at university, at clubs, or at the gym, in the last month?”, “How many minutes a day (on average) do you practice?”. “How many days a week did you practice physical exercises or sports activities at home or away from home, at the university, in clubs or at the gym, until a month before the general quarantine of the coronavirus?” Students who performed 150 min per week or more were included in the Active group (A), while the Inactive sample (I) was composed of those individuals who dedicated less than 150 min per week to PA, according to the WHO recommendation. |
GAD-7 |
Undergraduate students who met clinical criteria for anxiety (GAD-7 scores ≥ 10) were 1.7 times less likely to exercise than their peers without clinically significant anxiety disorders, χ 2(1) = 17.98, OR = 1.69, 95% CI (1.32, 2.17), B = 0.53, SE B = 0.13, t (1510) = 4.18, p <0.001, χ of Wald2 = 17 .47. Anxiety levels were similar in physically active and inactive students. Physically active and inactive male college students did not differ in their anxiety levels. The effect of the interaction between gender and PA was also not statistically significant. |
Xiang et al.4848 Xiang YT, Zhao YJ, Liu ZH, Li XH, Zhao N, Cheung T, et al. The COVID-19 outbreak and psychiatric hospitals in China: Managing challenges through mental health service reform. Int J Biol Sci. 2020;16(10):1741-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.45072. PMid:32226293.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.45072...
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To assess the prevalence of inadequate PA, anxiety, and depression and explore the relationship of PA with symptoms of anxiety and depression among Chinese university students during quarantine. |
1,396 participants were used in the analysis, including 881 (63.1%) men and 515 (36.9%) women. The mean age was 20.68 (1.84) years. 31% of the sample had symptoms of anxiety. |
IPAQ-SF - Low, moderate, high according to the protocol that stipulates the questionnaire. |
SAS |
Linear regression analyzes showed that participants with a high level (β = −0.121, P < 0.001) of PA were significantly associated with low anxiety. |
Lesser & Nienhuis4949 Lesser IA, Nienhuis CP. The impact of COVID-19 on physical activity behavior and well-being of Canadians. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(11):3899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113899. PMid:32486380.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113899...
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To understand the impact of the global pandemic and public health restrictions on Canadians. Specifically, we aim to report changes since the beginning of COVID-19 in barriers and enablers of PA and engagement, as well as well-being (anxiety, general mental health), in both active and inactive individuals. |
1098 adult participants of both sexes, of which 79.3% were women. The mean age was 42 (± 15). |
GLQ - The cut-off for active was >150 min of moderate-vigorous PA per week, while the related cut-off for inactive was <149.9 min of moderate-vigorous PA per week based on standard guidelines for related health benefits the health. |
GAD-7 |
There was a significant difference in the amount of PA performed with other people among those who did more 9.87 ± 4.26, the same PA 8.83 ± 4.71 or less activity 11.24 ± 4.66 in the population inactive (F (2, 693) = 5.98, p = 0.003), but this was not found in the active population (F (2, 398) = 1.25, p = 0.287). |
Jacob et al.5050 Jacob L, Tully MA, Barnett Y, Lopez-Sanchez GF, Butler L, Schuch F, et al. The relationship between physical activity and mental health in a sample of the UK public: A cross-sectional study during the implementation of COVID-19 social distancing measures. Ment Health Phys Act. 2020;19:100345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2020.100345. PMid:32834833.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2020.10...
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To investigate the cross-sectional association between PA levels with depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and positive mental well-being in a sample of UK public social distancing due to COVID-19. |
902 adults of both sexes, of which 63.8% are women. Age ranged from 18 to 64 years or older, 50.1% of people were aged 35-64 years. 30.7% of the sample had moderate to severe anxiety symptoms. |
Participants were asked: 1) “How much time in a normal day do you spend in vigorous activities since social distancing?”; and 2) "How much time in a typical day do you spend in moderate activities since social distancing?" Following the WHO recommendations on PA levels per week (i.e., at least 150 min of moderate PA and/or 75 min of vigorous PA in adults aged ≥18 years), sufficient PA per day was defined. as approximately 21 min of moderate PA and/or 11 min of vigorous PA per day. |
BAI |
The prevalence of moderate to severe anxiety symptoms was 30.7% and this number decreased significantly with increasing PA. 0-30 minutes was 41.2%, 30-90 minutes 27.4%, more than 90 minutes 22.0% the prevalence of moderate to severe anxiety symptoms. The effect size was 0.18. |
Ozdemir et al.5151 Ozdemir F, Cansel N, Kizilay F, Guldogan E, Ucuz I, Sinanoglu B, et al. The role of physical activity on mental health and quality of life during COVID-19 outbreak: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Integr Med. 2020;40:101248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2020.101248. PMid:33200007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2020.1...
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To assess individuals' PA levels and assess the effects of PA on quality of life, depression, and anxiety levels during the COVID-19 outbreak |
2,301 individuals of both genders, of which 61.1% are women. The mean age was 36.2 ± 10.9 years. 569 (24.7%) participants had moderate and severe levels of anxiety |
IPAQ - classified into Inactive, Minimum Active and Active. |
BAI |
It was found that there was a significant relationship (<0.001) between the participants' level of PA and mean anxiety scores. 11.23 (± 10.91), 9.67 (± 9.87), and 9.24 (± 10.58) for the inactive, minimally active, and active groups, respectively. |
Duncan et al.5252 Duncan GE, Avery AR, Tsang S, Williams BD, Seto E. Changes in physical activity levels and mental health during COVID-19: Prospective findings among adult twin pairs. PLoS One. 2021;16(11):e0260218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260218. PMid:34807944.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...
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To investigate associations between changes in PA and mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic, after the implementation of mitigation strategies, in a sample of adult twins. A cohort studies. |
The final analytical sample included N = 757, N = 563, and N = 547 pairs of twins for Waves 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The mean follow-up time was 88.4 ± 4.8 days between Waves 1 and 2 and 63.3 ± 5.8 days between Waves 2 and 3 (Wave 1, April 20 to May 3; Wave 2, July 16 to August 2; Wave 3, September 16 to October 1). The average age of participants was around 52 years, ranging from 20 to 93 years. |
PA was operationalized as weekly MVPA and walking in the neighborhood. Participants reported, in the last two weeks, the number of days per week they engaged in moderate PA for at least 30 minutes and vigorous PA for at least 20 minutes. The amount of MVPA (minutes per week) was created by adding the days of moderate and vigorous PA by their respective durations. This measure was validated with objective PA data measured using accelerometers and GPS data loggers within a subsample of the WSTR. |
BSI |
Mean MVPA levels remained similar between S1 and S2, with a slight decrease of about 7 minutes per week at S3. Mean walking levels showed a slight decline from S1 to S2, with a further decrease of about 25 minutes at S3. The cross-sectional associations between MVPA and anxiety (p = 0.002) and between walking and anxiety (p = 0.038) were statistically significant, meaning that individuals with more PA presented less anxiety. |
Rees-Punia et al.5353 Rees-Punia E, Newton CC, Westmaas JL, Chantaprasopsuk S, Patel AV, Leach CR. Prospective COVID-19 related changes in physical activity and sedentary time and associations with symptoms of depression and anxiety. Ment Health Phys Act. 2021;21:100425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2021.100425. PMid:34611463.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2021.10...
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To explore differences in the association between PA and sedentary time with symptoms of anxiety and depression by sex and pre-pandemic history of anxiety and depression. |
2,240 individuals of both genders older than 50 (mean 57.5 (SD = 9.7) years, 65% of which are women. |
The items “walking 3 or more mph or faster than 20 min per mile”, “moderate activities” and “strenuous activities” were used to capture total moderate to vigorous intensity aerobic PA (MVPA). Response options were “0, <1, 1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8, 9-10, 11+ hours per day” to obtain daily mean MVPA and sedentary time before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.The continuous time in MVPA at both moments was summarized in the categories 'active' or 'inactive'. Based on these categories, the change in the 2018 MVPA for the pandemic was categorized as: remained active, became active, became inactive, and remained inactive. |
PHQ-4 |
Compared with participants who remained active, participants who became inactive or remained inactive were more likely to have worse psychological distress. Participants who became active did not differ in psychological distress compared to those who remained active. Changes in PA were not associated with anxiety symptoms; however, participants who remained inactive were twice as likely to have worse depressive symptoms (OR = 2.07, 1.34-3.22) compared with those who remained active. |
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