A COMPARISON BETWEEN FULL TIME EQUIVALENT AND LENGTH OF RESIDENCE AS MEASUREMENTS OF TIME IN BILINGUAL SPEECH RESEARCH: THE CASE OF FIRST LANGUAGE ATTRITION

Kupske, Felipe Flores; Lima Jr, Ronaldo Mangueira; Alves, Ubiratã Kickhöfel

doi:10.5007/2175-8026.2023.e94531

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Artigos • Ilha Desterro 76 (3) • Sep-Dec 2023 • https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-8026.2023.e94531 copy

A COMPARISON BETWEEN FULL TIME EQUIVALENT AND LENGTH OF RESIDENCE AS MEASUREMENTS OF TIME IN BILINGUAL SPEECH RESEARCH: THE CASE OF FIRST LANGUAGE ATTRITION

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Full Time Equivalent (FTE), a product of Length of Residence (LOR) in L2 contexts multiplied by an index of frequency of L2 use, has been considered to be an important factor in bilingual speech development (Flege & Bohn, 2021). This work, therefore, seeks to analyze changes in the Voice Onset Time (VOT) of Brazilian Portuguese-L1 (short lag) in contexts of English-L2 (long lag) as a function of LOR and FTE (N=44) through Bayesian linear regression models with mixed effects. As a result, the models showed a positive effect of time on VOT values, with VOT values increasing over LOR. However, the models that used FTE yielded greater effects with greater credibility. We conclude that LOR underestimates the effect of time, making FTE a more accurate metric since it incorporates both ‘time’ and ‘language use’.

Keywords
Full Time Equivalent; Length of Residence; First Language Attrition; Complex Dynamic Systems

Vowel	/p/	/t/	/k/
High back	Puma Puro Pulo	Tudo Tufo Tusso	Cujo Cume Cura
Low-mid back	Poça Posso Pote	Toca Toque Tosa	Cola Copa Copo

	/p/ ~ LOR		/p/ ~ FTE
Predictors	Estimates	CI (95%)	Estimates	CI (95%)
Intercept	12.68	8.52 – 17.06	11.57	8.02 – 14.42
LOR_year	1.04	0.17 – 1.83
FTE			1.97	1.03 – 2.82
Random Effects
τ₀₀	18.05 _participant		15.38 _participant
τ₁₁	1.06 _{participant.LOR_year}		0.81 _{participant.FTE}
Observations	432		432
Marginal R² / Conditional R²	0.156 / 0.683		0.398 / 0.682

	/t/ ~ LOR		/t/ ~ FTE
Predictors	Estimates	CI (95%)	Estimates	CI (95%)
Intercept	15.52	12.46 – 18.89	14.66	11.46 – 17.24
LOR_year	1.11	0.37 – 1.78
FTE			1.89	0.99 – 2.76
Random Effects
τ₀₀	9.71 _participant		9.39 _participant
τ₁₁	1.13 _{participant.LOR_year}		0.97 _{participant.FTE}
Observations	432		432
Marginal R² / Conditional R²	0.161 / 0.609		0.344 / 0.608

	/k/ ~ LOR		/k/ ~ FTE
Predictors	Estimates	CI (95%)	Estimates	CI (95%)
Intercept	35.95	31.91 – 40.04	34.57	30.56 – 37.44
LOR_year	1.40	0.26 – 2.50
FTE			2.36	0.97 – 3.73
Random Effects
τ₀₀	11.01 _participant		7.37 _participant
τ₁₁	3.43 _{participant.LOR_year}		4.15 _{participant.FTE}
Observations	432		432
Marginal R² / Conditional R²	0.112 / 0.640		0.254 / 0.640

Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Bloco B- 405, CEP: 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil, Tel.: (48) 37219455 / (48) 3721-9819 - Florianópolis - SC - Brazil
E-mail: ilha@cce.ufsc.br

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[1] *
Full Professor at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Department of Modern Languages, Brazil, and at Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras (PPGLet-UFRGS) and Programa de pós-Graduação em Língua e Cultura (PPGLinC-UFBA). He received his doctorate in Language Studies from UFRGS in 2016. His research activities address phonetics and phonology in bilingual development. He is interested in how bilinguals alter their languages over their lifespan, the role of social factors in bilingual speech production, and the relationship between speech production and perception. His e-mail address is kupske@gmail.com