Association of cigarette and water-pipe smoking with increased visceral adiposity, glycemic intolerance and hematological derangement in Iraqi healthy smokers

Hussain, Saad Abdulrahman; Abbas, Ashwaq Nagemeldeen; Abdulrahman, Hussein Saad; Deab, Ahmed Shaalan

doi:10.1590/s2175-97902022e20222

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Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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Article • Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. 58 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902022e20222 copy

Association of cigarette and water-pipe smoking with increased visceral adiposity, glycemic intolerance and hematological derangement in Iraqi healthy smokers

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The present study aims to investigate the impacts of cigarette smoking (CS) and water-pipe smoking (WPS) on the visceral adiposity index (VAI), hematological characteristics, and glycemic tolerance in Iraqi healthy smokers. A total of 528 healthy males from different locations of Baghdad city were allocated to three groups; nonsmokers (176), cigarette smokers (178), and WP smokers (174). Baseline characteristics, anthropometric and hematological markers and were reported. Glycemic control was evaluated using the glucose tolerance test. The evidence of elevated VAI, disrupted hematological markers, and impaired glucose tolerance was significantly (P<0.001) different compared with non-smokers and related to the duration of smoking. The impacts of WPS seem to be significantly greater than CS in certain parameters (hemoglobin, hematocrit, methemoglobin, and 2-hour glucose tolerance values). In conclusion, CS and WPS negatively impacted body fat distribution, glucose tolerance, and hematological markers. There is a positive association between the rate of smoking and obesity, glycemic intolerance in both groups.

Keywords:
Cigarette smoking; Water-pipe smoking; Visceral adiposity; Glycemic tolerance; Hematologic markers

Variable	NS n=176	CS n=178	WPS n=174
Age (year)	24.8±3.2	25.6±3.7	25.5±3.0
Bodyweight (kg)	79.7±9.2	82.7±6.7*^a	80.7±9.8^b
BMI (kg/m²)	26.20±3.2	28.3±2.5*^a	27.0±3.5*^b
Waist Circumference (cm)	89.2±10.9	101.4±19.3*^a	94.8±9.2*^b
Education status n (%)
None	0 (0)	14 (8)	14 (8)
Primary	28 (16)	7 (4)	49 (28)
Secondary	35 (20)	93 (52)	62 (36)
College	113 (64)	64 (36)	49 (28)
Smoking duration (Year)	0	4.5±2.1^a	3.7±1.7^b
Smoking rate		Cigarette/day	Session/day
	0	19.3±5.6	1.9±0.93
SBP (mmHg)	120.2±5.9	128.6±7.6*^a	131.1±7.5*^b
DBP (mmHg)	79.1±5.2	84.5±5.7*^a	87.6±7.1*^b
Hemoglobin (g/dl)	14.2±1.1	15.4±0.9*^a	15.6±0.8*^b
Hematocrit (%)	42.6±2.6	46.5±3.0*^a	48.6±2.8*^b
WBC (cell x 10⁹/L)	6.8±0.9	9.4±1.5*^a	9.3±1.1*^a
MetHb (%)	0.61±0.6	3.03±1.4*^a	3.57±0.95*^b
Triglycerides (mg/dl)	155.4±10.2	192.1±19.5*^a	192.1±13.7*^a
HDL-c (mg/dl)	52.7±6.4	38.8±4.1*^a	36.7±3.3*^b
VAI	3.8±0.7	6.9±1.7*^a	7.1±1.3*^a
2-hr GT (mg/dl)	93.0±9.3	107.7±17.5*^a	114.6±15.0*^b

	Duration (year)	Hb (g/dl)	Hct (%)	WBC (x10⁹/L)	MetHb (%)	VAI	2-hr GT (mg/dl)
Duration (year)		-0.181*	-0.154	-0.153	0.958*	0.501*	0.906*
Hb (g/dl)	-0.181*		0.576*	0.075	-0.178*	-0.187*	-0.146
Hct (%)	-0.154	0.576*		0.174*	-0.131	-0.075	-0.074
WBC (x10⁹/L)	-0.153	0.075	0.174*		-0.133	-0.036	-0.186*
MetHb (%)	0.958*	-0.178*	-0.131	-0.133		0.441*	0.837*
VAI	0.507*	-0.187*	-0.075	-0.036	0.441*		0.461*
2-hr GT (mg/dl)	0.906*	-0.146	-0.074	-0.186*	0.837*	0.461*

	Rate (Cig/day)	Hb (g/dl)	Hct (%)	WBC (x10⁹/L)	MetHb (%)	VAI	2-hr GT (mg/dl)
Rate (Cig/day)		0.329*	0.501*	0.155*	0.191*	0.091	0.160*
Hb (g/dl)	0.329*		0.576*	0.075	-0.178*	-0.187*	-0.146
Hct (%)	0.501*	0.576*		0.174*	-0.131	-0.075	-0.074
WBC (x10⁹/L)	0.155*	0.075	0.174*		-0.133	-0.036	-0.186*
MetHb (%)	0.191*	-0.178*	-0.131	-0.133		0.441*	0.837*
VAI	0.091	-0.187*	-0.075	-0.036	0.441*		0.461*
2-hr GT (mg/dl)	0.160*	-0.146	-0.074	-0.186*	0.837*	0.461*

	Duration (year)	Hb (g/dl)	Hct (%)	WBC (x10⁹/L)	MetHb (%)	VAI	2-hr GT (mg/dl)
Duration (year)		0.613*	0.423*	0.114	0.806*	0.282*	0.539*
Hb (g/dl)	0.613*		0.726*	0.030	0.514*	-0.169*	0.141
Hct (%)	0.423*	0.726*		-0.031	0.381*	-0.256*	0.143
WBC (x10⁹/L)	0.114	0.030	-0.031		0.042	0.345*	0.062
MetHb (%)	0.806*	0.514*	0.381*	0.042		0.176*	0.640*
VAI	0.282*	-0.169*	-0.256*	0.345*	0.176*		0.446*
2-hr GT (mg/dl)	0.539*	0.141	0.143	0.062	0.640*	0.446*

	Rate (session/day)	Hb (g/dl)	Hct (%)	WBC (x10⁹/L)	MetHb (%)	VAI	2-hr GT (mg/dl)
Rate (session/day)		0.574*	0.387*	0.171*	0.598*	-0.055	0.162*
Hb (g/dl)	0.574*		0.726*	0.030	0.514*	-0.169*	0.141
Hct (%)	0.387*	0.726*		-0.031	0.381*	-0.256*	0.143
WBC (x10⁹/L)	0.171*	0.030*	-0.031		0.042	0.345*	0.062
MetHb (%)	0.598*	0.514*	0.381*	0.042		0.176*	0.640*
VAI	-0.055	-0.169*	-0.256*	0.345*	0.176*		0.446*
2-hr GT (mg/dl)	0.162*	0.141	0.143	0.062	0.640*	0.446*

Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, n. 580, 05508-000 S. Paulo/SP Brasil, Tel.: (55 11) 3091-3824 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: bjps@usp.br

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[1] *Correspondence: S. A. Hussain. Faculty of Pharmacy. Al-Rafidain University College, Baghdad, Iraq. Phone: +9647901712624. E-mail: saad.hussain@ruc.edu.iq.