Ethnological aspects of COVID-19

Dhiman, Priya; Bhatia, Meenakshi

doi:10.1590/s2175-97902022e20975

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Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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Article • Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. 58 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902022e20975 copy

Ethnological aspects of COVID-19

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Within recent past, coronavirus has shaken the whole world. The world faced a new pandemic of novel coronavirus 2019 (SARS-CoV-2/ COVID-19).It has socioeconomically impacted world population a lot in terms of education, economy as well as physical and mental health. This novel coronavirus is notorious enough that put human health at a great risk. Currently, researchers all over the world aretrying hard to develop a new drug/vaccine for its treatment. In past decades, the world population has faced various viral infectious illness outbreaks. Influenza A, Ebola, Zika, SARS and MERS viruses had whacked public health and economy. Medical science technology achieved the landmark in developing coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines that are approved currently for emergency use. Some of the recently approved vaccines are developed by Pfizer and Moderna, Johnson and Johnson, Gam-COVID-vac (Sputnik V), Bharat Biotech (covaxin) andOxford-AstraZeneca vaccines (covishield) (Badenet al., 2021). Here, a short review is drafted focusingon infection, immune system, pathogenesis, phylogenesis, mode of transmission and impact of coronavirus on health and economy and recent developments in treating COVID-19.

Keywords:
Coronavirus; COVID-19; Immune system; MERS; SARS

Vaccine type	Mechanism of action	Production and development features
Live-attenuated vaccines	These types of vaccine bring out very strong immune response, protection is for longer period and causes reactogenicity.	The development and manufacturing procedure is highly established and handling live virus properly.
Inactivated vaccines	These types of vaccines generates weaker immune response than live-attenuated vaccines,less reactogenicity, also, requiring multiple dosages and adjuvants.	Product development and manufacturing process is highly established but requires handling live virus.
Recombinant protein-based and vector-based vaccines	Safe, induce a precise immune response, weak immunogenicity and may require the addition of adjuvants.	The development and manufacturing process of vaccine on large scale includes some steps such asepitope selection, design of antigen and vehicle development.
Trained immunity- vaccine	These vaccines boost innate immunity against a wide range of infections but the mechanisms are still unknown.	These vaccines are available across the world but each country has its own development process.

Trial number	Type of vaccine	Objective/aim	Clinical Phase	Developer/Organization	References
NCT04327206	Live attenuated	Determination of impact of BCG vaccination for reduction of COVID-19 severity in pandemic.	Phase III	Murdoch Childrens Research Institute	https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04327206.
NCT04328441	Live attenuated	To investigate the influence of BCG vaccination on healthcare workers in order to get protection from COVID-19.	Phase III	UMC Utrecht	https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04328441
NCT04352608	Inactivated	To determine the safety and immunogenicity of trail inactivated COVID-19 vaccine in group of healthy peoples having age range of 18-59 years.	Phase I/II	Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd.	Wanget al., 2020bWang Z, Chen X, Lu Y, Chen F, Zhang W. Clinical characteristics and therapeutic procedure for four cases with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia receiving combined Chinese and Western medicine treatment. Biosci Trends. 2020b;14(1):64-68.
NCT04383574	Inactivated	To assess safety as well as immunogenicity of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine	Phase I/II	Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd.	Wanget al., 2020bWang Z, Chen X, Lu Y, Chen F, Zhang W. Clinical characteristics and therapeutic procedure for four cases with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia receiving combined Chinese and Western medicine treatment. Biosci Trends. 2020b;14(1):64-68.
NCT04276896	Non-replicating Vector	To study immunogenic response and safety concern of non-replicating vector COVID-19 vaccine.	Phase I/II	Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute	https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT04276896
NCT04313127	Vector base	To develop Adenovirus Type 5 Vector base vaccine for study of safety, reacto-genesis and immune reactivity of COVID-19 vaccine.	Phase I	CanSino Biologics Inc.	https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT04313127
NCT04341389	Vector base	To investigate the influence of Adenovirus Type 5 Vector base novel coronavirus vaccine in a group of healthy adults	Phase II	Insitute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, PLA of China	https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04341389
NCT04324606	Non-replicating vector	To investigate proficiency, safety and immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccine in age group of 18-55 years.	Phase I/II	University of Oxford	*Folegatti et al., 2020*Folegatti PM, Ewer KJ, Aley PK, Angus B, Becker S, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2020;396(10249):467-478.
ChiCTR2000031781	Vector base	To investigate the influence of Adenovirus Type 5 Vector base novel coronavirus vaccine in a group of healthy adults having age range 18-60 years.	Phase I/II	Insitute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, PLA of China	*Smith et al., 2020*Smith TR, Patel A, Ramos S, Elwood D, Zhu X, Yan J, et al. Immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine candidate for COVID-19. Nat commun. 2020;11(1):1-3.
NCT04336410	Nucleic acid	To investigate the nucleic acid vaccine against COVID-19.	phase I	Inovio Pharmaceuticals	*Smith et al., 2020*Smith TR, Patel A, Ramos S, Elwood D, Zhu X, Yan J, et al. Immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine candidate for COVID-19. Nat commun. 2020;11(1):1-3.
NCT04368728	Nucleic acid	To study safety and immunogenicity and efficiency of RNA vaccine against COVID-19.	phase I/II	Biontech SE	*Mulligan et al., 2020*Mulligan MJ, Lyke KE, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, et al.Phase I/II study of COVID-19 RNA vaccine BNT162b1 in adults. Nature . 2020;586(7830):589-93.
ChiCTR2000032459	Inactivated vaccine	Safety assessment and improve immunogenicity	Phase I/II	Beijing Institute of Biological Products, Sinopharm	*Gao et al., 2020*Gao Q, Bao L, Mao H, Wang L, Xu K, Yang M, et al. Development of an inactivated vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2. Science. 2020;369(6499):77-81.
ChiCTR2000031809	Inactivated vaccine	Safety and immunogenicity of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine	Phase I/II	Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, Sinopharm	http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=52227
NCT04368988	Subunit vaccine	Stable, pre-fusion S protein given with adjuvant, Matrix-M	Phase I/II	Novavax	Wanget al., 2020cWang H, Yuntao Z, Baoying H, Wei D, Yaru Q, Wenling W, et al. Development of an inactivated vaccine candidate, BBIBP-CorV, with potent protection against SARS-CoV-2. Cell. 2020c;182(3):713-721.
NCT04398147	Non-replicating viral vector vaccine	Incorporates the adenovirus type 5 vector (Ad5-nCoV)	Phase I/II	CanSino Biological Incorporation, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Canadian Center for Vaccinology	*Wang et al., 2020c*Wang H, Yuntao Z, Baoying H, Wei D, Yaru Q, Wenling W, et al. Development of an inactivated vaccine candidate, BBIBP-CorV, with potent protection against SARS-CoV-2. Cell. 2020c;182(3):713-721.
NCT04400838	Non-replicating viral vector vaccine	Safety assessment and improve immunogenicity	Phase I/II	University of Oxford, AstraZeneca	*Wang et al., 2020c*Wang H, Yuntao Z, Baoying H, Wei D, Yaru Q, Wenling W, et al. Development of an inactivated vaccine candidate, BBIBP-CorV, with potent protection against SARS-CoV-2. Cell. 2020c;182(3):713-721.
NCT04299724	Non-replicating viral vector vaccine	Modified dendritic cells expressing SARS-CoV-2 minigenes	Phase I/II	Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute	Badgujar, Badgujar, Badgujar, 2020Badgujar KC, Badgujar VC, Badgujar SB. Vaccine development against coronavirus (2003 to present): An overview, recent advances, current scenario, opportunities and challenges. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(5):1361-1376.
NCT04334980	DNA vaccine	Spike oral DNA vaccine encoding S of SARS-CoV-2	Phase I	Symvivo	Badgujar, Badgujar, Badgujar, 2020Badgujar KC, Badgujar VC, Badgujar SB. Vaccine development against coronavirus (2003 to present): An overview, recent advances, current scenario, opportunities and challenges. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(5):1361-1376.
NCT04405076	RNA vaccine	Stabilization of S protein mRNA vaccine	Phase II	Moderna	*Corbett et al., 2020*Corbett KS, Edwards DK, Leist SR, Abiona OM, Boyoglu-Barnum S, Gillespie RA, et al.SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine design enabled by prototype pathogen preparedness. Nature. 2020;586(7830):567-71.

Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, n. 580, 05508-000 S. Paulo/SP Brasil, Tel.: (55 11) 3091-3824 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: bjps@usp.br

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[1] *Correspondence: M. Bhatia. Drug Delivery Research Laboratory. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology. Hisar, 125001, India. E-mail:meenaxibhatia@ gmail.com.