Length-weight relationship of 22 fish species (Osteichthyes) from the surf zone caught by seine net on the northern coast of Pernambuco - Brazil

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the length-weight relationship (LWR) of 22 fish species collected in the surf zone of Ponta de Pedras, northern coast of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. The specimens were collected between August 2013 and July 2014 using a beach seine net, and their biometry were recorded in laboratory. The LWR was calculated using linear regression and, confidence intervals were estimated for the regression parameters a and b. A total of 1,433 specimens belonging to 22 species, 12 families, and six orders were collected. All species had b values within the expected range of 2.5-3.5 (except for S. plagusia). Additionally, 11 species have hyperallometry, eight have isometry, and three have hypoallometry. Herein, we present values of LWR for Lycengraulis grossidens, Trachinotus goodei, and Umbrina coroides, which are new to Northeastern Brazil, and Albula vulpes and Sparisoma radius which are new for the Brazilian coast.

Descriptors:
Allometry; Beach seine; Tropical waters; Ichthyofauna; Coastal ecosystem

The surf zone is a dynamic coastal ecosystem that changes with the tides and is defined mainly as the external limit of the wave breaking area. This feature is important for the control of the physicochemical aspects of the coastline, and consequently for the local fauna structure (McLachlan et al., 1981; Godefroid et al., 2001; Vasconcellos et al., 2007; Pessoa et al., 2019).

Several studies have been developed in those areas to elucidate the faunistic composition and community dynamics, including along the Brazilian coast (e.g., Giannini and Paiva Filho, 1995; Stergiou and Moutopoulos, 2001; Vianna et al., 2004; Vasconcellos et al., 2007; Vasconcellos et al., 2010; Gondolo et al., 2011; Favero and Dias, 2013; Santana et al., 2013; Lima, 2016; Viana et al., 2016; Eduardo et al., 2018; Shah Emaeili et al., 2021). Despite the high number of research surveys related to Brazilian ichthyofauna, there is still a gap concerning the growth of fish species inhabiting the surf zone, which is essential for proper management of fisheries resources.

Understanding fish growth throughout its life cycle is important for discerning the status of a fish population. Length-weight relationships (LWR), calculated according to correlation coefficients and regressions, are commonly used during stock assessments (Nomura, 1965; Schneider et al., 2000). As proposed by Froese (2006), fish growth may be classified into three allometric growth patterns: isometric, positive allometric, and negative allometric (Schneider et al., 2000; Braccini and Chiaramonte, 2002; Raeisi et al., 2012).

In Northeastern Brazil, the number of species which currently have a recorded LWR is low, even though this information is essential for fish stock assessments, ecological studies, taxonomic identification, and others (Stergiou and Moutopoulos, 2001; Kulbicki et al., 2005; Froese et al., 2014). In this context, our objective was to analyze the LWRs of 22 species captured in the surf zone, identify the types of growth for each species, and contribute to the understanding of the biology and ecology of the surf zone fish community of the northern coast of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil.

Collection permits were granted by the Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio), permit number: 41138-1, and the Committee of Ethics on Animals Use and Manipulation (CEUA) of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE) (permit: 018/2015). The sampling was performed monthly from August 2013 to July 2014. Samples were obtained using a beach seine net that was 20 m long and 2 m high, with a 5 mm mesh size, operated manually for 50 meters along the coastline following the current directions, at depths of up to 1.5 m. Three seines were carried out in the morning and night for each location studied during the low tide period. Two locations were studied at Ponta de Pedras Beach, located on the northern coast of Pernambuco (7° 38’ 15.71” S / 34° 48’ 56.30” W and 7° 38’ 29.01” S / 34° 49’ 4.6” W).

The fish sampled were identified to species level, measured for total length with a digital caliper to the nearest 0.01 mm, and weighed on a digital scale calibrated to 0.0001 g. The LWR was calculated from the linear regression equation W= log a + b * log TL, where W is the total weight (g), TL is the total length (cm), a is the intercept, and b the slope (Le Cren, 1951; Froese, 2006). Confidence interval (CI) is the range of maximum and minimum values indicating the variation of the average estimated according to a predetermined confidence level (Brooks et al., 2010; Braun et al., 2013; Magnusson et al., 2013). Here, we used a confidence level of 95% and would thus expect 95 of 100 treatments to have the true mean be within the range of reported CIs. We estimated the values of a and b (CI = 95%), as well as the coefficient of determination (R²) of the regression. For a better description of the results, outliers were removed from the analysis when graphically observed, as suggested by Froese (2006). The analyses were performed with the Fishery Stock Analysis package (Ogle et al. 2020) in R Statistical Software, version 4.0.0 (R Development Core Team, 2017).

The LWRs of 1,433 specimens, corresponding to 22 species, 12 families, and six orders are presented. In all cases, the estimated regression showed significance (p < 0.001), with the coefficients of determination (R²) ranging from 0.942 to 0.996. The total variation of intercepts was between 0.003 and 0.272, while the slope oscillated from 2.49 to 3.58 (Table 1).

Table 1
Length-weight relationship of 22 species of fish caught in Ponta de Pedras Beach, northern coast of Pernambuco-Brazil. We used Betancur-R et al. (2017) for the taxonomic classification.

Order	Family	Species	Total length (cm)			WeightWeight (g)
			n	min	max	min	max	a	CI a (95%)	b	CI b (95%)	R2
Albuliformes	Albulidae	Albula vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758)	23	2.7	21.9	0.14	96.2	0.0062	0.0052 - 0.0073	3.13	3.03 - 3.21	0.99
Beloniformes	Belonidae	Strongylura marina (Walbaum, 1792)	11	5.5	30.2	0.13	34.5	0.0003	0.0001 - 0.0007	3.36	3.02 - 3.70	0.98
Clupeiformes	Clupeidae	Rhinosardinia bahiensis (Steindachner, 1879)	9	3.0	4.1	0.14	0.5	0.0031	0.0013 - 0.0078	3.56	2.84 - 4.27	0.94
	Engraulidae	Lycengraulis grossidens (Spix & Agassiz, 1829)	15	11.4	16.1	11.3	32.0	0.0096	0.0031 - 0.0294	2.92	2.49 - 3.34	0.94
Carangiformes	Carangidae	Caranx latus Agassiz, 1831	30	3.7	11.0	0.7	14.3	0.0175	0.0118 - 0.0259	2.85	2.63 - 3.07	0.96
		Oligoplites palometa (Cuvier, 1832)	9	5.5	7.8	1.2	2.9	0.0177	0.0102 - 0.0306	2.49	2.19 - 2.79	0.98
		Trachinotus carolinus (Linnaeus, 1766)	215	1.1	15.6	0.02	46.0	0.0145	0.0124 - 0.0171	2.95	2.87 - 3.03	0.96
		Trachinotus falcatus (Linnaeus, 1758)	55	1.9	10.8	0.16	26.6	0.0272	0.0237 - 0.0312	2.83	2.75 - 2.90	0.99
		Trachinotus goodei Jordan & Evermann, 1896	70	6.3	19.0	3.2	79.4	0.0135	0.0087 - 0.0208	2.96	2.78 - 3.13	0.94
Ephippiformes	Ephippidae	Chaetodipterus faber (Broussonet, 1782)	31	2.4	9.2	0.36	37.1	0.0180	0.0113 - 0.0287	3.35	3.03 - 3.67	0.94
Labriformes	Labridae	Sparisoma radians (Valenciennes, 1840)	8	1.6	4.9	0.09	1.0	0.0097	0.0025 - 0.0043	3.07	2.2 - 3.95	0.89
Lutjaniformes	Haemulidae	Conodon nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758)	84	2.3	16.6	0.05	67.9	0.0091	0.0075 - 0.0110	3.20	3.10 - 3.31	0.98
		Haemulon aurolineatum (Cuvier, 1830)	9	4.9	10.1	1.3	12.3	0.0135	0.0060 - 0.0305	2.94	2.52 - 3.35	0.97
		Haemulopsis corvinaeformis (Steindachner, 1868)	111	2.2	14.8	0.11	46.2	0.0118	0.0106 - 0.0132	3.07	3.02 - 3.13	0.99
Pleuronectiformes	Cynoglossidae	Symphurus plagusia (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)	10	2.7	11.1	0.05	11.1	0.0031	0.0013 - 0.0077	3.58	3.15 - 4.01	0.98
Tetraodontiformes	Tetraodontidae	Sphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus, 1758)	51	1.2	9.2	0.07	20.5	0.0338	0.0263 - 0.0433	2.86	2.66 - 3.06	0.94
Order-level incertae sedis in Eupercaria	Sciaenidae	Larimus breviceps (Cuvier, 1830)	54	1.9	18.4	0.08	87.8	0.0099	0.0084 - 0.0116	3.09	3.01 - 3.17	0.99
		Menticirrhus americanus Linnaeus, 1758	58	2.5	24.2	0.06	157.1	0.0039	0.0026 - 0.0057	3.35	3.15 - 3.55	0.95
		Menticirrhus littoralis (Holbrook, 1847)	139	2.5	27.5	0.12	149	0.0059	0.0049 - 0.0071	3.11	3.03 - 3.18	0.98
		Ophioscion punctatissimus Meek & Hildebrand, 1925	218	1.6	14.3	0.03	38.5	0.0133	0.0117 - 0.0154	2.92	2.85 - 2.99	0.97
		Umbrina coroides Cuvier, 1830	15	3.5	10.5	0.44	8.1	0.0144	0.0080 - 0.0259	2.74	2.40 - 3.07	0.96
Order-level incertae sedis in Carangaria	Polynemidae	Polydactylus virginicus (Linnaeus, 1758)	266	2.1	18.1	0.08	54.2	0.0053	0.0046 - 0.0060	3.22	3.15 - 3.29	0.97

The species Oligoplites palometa (Cuvier, 1832), Ophioscion punctatissimus (Meek & Hildebrand, 1925), and Trachinotus falcatus (Linnaeus, 1758) have hypoallometry, where the weight increase rate is lower than the length increase rate (b < 3; max CI b < 3) (Froese, 2006; Karachle & Stergiou, 2012; Panase & Mengumphan, 2015; Vasconcelos et al., 2018). Hyperallometry was observed in eleven species: Albula vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758), Strongylura marina (Walbaum, 1792), Chaetodipterus faber (Broussonet, 1782), Conodon nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758), Haemulopsis corvinaeformis (Steindachner, 1868), Polydactylus virginicus (Linnaeus, 1758), Larimus breviceps (Cuvier, 1830), Menticirrhus americanus Linnaeus, 1758, Menticirrhus littoralis (Holbrook, 1847), and Symphurus plagusia (Bloch & Schneider, 1801), where the length increase rate is lower than the weight increase rate (b > 3; min CI b > 3) (Froese, 2006; Panase & Mengumphan, 2015; Carvalho et al., 2022). Lastly, the species Caranx latus (Agassiz, 1831), Lycengraulis grossidens (Spix & Agassiz, 1829), Trachinotus goodei (Jordan & Evermann, 1896), Umbrina coroides (Cuvier, 1830), Haemulon aurolineatum (Cuvier, 1830), Sphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus, 1758), Rhinosardinia bahiensis (Steindachner, 1879), and Sparisoma radians (Valenciennes, 1840), have isometry, with proportional weight and length increase rates (b = 3; min-max CI b varying within 3) (Ricker, 1958; Ricker, 1975; Froese, 2006; Carvalho et al., 2022). See Table 1 for the detailed values for all species.

Prior results based on LWR from beaches near estuarine systems of the Piraquê-Açu and Piraquê Mirim Rivers (Southeastern Brazil) showed a positive-allometric relationship (increase in relative body thickness; (Froese, 2006)) for L. grossidens, a negative-allometric relationship (decrease in relative body thickness; [Froese, 2006]) for C. latus, T. carolinus, T. falcatus, and T. goodei, and an isometric allometry for P. virginicus (Mazzei et al., 2011). However, in our data C. latus, T. goodei, T. carolinus, and L. grossidens have isometric growth, while T. falcatus and P. virginicus have hypoallometric and hyperallometric growth patterns, respectively. Furthermore, in the estuaries of Northern Brazil, positive allometric growth was described for L. grossidens (Joyeux et al., 2009), differing from the results found in the present study. However, the species M. americanos, C. faber, and S. plagusia had positive-allometric growth patterns in the same region (Joyeux et al., 2009), with a similar LWR to the results described for this study.

The differences in species growth might be related to differences in the studied environments, such as variations in temperature, salinity, and food availability (Schaffer, 2005; Santos et al., 2006; Silva et al., 2014). The littoral system of Pernambuco is poor in organic material. At approximately 35 km, its continental shelf is insufficiently long to dissipate and reduce wave forces (Manso et al., 2003; Almeida, 2018), which promotes increased turbulence and a more stressful surf zone when compared with the larger continental shelves in Pará and Espirito Santo. Furthermore, the Amazonas River plume highly influences food availability and salinity in the Pará coastal (Lentz et al., 1995; Pailler et al., 1999; Masson and Delecluse, 2001; Ferry and Reverdin, 2004; MMA, 2006; Joyeux et al., 2009) and can change the growth strategy of these species.

In Southeastern Brazil, the beaches close to Piraquê-Açú and Piraquê Mirim estuary systems in Espirito Santo can undergo influences by the oceanography process of Cabo Frio upwelling (Schmidt et al., 1995; Prato, 2007), which can increase food availability. Furthermore, the region has had few anthropogenic changes, and is considered a natural system (Barroso, 2004; Laut et al., 2020) when compared to Ponta de Pedras, a residential area with ample fishing and leisure activity (Carvalho, 2009). Additionally, in Southern Bahia, the transition between the northern tropical climate and the southern temperate climate has different oceanic processes that drastically alter abiotic and biotic aspects (Amaral, 1999; Joyeux et al., 2009).

Specimens of H. aurolineatum collected by the artisanal fisheries in Ceará, Northeastern Brazil have hyperallometric growth patterns, contrary to those analyzed in the present study, which show an isometric growth pattern. Different ontogenetic features may justify the different growth types, since individuals in the surf zone are predominantly juveniles (Mclachlan et al., 1981; Pessanha & Araújo, 2003; Vasconcellos et al., 2007) in early life stages, while those caught by the artisanal fleet are larger individuals, usually adults.

In conclusion, the LWR for the species L. grossidens, T. goodei, and U. coroides described herein represent new information for Northeastern Brazil. For A. vulpes and S. radians, the LWR is a new parameter in Brazil. The LWR allometric coefficient (b) for all species was within the expected range of 2.5-3.5 (Froese, 2006), except for S. plagusia (3.58). Considering the significance of these results, we clarify that samples were fixed in alcohol and formaldehyde prior to analysis, which can affect length and weight measurements through shrinking and dehydration.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors acknowledge the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco and the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for financial and technical support in sample collection and analysis. In addition, we are thankful to the team members (Yuri Marins, Pollyana Roque, Paulo Almeida, Fabricio Gabriel, Josimar Robson, and Alessandra Pires) who were available to participate and perform the beach seine activity during one year of sampling.

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Edited by

Editor: Rubens M. Lopes

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  02 Sept 2022
• Date of issue
  2022

History

• Received
  20 Oct 2021
• Accepted
  21 July 2022