Bryoflora of Gallery Forest in Quirinópolis, Goiás State, Brazil¹

Brioflora de Mata de Galeria Inundável em Quirinópolis, Estado de Goiás, Brasil

ABSTRACT

This study provides a survey of the bryophytes in gallery forest in the municipality of Quirinópolis, Goiás State, Brazil. Samples were collected monthly from April 2012 to July 2013. The substrate colonization and frequency of species were analyzed. The material was collected according to the usual procedures and is deposited at HerbJAR of UEG. We found 38 species of bryophytes (25 mosses and 13 liverworts). The richest families were Hypnaceae for mosses and Lejeuneaceae for liverworts, with five and seven species recorded, respectively. Isopterygium tenerum (Sw.) Mitt. was the most frequent species, and has a wide distribution in Brazil. Dicranodontium pulchroalare subsp. brasiliense (Herzog) J.-P.Frahm is a new record for the Cerrado, and Philonotis sphaericarpa (Hedw.) Brid., Lejeunea caulicalyx (Steph.) E. Reiner, and L. quinque-umbonata Spruce are new records for Goiás State.

Keywords:
Brazilian savanna; bryophytes; liverworts; mosses; wetlands

RESUMO

O presente estudo objetivou realizar um levantamento da brioflora em mata de galeria no município de Quirinópolis, Goiás. As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente de abril de 2012 a julho de 2013. Foram analisadas a colonização do substrato e a frequência das espécies. O material coletado foi herborizado conforme os procedimentos usuais e está depositado no HerbJAR da UEG. As identificações foram feitas por especialistas. Foram encontradas 38 espécies de briófitas (25 musgos e 13 hepáticas). As famílias mais ricas foram Hypnaceae para musgos e Lejeuneaceae para hepáticas, com cinco e sete espécies registradas, respectivamente. Isopterygium tenerum (Sw.) Mitt. foi a espécie mais frequente, o qual apresenta ampla distribuição no Brasil. Dicranodontium pulchroalare subsp. brasiliense (Herzog) J.-P.Frahm é um novo registro para o bioma Cerrado, e Philonotis sphaericarpa (Hedw.) Brid., Lejeunea caulicalyx (Steph.) E. Reiner e L. quinque-umbonata Spruce novos registros para o Estado de Goiás.

Palavras-chave:
áreas úmidas; briófitas; Cerrado; hepática; musgo

Introduction

The Cerrado is the second largest Brazilian biome in extension (Silva et al. 2008), formed by different phytophysiognomies (Visnadi 2004). The gallery forests constitute the humid areas in the Cerrado, occupying the banks of streams and small rivers, forming closed corridors above them (Ribeiro & Walter 2008). These environments are proper to the occurrence of bryophytes, since these plants exhibit dependence on water for reproduction (Weberling & Schwantes 1986).

One of the first surveys on the bryoflora in the Cerrado has been performed in Distrito Federal (Filgueiras & Pereira 1993), who reported 126 species of bryophytes. Since then, the number of bryologic inventories has increased in the last years (Glime 2006, Alvarenga et al. 2007). Today, 479 species are listed to Cerrado, and 309 of these species to Goiás State (Yano & Costa 2000, Gradstein et al. 2005, Yano & Peralta 2007, Yano & Peralta 2008, Costa 2013).

The bryologic surveys in the Cerrado have focus on floristic surveys (Vital 1983, Egunyomi & Vital 1984, Vilas Bôas-Bastos & Bastos 1998, Visnadi & Vital 2001, Castro et al. 2002, Visnadi 2004). The studies involving the abundance and richness of bryophytes are few, and there are only two studies on gallery forests (Peralta & Yano 2005, Genevro et al. 2006). For the of Goiás State, the survey in the gallery forest of Vale da Lua, Chapada dos Veadeiros with 33 species of mosses (Faria et al. 2012, Pinheiro et al. 2012), which registered 36 species of liveworts, being six new records for the Center-West and eight new records for Goiás State, and registered 52 new species of moss, being 15 new records for Goiás State, 7 for the Center-West Region, in clumps at Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros (Pinheiro 2012).

Thus, in order to contribute to the knowledge on the distribution and richness of the bryoflora, this study aimed to evaluate the diversity and richness of bryophytes in the gallery forest of Quirinópolis, Goiás State.

Material and methods

The study area is a gallery forest in the city Quirinópolis, located around 50 km from the county seat (18°33'2.76"S - 50°46'7.99"W) of Quirinópolis, Goiás State. The municipality is part of the Cerrado biome, in the Microregion 18 and Mesoregion South Goiano (IBGE 2010).

The samples were made between April 2012 and July 2013, following the usual methodology proposed by Frahm (2003). The especimens were collected through the polygonation method (Filgueiras et al. 1994), in a way to cover the different environmental gradients present in the phytophysionomy studied.

According to the substrate where the samples were collected, they were classified as corticolous, on the bark of living trees; epixylous, on dead or decaying wood; epiphyllous, on living leaves; rupicolous, on rocks; and terricolous, on the soil or litter (Robbins 1952).

The material collected was herborized according to the usual procedures and included in the collection of José Ângelo Rizzo Herbarium (HERBJAR), of the Universidade Estadual de Goiás (UEG), Unidade de Quirinópolis.

The absolute frequency of the species was determined based on the number of occurrences, where five classes were defined: 1-5: rare, 6-10: infrequent; 11-20: assiduous; 21-30: frequent; and > 31: very frequent (Silva & Pôrto 2007). The assiduous, frequent and very frequent species were classified into photophilic species (those occurring in sunny locations in open areas of gallery forest), shade species (those that occur in the shaded areas of the gallery forest), and generalists (adapted from Gradstein 1992).

The identification of the samples was based on the work of Yano (1975), Vital (1980), Reese (1993), Gradstein (1994), Sharp et al. (1994), Buck and Goffinet (2000), Crandall-Stotler and Stotler (2000), Buck (2003), Gradstein and Costa (2003), Stotler and Crandall-Stotler (2005), Alvarenga et al. (2007), Pursell (2007); and compared to the samples identified by experts previously.

The classification system adopted was Buck and Goffinet (2000) to Bryophyta and Crandall-Stotler & Stotler (2000) to Marchantiophyta.

Results and Discussion

Were studied 139 samples and 38 species of bryophytes were found. Mosses are represented by 14 families, 21 genera and 25 species, and liverworts by six families, 10 genera and 13 species. One morphospecie of Lejeuneaceae was identified in genus for not having the necessary structures for the identification of the specie (table 1).

Table 1
Species found in a swamp gallery forest of Quirinopolis, Goias State, Brazil, listed in alphabetical order by family. *: New record for the Goias State. **: New record for the Center-West region. Substrate: C: corticolous; EX: epixylous; T: terricolous; R: rupicolous. Freq.: Number of samples

Category/Family	Species	Substrate type				Freq.	Voucher
		C	EX	T	R
Bryophyta
Bartramiaceae	Philonotis sphaerocarpa (Hedw.) Brid.*			X		2	Aquino 29
Dicranaceae	Dicranodontium pulchroalare subsp. brasiliense (Herzog) J.-P. Frahm.**			X		1	Resende 1715
	Ochrobryum gardneri (Mull. Hal.) Mitt.	X				3	Aquino 65
Entodontaceae	Erythrodontium longisetum (Hook.) Paris	X				3	Resende 1694
Fissidentaceae	Fissidens hornschuchii Mont.	X				1	Aquino 6
Hypnaceae	Chryso-hypnum diminutivum (Hampe) W.R. Buck	X	X	X	X	16	Aquino 52
	Chryso-hypnum elegantulum (Hook.) Hampe	X				1	Aquino 38
	Isopterygium tenerifolium Mitt.	X	X	X		6	Aquino 22
	Isopterygium tenerum (Sw.) Mitt.	X	X	X		30	Aquino 88
	Vesicularia vesicularis (Schwaegr.) Broth.			X		1	Aquino 72
Meteoriaceae	Floribundaria flaccida (Mitt.) Broth.	X				1	Resende 1704
	Meteorium nigrescens (Hedw.) Dozy & Molk.	X	X			13	Resende 1700
Neckeraceae	Neckeropsis disticha (Hedw.) Kindb.	X				1	Resende 1646
	Neckeropsis undulata (Hedw.) Reichardt	X	X			16	Resende 1697
Pilotrichaceae	Callicostella pallida (Hornsch.) Ângstr.	X				1	Aquino 4
	Cyclodictyon albicans (Hedw.) O. Kuntze		X			1	Aquino 85
Pottiaceae	Pseudosymblepharis schimperiana (Paris) H.A.Crum	X				2	Resende 1727
Pterobryaceae	Henicodium geniculatum (Mitt.) W.R. Buck	X				1	Aquino 75
	Jaegerina scariosa (Lorentz) Arzeni	X				6	Aquino 71
	Orthostichidium quadrangulare (Schwagr.) B.H. Allen	X				1	Resende 1649
Racopilaceae	Racopilum tomentosum (Hedw.) Brid.	X				2	Resende 1657
Sematophyllaceae	Sematophyllum subpinnatum (Brid.) E. Britton	X				1	Aquino 82
	Sematophyllum subsimplex (Hedw.) Mitt.		X			1	Aquino 96
Stereophyllaceae	Entodontopsis leucostega (Brid.) W.R. Buck & Ireland	X				2	Aquino 64
Thuidiaceae	Pelekium schistocalyx (Mull. Hal.) Touw	X		X		2	Aquino 79
Marchantiophyta
Aneuraceae	Riccardia chamedryfolia (With.) Grolle			X		1	Resende 1714
Frullaniaceae	Frullania ericoides (Nees ex Mart.) Mont.	X				2	Aquino 95
Lejeuneaceae	Cheilolejeunea rigidula (Mont.) R.M. Schust	X				1	Aquino 24
	Lejeunea caulicalyx (Steph.) E. Reiner & Goda*		X			1	Aquino 91
	Lejeunea laetevirens Nees & Mont.	X	X			2	Aquino 92
	Lejeunea quinque-umbonata Spruce	X				3	Aquino 5
	Lejeunea sp.	X				1	Resende 1732
	Mastigolejeunea auriculata (Wilson & Hook) Schiffn.	X	X			6	Aquino 26
	Taxilejeunea isocalycina (Nees) Steph.	X				1	Resende 1731
Lepidoziaceae	Telaranea nematodes (Austin) M. Howe			X		1	Resende 1713
	Zoopsidella macella (Spruce) R.M. Schust.	X				1	Aquino 2
Pallaviciniaceae	Symphyogyna brasiliensis Nees			X		1	Resende 1716
Porellaceae	Porella swartziana (F.Web.) Trevis.	X				3	Resende 1703
Total species found in each substrate		31	10	10	1

In the study area, some species considered rare were sampled because they were poorly sampled in the country, being these the Dicranodontium pulchroalare subsp. brasiliense, Orthostichidium quadrangulare mosses, and the Riccardia chamedryfolia, Taxilejeunea isocalycina, Zoopsidella macella e Porella swartziana liverworts.

Dicranodontium pulchroalare subsp. brasiliense, an endemic species to Brazil, is a new occurrence for the Cerrado biome. This moss had only been sampled in the Mata Atlântica, in the States of Ceará, Minas Gerais, and Rio de Janeiro (Costa & Peralta 2014).

Philonotis sphaerocarpa, Lejeunea caulicalyx and L. quinque-umbonata are new records for Goiás State. Taxilejeunea isocalycina constituted a new record for the Goiás State in a survey in two paths of Quirinópolis, Goiás State, being collected on soil, in light and humid locations (Bernardes et al. 2012). All other species found are widely distributed in Brazil and in other neotropical areas, occurring in at least four Brazilian States (Costa & Peralta 2014).

According to the List of Species of Brazilian Flora, regarding distribution in Brazilian phytogeographic areas, 83% of the species from the gallery forest studied occur in three or more phytogeographic areas. Dicranodontium pulchroalare subsp. brasiliense and Orthostichidium quadrangulare were registered as occurring only in the Mata Atlântica, and Taxilejeunea isocalycina as occurring in the Mata Atlântica and the Amazônia. Therefore, from the total of 35 species found (not included the six species of Lejeunea identified to the genus level), 34 species occur in the Mata Atlântica biome and the Cerrado (97%); 28 species occur in Amazônia (80%); 23 species occur in the Pantanal (66%); twelve species occur in the Caatinga (34%); and six species have occurred in the Pampas (17%).

Among the mosses, the family that had the highest species richness was Hypnaceae, with five species, followed by Pterobryaceae with three species, Dicranaceae, Meteoriaceae, Neckeraceae, Pilotrichaceae, and Sematophyllaceae, with two species each. All other families had only one species. Except for Dicranaceae, those were the most representative families in study in swamp forest, in the municipality of Zacarias, northwest of São Paulo State (Peralta & Yano 2005). Sematophyllaceae and Hypnaceae were also the most representative in the gallery forest at Parque Municipal Mário Viana, in Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso State (Genevro et al. 2006).

In the liverworts, the family of most richness was Lejeuneaceae, with 11 species and Lepidoziaceae with two species. Lejeuneaceae is among the families with greater diversity occurring in Brazil (Costa & Luizi-Ponzo 2010), being the most representative in the study of swamp forest in the municipality of Zacarias, northwest of São Paulo State (Peralta & Yano 2005), and in the gallery forest at Parque Municipal Mario Viana, Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso State (Genevro et al. 2006).

The floristic similarity between the gallery forest of the present study and the areas studied by Peralta and Yano (2005) and Genevro et al. (2006), measured by the index of qualitative similarity Sørensen (Mueller-Dombois & Ellenberg 1974), was of 24% and 26%, respectively. According to Kent and Coker (1992), values higher than or equal to 50% indicate high similarity. Thus, according to this concept, the similarity between the analyzed areas can be considered as low. They were common to the three wetlands among Erythrodontium longisetum, Chrysohypnum diminutivum, Isopterygium tenerifolium, I. tenerum, Callicostella pallida, Henicodium geniculatum, Jaegerina scariosa and Entodontopsis leucostega mosses; and among Frullania ericoides, Cheilolejeunea rigidula and Mastigolejeunea auriculata liverworts.

In studies conducted in the gallery forest of the Reserva Ecológica of IBGE, RECOR, Distrito Federal, Ochrobryum gardneri, Chryso-hypnum diminutivum, C. elegantulum, Isopterygium tenerum, Racopilum tomentosum, Meteorium nigrescens, Jaegerina scariosa, Sematophyllum subpinnatum, and S. subsimplex were common among 41 species of mosses sampled by Câmara (2008a) and Câmara (2008b); Riccardia chamedryfolia, Frullania ericoides, Telaranea nematodes, and Symphyogyna brasiliensis were common among the 18 species of liverworts recorded by Câmara and Costa (2006). The floristic similarity between these areas and the present study was also low (21%).

The floristic similarity between areas of clumps of forest at the Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás State and the present study was also low (16%). Among these areas, the Ochrobryum gardneri, Chryso-hypnum diminutivum, Chrysohypnum elegantulum, Isopterygium tenerifolium, I. tenerum, Neckeropsis undulata, Jaegerina scariosa, Racopilum tomentosum, and Sematophyllum subsimplex mosses (Pinheiro 2012); and the Riccardia chamedryfolia, Frullania ericoides, and Telaranea nematodes liverworts (Pinheiro et al. 2012) were common.

Bryophytes were found on four substrate types: moist-soil (terricolous), living bark (corticolous), decaying wood (epixylous), and rock (rupicolous). Most species was exclusive to only one type of substrate, being the corticolous most often colonized (table 1). From the species that occurred on only one type of substrate, 23 were found on living barks, six on soil, and only three (Cyclodictyon albicans, Sematophyllum subsimplex and Lejeunea caulicalyx) on decaying wood. The corticolous substrate was also the most prevalent habit in swamp woods, in the municipality of Zacarias, northwest of São Paulo State (Peralta & Yano 2005) and in the gallery forest at Parque Municipal Mário Viana, in Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso State (Genevro et al. 2006).

Only eight species occurred on two or more substrates. Chryso-hypnum diminutivum was found on all substrates and the only one on rupicolous substrate. According to Yano and Peralta (2007) this species can be found on sandy substrate, as well as on walls of caves, usually occurring on rocks of humid locations.

According to the frequency, most species was considered rare due to its low number of occurrences (1 to 3). Only three species, Isopterygium tenerifolium, Jaegerina scariosa, and Mastigolejeunea auriculata, were considered infrequent, with six occurrences each. Meteorium nigrescens, Chryso-Hypnum diminutivum, and Neckeropsis undulata were considered assiduous, with 13, 16, and 16 occurrences, respectively.

Isopterygium tenerum moss was the most abundant among the analyzed samples, with 30 occurrences, being considered frequent in the region. This moss occurs throughout the Americas and has wide distribution in Brazil (Yano 2011). It was sampled on living bark, decaying wood and on the soil, along the entire length of the gallery forest studied. It is a species that commonly grows on dry locations and can also be found in waterlogged locations (Hirai et al. 1998), as the physiognomy studied.

Among the liverworts, the most abundant was Mastigolejeunea auriculata, with six occurrences. This species was sampled on living bark and on decaying wood, and had been found on soil and rock. It may be associated with Jaegerina scariosa and Henicodium geniculatum (Yano & Peralta 2008).

Among the assiduous species, Meteorium nigrescens is photophilic, occurring on living bark, decaying wood, and sometimes on rocks and river banks (Gradstein 1992, Yano & Peralta 2007). Neckeropsis undulata occurs on living bark and decaying wood, in humid forest environments, as well as being sampled on rock and moist-soil (Yano & Peralta 2007), being considered a generalist species (Gradstein 1992). Chryso-hypnum diminutivum was found on all sampled substrates, and is considered a generalist species. Isopterygium tenerum, also generalist, was found on living bark, decaying wood, and soil.

Among the species sampled in the gallery forest, only Zoopsidella macella does not occur in the Mata Atlântica. The low floristic similarity with other wetlands studied in the Center-West Region indicates that the bryophytes of the gallery forest of the present study differ from species surveyed in these environments. The results presented here aim to legitimize the need to intensify the inventories of the flora of bryophytes, including in gallery forests, which are largely responsible for the richness of the microbiota in the Cerrado.

Accordingly, further studies should be conducted to determine the bryoflora in the Goiás State, since three species of bryophytes are reported in this study as new records for the State and for the Cerrado biome.

• 1
  Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso da primeira Autora, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Curso de Ciências Biológicas

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Jul-Sep 2015

History

• Received
  29 Aug 2014
• Accepted
  23 Mar 2015