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The vasa vasorum of the large pulmonary vessels are involved in COVID-19

Keywords
Blood Vessels; Coronavirus Infection; Vasa Vasorum

DEAR EDITOR

In our manuscript “COVID-19: a closer look at the pathology in two autopsied cases. Is the pericyte at the center of the pathological process in COVID-19?” ;11 Daisley H Jr, Rampersad A, Daisley M, et al. COVID-19: a closer look at the pathology in two autopsied cases. Is the pericyte at the center of the pathological process in COVID-19? Autops Case Rep. 2021;11:e2021262. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/acr.2021.262. PMid:34307223.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/acr.2021.262...
published in Volume 11, 2021 issue of Autopsy Case Reports; Figures 3B, 4A, 4B, and 4D show thrombosis within the walls of large pulmonary vessels. These locations of thrombosis may represent the location of the vasa vasorum of these pulmonary vessels. Figures 3B and 4A may represent thrombus within vasorum externa, whilst figures 4B and 4D represent thrombus within vasorum interna.22 Gössl M, Rosol M, Malyar NM, et al. Functional anatomy and hemodynamic characteristics of vasa vasorum in the walls of porcine coronary arteries. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol. 2003;272(2):526-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.a.10060. PMid:12740947.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.a.10060...

The significance of these sites means that both, the alveolar microcirculation and the vasa vasorum of the large pulmonary vessels are involved in the thrombotic processes in COVID-19. The latter thrombotic site would further implicate COVID-19 as a disease of the microcirculation. Boyle and Haverich33 Boyle EC, Haverich A. Microvasculature dysfunction as the common thread between atherosclerosis, Kawasaki disease, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) associated multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2020;58(6):1109-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezaa367. PMid:33247736.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezaa367...
postulated that “the involvement of the large vessels during coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) in both children and adults is likely due to dysfunction of their vasa vasorum and SARS-COV-2 induced microthrombosis of vasa vasorum would lead to hypoxic conditions in the adventitia.”

As the world is grappling with the SARS-COV-2 pandemic, it is essential to understand the pathogenesis of COVID-19 to formulate therapeutic options. It may be that the lung is a secondary partner in COVID-19 and the pathogenesis of this disease begins in the nasopharynx,44 Gallo O, Locatello LG, Mazzoni A, Novelli L, Annunziato F. The central role of the nasal microenvironment in the transmission, modulation, and clinical progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mucosal Immunol. 2021;14(2):305-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41385-020-00359-2. PMid:33244161.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41385-020-003...
where there is an abundance of ACE-2 receptor sites. SARS-COV-2 interaction at the port of entry in the nasopharynx produces chemokines/cytokines,33 Boyle EC, Haverich A. Microvasculature dysfunction as the common thread between atherosclerosis, Kawasaki disease, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) associated multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2020;58(6):1109-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezaa367. PMid:33247736.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezaa367...
,55 Loo J, Spittle DA, Newnham M. COVID-19, immunothrombosis and venous thromboembolism: biological mechanisms. Thorax. 2021;76(4):412-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216243. PMid:33408195.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020...
which circulates in the systemic circulation, causing endotheliopathy and subsequent thrombotic microangiopathy66 Tiwari NR, Phatak S, Sharma VR, Agarwal SK. COVID-19 and thrombotic microangiopathies. Thromb Res. 2021;202:191-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2021.04.012. PMid:33894421.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.202...
being the ultimate result.

  • How to cite: Daisley Jr. H, Rampersad A, Daisley M, et al. The vasa vasorum of the large pulmonary vessels are involved in COVID-19. Autops Case Rep [Internet]. 2021;11:e2021304. https://doi.org/10.4322/acr.2021.304
  • Financial support: The authors declare that no financial support was received.

REFERENCES

  • 1
    Daisley H Jr, Rampersad A, Daisley M, et al. COVID-19: a closer look at the pathology in two autopsied cases. Is the pericyte at the center of the pathological process in COVID-19? Autops Case Rep. 2021;11:e2021262. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/acr.2021.262 PMid:34307223.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/acr.2021.262
  • 2
    Gössl M, Rosol M, Malyar NM, et al. Functional anatomy and hemodynamic characteristics of vasa vasorum in the walls of porcine coronary arteries. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol. 2003;272(2):526-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.a.10060 PMid:12740947.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.a.10060
  • 3
    Boyle EC, Haverich A. Microvasculature dysfunction as the common thread between atherosclerosis, Kawasaki disease, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) associated multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2020;58(6):1109-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezaa367 PMid:33247736.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezaa367
  • 4
    Gallo O, Locatello LG, Mazzoni A, Novelli L, Annunziato F. The central role of the nasal microenvironment in the transmission, modulation, and clinical progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mucosal Immunol. 2021;14(2):305-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41385-020-00359-2 PMid:33244161.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41385-020-00359-2
  • 5
    Loo J, Spittle DA, Newnham M. COVID-19, immunothrombosis and venous thromboembolism: biological mechanisms. Thorax. 2021;76(4):412-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216243 PMid:33408195.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216243
  • 6
    Tiwari NR, Phatak S, Sharma VR, Agarwal SK. COVID-19 and thrombotic microangiopathies. Thromb Res. 2021;202:191-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2021.04.012 PMid:33894421.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2021.04.012

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    20 Aug 2021
  • Date of issue
    2021

History

  • Received
    15 May 2021
  • Accepted
    01 June 2021
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