Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Rindo do que? Como consultores reagem ao humor crítico e à ironia sobre sua profissão

Resumos

Durante a última década, seguindo o rápido crescimento de seu setor, os consultores e as firmas de consultoria passaram a sofrer diversas críticas. Este artigo procura sumarizar as críticas vindas de acadêmicos, jornalistas e, especialmente, aquelas presentes em textos humorísticos e irônicos. Por meio de uma investigação colaborativa, na qual utilizaram-se técnicas de projeção e de análise de conteúdo, foram analisadas as reações a anedotas de uma amostra de consultores de quatro organizações. Os resultados sugerem que esse grupo de profissionais é sensível às críticas, embora apresente uma tendência a racionalizar, de maneira defensiva, as críticas encontradas, no lugar de utilizar as mensagens e os sentidos implícitos para reflexão e auto-desenvolvimento.


During the last decade, following the rapid growth of its industry, consultants and consulting firms have been exposed to several critiques. This paper summarizes the critiques coming from scholars, journalists and, specially, those coming from comic and ironic texts. Through a collaborative investigation, in which a mixed methodology of projective techniques and content analysis was used, the reactions to jokes about consultants from a sample of consultants from four professional services organizations were analyzed. The results suggest that this group of professionals is sensitive to critiques, but tends to rationalize, in a defensive manner, the critiques, instead of using the messages and meanings for reflection and self development.


ARTIGOS ARTICLES

Rindo do que? Como consultores reagem ao humor crítico e à ironia sobre sua profissão

Thomaz Wood JrI; Miguel P. CaldasII

IProf. FGV/EAESP

IIProf. Loyola University -Nova Orleans/EUA

RESUMO

Durante a última década, seguindo o rápido crescimento de seu setor, os consultores e as firmas de consultoria passaram a sofrer diversas críticas. Este artigo procura sumarizar as críticas vindas de acadêmicos, jornalistas e, especialmente, aquelas presentes em textos humorísticos e irônicos. Por meio de uma investigação colaborativa, na qual utilizaram-se técnicas de projeção e de análise de conteúdo, foram analisadas as reações a anedotas de uma amostra de consultores de quatro organizações. Os resultados sugerem que esse grupo de profissionais é sensível às críticas, embora apresente uma tendência a racionalizar, de maneira defensiva, as críticas encontradas, no lugar de utilizar as mensagens e os sentidos implícitos para reflexão e auto-desenvolvimento.

ABSTRACT

During the last decade, following the rapid growth of its industry, consultants and consulting firms have been exposed to several critiques. This paper summarizes the critiques coming from scholars, journalists and, specially, those coming from comic and ironic texts. Through a collaborative investigation, in which a mixed methodology of projective techniques and content analysis was used, the reactions to jokes about consultants from a sample of consultants from four professional services organizations were analyzed. The results suggest that this group of professionals is sensitive to critiques, but tends to rationalize, in a defensive manner, the critiques, instead of using the messages and meanings for reflection and self development.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text available only in PDF format.

NOTA

Agradecemos a Marcelo P. Binder por seu apoio no estudo de campo; a Sigmar Malvezzi e Maria José Tonelli, pela contribuição na interpretação das imagens; aos profissionais de consultoria, que colaboraram, de forma aberta, com este estudo; e aos avaliadores anônimos de Organizações & Sociedade, pelo trabalho sério e detalhado, que contribuiu para o aperfeiçoamento deste artigo. Este trabalho foi realizado com apoio financeiro do GV-Pesquisa.

REFERÊNCIAS

ABRAMIS, D. J. Humor in Healthy Organizations. HRMagazine, 37 (8): 72-74, 1992. ACKROYD, S. e THOMPSON, S. Organizational Misbehavior. London: Sage, 1999.

ADAMS, S. The Dilbert Principle. New York: Harper Business, 1996.

AIDAR, M. M. e ALVES, M. A. Comunicação de Massa nas Organizações Brasileiras: Explorando o Uso de Histórias em Quadrinhos, Literatura de Cordel e Outros Recursos Populares de Linguagem nas Empresas Brasileiras. In: MOTA, F. C. P. e CALDAS, M. P. Cultura Organizacional e Cultura Brasileira. São Paulo: Atlas, 1997.

ALVESSON, M. Organization: from Substance to Image? Organization Studies, 11 (3): 373-394, 1990.

ANONYMOUS. Confessions of an Ex-consultant. Fortune, October 14th, pp. 69-72, 1996.

ASHFORD, M. Con Tricks: The Shadowy World of Management Consultancy and how to Make it Work for You. London: Simon & Schuster, 1998.

AVOLIO, B. J.; HOWELL, J. M. e SOSIK, J. J. A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Bottom Line: Humor as a Moderator of Leadership Style Effects. Academy of Management Journal. 42: 219-227, 1999.

BARDIN, L. Análise de Conteúdo. Lisboa: Edições 70, 1977.

BARSOUX, J. L. Why Organisations Need Humour. European Management Journal. 14 (5): 500-508, 1996.

BERG, P-O. Magic in Action: Strategic Management in a New Economy. In: CZARNIAWSKA, B. e SEVÓN, G. (Eds.) The Northern Lights: Organization Theory in Scandinavia. Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK: Marston Book Services, 2003.

BERGER, A. A. Anatomy of the Joke. Journal of Communication. 26: 113-115, 1976.

BERGER, P. L. Redeeming Laughter: the Comic Dimension of Human Experience. New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1997.

BOLAND, R. J. e HOFFMAN, R. Humour in a Machine Shop: an Interpretation of Symbolic Action. In: PONDY, L. R.; FROST, P. J.; MORGAN, G. e DANDRIDGE, T. C. (Eds.) Organizational Symbolism, Greenwich: Jai Press, 1983.

BOVERIE, P.; HOFFMAN, J.; KLEIN, D.; McCLELLAND, M. e OLDKNOW, M. Humor in Human Resource Development. Human Resource Development Quarterly. 5 (1): 75-91, 1994.

BOVEY, W. H. Resistance to Organizational Change: the Role of Defence Mechanisms. Journal of Managerial Psychology. 16 (7/8): 534-548, 2001.

BRANSCOMBE, N. R.; SCHMITT, M. T. e HARVEY, R. D. Perceiving Pervasive Discrimination Among African Americans: Implications for Group Identification and Well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77: 135-149, 1999.

BYRNE, J. A. The Craze for Consultants. Business Week, July 25, pp. 46-50, 1994.

CALDAS, M. & TONELLI, M.J. Casamento, Estupro ou Dormindo com o Inimigo? Interpretando Imagens e Representações dos Sobreviventes de Fusões e Aquisições. Revista Organizações & Sociedade, v. 9, n.23, p. 171-186, 2002.

CALDAS, M. P. Um Gostinho do Próprio Remédio: uma Pesquisa Empírica sobre a Adoção Interna de Programas de Mudança por Consultorias no Brasil. In: ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE PROGRAMAS DE PÓSGRADUAÇÃO EM ADMINISTRAÇÃO, Anais... Foz do Iguaçu, Brasil: ANPAD, 1998.

CARRIERI, A. P.. O Humor como Estratégia Discursiva de Resistência: as Charges do Sinttel-MG. Organizações & Sociedade, 11(30): 29-48, 2004

CLOUSE, R. W. e SPURGEON, K. L. Corporate Analysis of Humor. Psychology: a Quarterly Journal of Human Behaviour, 32: 1-24, 1995.

COLLINSON, D. L. Engineering Humor: Masculinity, Joking and Conflict in Shop Floor Relations. Journal of Organization Studies, 9: 181-199, 1988.

COLLINSON, D. L. Managing Humour. The Journal of Management Studies, 39 (3): 269-288, 2001.

COSER, R. L. Some Social Functions of Laughter: a Study of Humor in a Hospital Setting. Human Relations. 12:171-182, 1959.

COX, J.A.; R. L. READ e Van AUKEN, P. M.. Male-female Differences in Communicating Job-related Humor: an Exploratory Study. Humor, 3 (3): 287-295, 1990.

CRAWFORD, C. B. Theory and Implications Regarding the Utilization of Strategic Humor by Leaders. Journal of Leadership Studies, 1: 53-67, 1994.

CSIKSZENTMIHALYI, M. Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention. New York: Harper-Collins, 1996.

DANE, J. The Critical Mythology of Irony. Athens, GA: The University of Georgia Press, 1991.

DIENSTBIER, R. A. The Impact of Humor on Energy, Tension, Task Choices, and Attributions: Exploring Hypotheses from Toughness Theory. Motivation and Emotion. 19: 255-267, 1995.

DIXON, N. F. Humor: a Cognitive Alternative to Stress? In: Stress and Anxiety, SARASON, I. G. e SPIELBURGER, C. D. (Eds.). Washington: Hemisphere, 1980.

DOUGLAS, M. Implicit Meanings. London: Routledge, 1975.

DUNCAN, W. J. e FEISAL, J. P. No Laughing Matter: Patterns of Humor in the Workplace. Organizational Dynamics, 17 (4): 18-30, 1989.

DUNCAN, W. J.. Humor in Management: Prospects for Administrative Practice and Research. Academy of Management Review. 7: 136-142, 1982.

DUNCAN, W. J. Perceived Humor and Social Network Patterns in a Sample of Task-oriented Groups: a Re-examination of Prior Research. Human Relations. 37: 895-907, 1984.

DUNCAN, W. J.; SMELTZER, L. R. e LEAP, T. L. Humor and Work: Applications of Joking Behavior to Management. Journal of Management. 16: 255-278, 1990.

DWYER, T. Humor, Power and Change in Organizations. Human Relations. 44: 119, 1991.

ECO, U. Interpretation and Overinterpretation. Bloomington, In: Indiana U. Press, 1992.

ECO, U. Travels in Hyperreality. Orlando, FL: Harcourt-Brace, 1986.

FINCHAM, R. e CLARK, T. Introduction: the Emergence of Critical Perspectives on Consulting. In: CLARK, T. e FINCHAM R. (eds.) Critical Consulting: New Perspectives on the Management Advice Industry, Oxford: Blackwell Business, 2002.

FINE, G. A. Humorous Interaction and the Social Construction of Meaning: Making Sense in a Jocular Vein. In: DENZIN, N. K. (Ed.) Studies in Symbolic Interaction. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1984.

FREUD, S. Wit and its Relation to the Unconscious. In: BRILL, A. A. (Ed.): The Basic Writings of Sigmund Freud. New York: Random House, 1938.

FRY, W. F. Sweet Madness: a Study of Humor. Palo Alto: Pacific Books, 1963.

GOLDSTEIN, J. H. e McGHEE, P. E. (Eds.) The Psychology of Humor. New York: Academic Press, 1972.

GRUNER, C. R. The Game of Humor: a Comprehensive Theory of Why we Laugh. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1997.

HATCH, M. J. Irony and the Social Construction of Contradiction in the Humor of a Management Team. Organization Science, 8 (3): 275-288, 1997.

HATCH, M. J. Spontaneous Humour as an Indicator of Paradox and Ambiguity. Organization Studies, 14 (4): 505, 1993.

HUTCHEON, L. Irony's Edge. London: Routledge, 1994.

JOHANSSON, U. e WOODILLA, J. IRONY - Its Use and Potential in Organization Theory. In: JOHANSSON, U. e WOODILLA, J. (ed.) Irony and Organizations: Epistemological Claims and Supporting Field Stories. Malmö, Sweden: Liber / Copenhagen Business School Press, 2005.

KAHN, W. A. Toward a Sense of Organizational Humor: Implications for Organizational Diagnosis and Change. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science. 25 (1): 45-63, 1989.

KEITH-SPIEGEL, P. Early Conceptions of Humor: Varieties and Issues. In: GOLDSTEIN, J. H. e MCGHEE, P. E. (Eds.) The Psychology of Humor, New York: Academic Press, 1972.

KIESER, A. Consultants and Management Fashions. Paper presented at the Academy of Management Annual Meeting, Management History Division, Washington, DC, 2001.

KIPPING, M. Trapped in the Wave: the evolution of management consultancies. In: CLARK, T. e FINCHAM R. (Eds.) Critical Consulting: New Perspectives on the Management Advice Industry, Oxford: Blackwell Business, 2002.

KOESTLER, A. The Act of Creation. New York: Macmillan, 1964.

LEFCOURT, H. e MARTIN, R. A. Humor and Life Stress: Antidote to Adversity. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1986.

LINSTEAD, S. Jokers Wild: the Importance of Humour in the Maintenance of Organizational Culture. The Sociological Review, 33: 741-767, 1985.

LIPPITT, G. L. Humor: a Laugh a Day Keeps the Incongruities at Bay. Training and Development Journal, 36: 98-100, 1982.

LONG, D. L. e GRAESSER, A. C. Wit and Humor in Discourse Processing. Discourse Processes, 1: 35-60, 1988.

LOPES, F. D.; MESQUITA, Z. Consultoria Empresarial: Contradições Teóricas na Elaboração de um Programa de Melhoria em uma Organização Cooperativista. In: ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE PROGRAMAS DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ADMINISTRAÇÃO, Anais... Florianópolis, Brasil: ANPAD, 2000.

MACDONALD, E. e PALTROW, S. J. Merry-Go-Round. Wall Street Journal, (August) A1:10, 1999.

MARTIN, R. A. e LEFCOURT, H. M. Sense of Humor as a Moderator of the Relation Between Stressors and Moods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 45: 1313-1324, 1983.

MARTINEAU, W. H. A Model of the Social Functions of Humor. In: GOLDSTEIN J. H. e MCGHEE P. E. (eds.) The Psychology of Humor. New York: Academic Press, 101 128. 1972.

MEYER, A. Visual data in organizational research. Organization Science, 2(2): , p.218-236. Linthicum, MD (USA): INFORMS, 1991.

MORREALL, J. Humor and Work. Humor, 4: 359-373, 1991.

MULKAY, M. On Humor: Its Nature and its Place in Modern Society. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.

MURDOCK, M. C. e GANIM, R. M. Creativity and Humor: Integration and Incongruity. Journal of Creative Behavior, 27: 57-70, 1993.

O'SHEA, J. e MADIGAN, C. Dangerous Company: Management Consultant and the Businesses they Save and Ruin. New York: Penguin, 1997.

PISTOLE, D. D. e SHOR, R. E. A Multivariate Study of the Effect of Repetition on Humor Appreciation as Qualified by Two Social Influence Factors. The Journal of General Psychology, 100: 43-51, 1979.

POLLIO, D. E. Use of Humor in Crisis Intervention. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 76 (6): 376-384, 1995.

PREROST, F. J. e BREWER, R. E. Humor Content Preferences and the Relief of Experimentally Aroused Aggression. Journal of Social Psychology, 32: 682-698, 1977.

REASON, P. Human Inquiry in Action. London: Sage, 1988.

RODRIGUES, S. B. e COLLINSON, D. 'Having fun'? Humour as Resistance in Brazil. Organization Studies, 16 (5): 739-768, 1995

ROTHWELL, S. Managing Conflict. Manager Update, 7 (4): 21-32, 1996.

RUCH, W. The Perception of humor. In: KASZNIAK (ed.) Emotion, Qualia, and Consciouness, Tokyo: Word Scientific Publisher, 2001.

SILVA, J.R.G.. Utilização de Desenhos na Pesquisa sobre a Criação do Sentido da Mudança Organizacional: uma Análise Comparativa. In: ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE PROGRAMAS DE PÓSGRADUAÇÃO EM ADMINISTRAÇÃO, Anais... Campinas, Brasil: ANPAD, 2001.

SILVA, J.R.G.; VERGARA, S.C. O Significado da Mudança: as Percepções dos Funcionários de uma Empresa Brasileira diante da Expectativa de Privatização. RAP-Revista de Administração Pública, 34 (1). Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Getulio Vargas. Jan./Fev. 2000.

SMELTZER, L. R. e LEAP, T. L. An Analysis of Individual Reactions to Potentially Offensive Jokes in Work Settings. Human Relations, 41 (4): 295-304, 1988.

SMITH, W.; HARRINGTON, K. V. e NECK, C. Resolving Conflict with Humour in a Diversity Context. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 15 (6): 606-625, 2000.

SOLOMON, J. C. Humor and Aging Well. The American Behavioral Scientist, 39 (3): 249, 1996.

SPENCER, L. The Icon Dictionary of Postmodern Thought. Cambridge: Icon Books, 1998.

THE DEVELOPING CRITIQUE OF MANAGEMENT CONSULTING. Symposium presented at the Academy of Management Annual Meeting. Management Consultation and Management History Division. Washington, DC, 2001.

VINCE, R.; BROUSSINE, M. Paradox, Defense and Attachment: accessing and working with emotions and relations underlying organizational change. Organization Studies, 17 (1): p.1-21, 1996.

WEICK, K.E. Sensemaking in Organizations. London: Sage, 1995.

WILSON, C. Jokes: Form, Content, Use and Function. New York: Academic Press, 1979.

WOOD Jr., T. Gurus, Curandeiros e Modismos Gerenciais: Gestão Empresarial mais Leve que o Ar, 2ª edição. São Paulo: Editora Atlas, 1999.

WOOLDRIDGE, A. Survey: The Advice Business. The Economist, March 22, s1s22, 1997.

ZIV, A. e GADISH, O. Humor and Giftedness. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 13: 332-345, 1990. ZIV, A. Personality and Sense of Humor. New York: Springer, 1984.

  • ABRAMIS, D. J. Humor in Healthy Organizations. HRMagazine, 37 (8): 72-74, 1992.
  • ACKROYD, S. e THOMPSON, S. Organizational Misbehavior London: Sage, 1999.
  • ADAMS, S. The Dilbert Principle New York: Harper Business, 1996.
  • AIDAR, M. M. e ALVES, M. A. Comunicação de Massa nas Organizações Brasileiras: Explorando o Uso de Histórias em Quadrinhos, Literatura de Cordel e Outros Recursos Populares de Linguagem nas Empresas Brasileiras. In: MOTA, F. C. P. e CALDAS, M. P. Cultura Organizacional e Cultura Brasileira São Paulo: Atlas, 1997.
  • ALVESSON, M. Organization: from Substance to Image? Organization Studies, 11 (3): 373-394, 1990.
  • ANONYMOUS. Confessions of an Ex-consultant. Fortune, October 14th, pp. 69-72, 1996.
  • ASHFORD, M. Con Tricks: The Shadowy World of Management Consultancy and how to Make it Work for You London: Simon & Schuster, 1998.
  • AVOLIO, B. J.; HOWELL, J. M. e SOSIK, J. J. A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Bottom Line: Humor as a Moderator of Leadership Style Effects. Academy of Management Journal. 42: 219-227, 1999.
  • BARDIN, L. Análise de Conteúdo Lisboa: Edições 70, 1977.
  • BARSOUX, J. L. Why Organisations Need Humour. European Management Journal 14 (5): 500-508, 1996.
  • BERG, P-O. Magic in Action: Strategic Management in a New Economy. In: CZARNIAWSKA, B. e SEVÓN, G. (Eds.) The Northern Lights: Organization Theory in Scandinavia Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK: Marston Book Services, 2003.
  • BERGER, A. A. Anatomy of the Joke. Journal of Communication 26: 113-115, 1976.
  • BERGER, P. L. Redeeming Laughter: the Comic Dimension of Human Experience New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1997.
  • BOLAND, R. J. e HOFFMAN, R. Humour in a Machine Shop: an Interpretation of Symbolic Action. In: PONDY, L. R.; FROST, P. J.; MORGAN, G. e DANDRIDGE, T. C. (Eds.) Organizational Symbolism, Greenwich: Jai Press, 1983.
  • BOVERIE, P.; HOFFMAN, J.; KLEIN, D.; McCLELLAND, M. e OLDKNOW, M. Humor in Human Resource Development. Human Resource Development Quarterly 5 (1): 75-91, 1994.
  • BOVEY, W. H. Resistance to Organizational Change: the Role of Defence Mechanisms. Journal of Managerial Psychology 16 (7/8): 534-548, 2001.
  • BRANSCOMBE, N. R.; SCHMITT, M. T. e HARVEY, R. D. Perceiving Pervasive Discrimination Among African Americans: Implications for Group Identification and Well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77: 135-149, 1999.
  • BYRNE, J. A. The Craze for Consultants. Business Week, July 25, pp. 46-50, 1994.
  • CALDAS, M. & TONELLI, M.J. Casamento, Estupro ou Dormindo com o Inimigo? Interpretando Imagens e Representações dos Sobreviventes de Fusões e Aquisições. Revista Organizações & Sociedade, v. 9, n.23, p. 171-186,
  • CALDAS, M. P. Um Gostinho do Próprio Remédio: uma Pesquisa Empírica sobre a Adoção Interna de Programas de Mudança por Consultorias no Brasil. In: ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE PROGRAMAS DE PÓSGRADUAÇÃO EM ADMINISTRAÇÃO, Anais.. Foz do Iguaçu, Brasil: ANPAD, 1998.
  • CARRIERI, A. P.. O Humor como Estratégia Discursiva de Resistência: as Charges do Sinttel-MG. Organizações & Sociedade, 11(30): 29-48,
  • CLOUSE, R. W. e SPURGEON, K. L. Corporate Analysis of Humor. Psychology: a Quarterly Journal of Human Behaviour, 32: 1-24, 1995.
  • COLLINSON, D. L. Engineering Humor: Masculinity, Joking and Conflict in Shop Floor Relations. Journal of Organization Studies, 9: 181-199, 1988.
  • COLLINSON, D. L. Managing Humour. The Journal of Management Studies, 39 (3): 269-288, 2001.
  • COSER, R. L. Some Social Functions of Laughter: a Study of Humor in a Hospital Setting. Human Relations 12:171-182, 1959.
  • COX, J.A.; R. L. READ e Van AUKEN, P. M.. Male-female Differences in Communicating Job-related Humor: an Exploratory Study. Humor, 3 (3): 287-295, 1990.
  • CRAWFORD, C. B. Theory and Implications Regarding the Utilization of Strategic Humor by Leaders. Journal of Leadership Studies, 1: 53-67, 1994.
  • CSIKSZENTMIHALYI, M. Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention New York: Harper-Collins, 1996.
  • DANE, J. The Critical Mythology of Irony Athens, GA: The University of Georgia Press, 1991.
  • DIENSTBIER, R. A. The Impact of Humor on Energy, Tension, Task Choices, and Attributions: Exploring Hypotheses from Toughness Theory. Motivation and Emotion 19: 255-267, 1995.
  • DIXON, N. F. Humor: a Cognitive Alternative to Stress? In: Stress and Anxiety, SARASON, I. G. e SPIELBURGER, C. D. (Eds.). Washington: Hemisphere, 1980.
  • DOUGLAS, M. Implicit Meanings London: Routledge, 1975.
  • DUNCAN, W. J. e FEISAL, J. P. No Laughing Matter: Patterns of Humor in the Workplace. Organizational Dynamics, 17 (4): 18-30, 1989.
  • DUNCAN, W. J.. Humor in Management: Prospects for Administrative Practice and Research. Academy of Management Review 7: 136-142, 1982.
  • DUNCAN, W. J. Perceived Humor and Social Network Patterns in a Sample of Task-oriented Groups: a Re-examination of Prior Research. Human Relations 37: 895-907, 1984.
  • DUNCAN, W. J.; SMELTZER, L. R. e LEAP, T. L. Humor and Work: Applications of Joking Behavior to Management. Journal of Management 16: 255-278, 1990.
  • DWYER, T. Humor, Power and Change in Organizations. Human Relations 44: 119, 1991.
  • ECO, U. Interpretation and Overinterpretation Bloomington, In: Indiana U. Press, 1992.
  • ECO, U. Travels in Hyperreality Orlando, FL: Harcourt-Brace, 1986.
  • FINCHAM, R. e CLARK, T. Introduction: the Emergence of Critical Perspectives on Consulting. In: CLARK, T. e FINCHAM R. (eds.) Critical Consulting: New Perspectives on the Management Advice Industry, Oxford: Blackwell Business, 2002.
  • FINE, G. A. Humorous Interaction and the Social Construction of Meaning: Making Sense in a Jocular Vein. In: DENZIN, N. K. (Ed.) Studies in Symbolic Interaction Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1984.
  • FREUD, S. Wit and its Relation to the Unconscious. In: BRILL, A. A. (Ed.): The Basic Writings of Sigmund Freud New York: Random House, 1938.
  • FRY, W. F. Sweet Madness: a Study of Humor Palo Alto: Pacific Books, 1963.
  • GOLDSTEIN, J. H. e McGHEE, P. E. (Eds.) The Psychology of Humor New York: Academic Press, 1972.
  • GRUNER, C. R. The Game of Humor: a Comprehensive Theory of Why we Laugh. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1997.
  • HATCH, M. J. Irony and the Social Construction of Contradiction in the Humor of a Management Team. Organization Science, 8 (3): 275-288, 1997.
  • HATCH, M. J. Spontaneous Humour as an Indicator of Paradox and Ambiguity. Organization Studies, 14 (4): 505, 1993.
  • HUTCHEON, L. Irony's Edge London: Routledge, 1994.
  • JOHANSSON, U. e WOODILLA, J. IRONY - Its Use and Potential in Organization Theory. In: JOHANSSON, U. e WOODILLA, J. (ed.) Irony and Organizations: Epistemological Claims and Supporting Field Stories. Malmö, Sweden: Liber / Copenhagen Business School Press, 2005.
  • KAHN, W. A. Toward a Sense of Organizational Humor: Implications for Organizational Diagnosis and Change. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 25 (1): 45-63, 1989.
  • KEITH-SPIEGEL, P. Early Conceptions of Humor: Varieties and Issues. In: GOLDSTEIN, J. H. e MCGHEE, P. E. (Eds.) The Psychology of Humor, New York: Academic Press, 1972.
  • KIESER, A. Consultants and Management Fashions. Paper presented at the Academy of Management Annual Meeting, Management History Division, Washington, DC, 2001.
  • KIPPING, M. Trapped in the Wave: the evolution of management consultancies. In: CLARK, T. e FINCHAM R. (Eds.) Critical Consulting: New Perspectives on the Management Advice Industry, Oxford: Blackwell Business, 2002.
  • KOESTLER, A. The Act of Creation New York: Macmillan, 1964.
  • LEFCOURT, H. e MARTIN, R. A. Humor and Life Stress: Antidote to Adversity New York: Springer-Verlag, 1986.
  • LINSTEAD, S. Jokers Wild: the Importance of Humour in the Maintenance of Organizational Culture. The Sociological Review, 33: 741-767, 1985.
  • LIPPITT, G. L. Humor: a Laugh a Day Keeps the Incongruities at Bay. Training and Development Journal, 36: 98-100, 1982.
  • LONG, D. L. e GRAESSER, A. C. Wit and Humor in Discourse Processing. Discourse Processes, 1: 35-60, 1988.
  • LOPES, F. D.; MESQUITA, Z. Consultoria Empresarial: Contradições Teóricas na Elaboração de um Programa de Melhoria em uma Organização Cooperativista. In: ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE PROGRAMAS DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ADMINISTRAÇÃO, Anais... Florianópolis, Brasil: ANPAD, 2000.
  • MACDONALD, E. e PALTROW, S. J. Merry-Go-Round. Wall Street Journal, (August) A1:10, 1999.
  • MARTIN, R. A. e LEFCOURT, H. M. Sense of Humor as a Moderator of the Relation Between Stressors and Moods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45: 1313-1324, 1983.
  • MARTINEAU, W. H. A Model of the Social Functions of Humor. In: GOLDSTEIN J. H. e MCGHEE P. E. (eds.) The Psychology of Humor New York: Academic Press, 101 128. 1972.
  • MEYER, A. Visual data in organizational research. Organization Science, 2(2): , p.218-236. Linthicum, MD (USA): INFORMS, 1991.
  • MORREALL, J. Humor and Work. Humor, 4: 359-373, 1991.
  • MULKAY, M. On Humor: Its Nature and its Place in Modern Society Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.
  • MURDOCK, M. C. e GANIM, R. M. Creativity and Humor: Integration and Incongruity. Journal of Creative Behavior, 27: 57-70, 1993.
  • O'SHEA, J. e MADIGAN, C. Dangerous Company: Management Consultant and the Businesses they Save and Ruin New York: Penguin, 1997.
  • PISTOLE, D. D. e SHOR, R. E. A Multivariate Study of the Effect of Repetition on Humor Appreciation as Qualified by Two Social Influence Factors. The Journal of General Psychology, 100: 43-51, 1979.
  • POLLIO, D. E. Use of Humor in Crisis Intervention. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 76 (6): 376-384, 1995.
  • PREROST, F. J. e BREWER, R. E. Humor Content Preferences and the Relief of Experimentally Aroused Aggression. Journal of Social Psychology, 32: 682-698, 1977.
  • REASON, P. Human Inquiry in Action. London: Sage, 1988.
  • RODRIGUES, S. B. e COLLINSON, D. 'Having fun'? Humour as Resistance in Brazil. Organization Studies, 16 (5): 739-768, 1995
  • ROTHWELL, S. Managing Conflict. Manager Update, 7 (4): 21-32, 1996.
  • RUCH, W. The Perception of humor. In: KASZNIAK (ed.) Emotion, Qualia, and Consciouness, Tokyo: Word Scientific Publisher, 2001.
  • SILVA, J.R.G.. Utilização de Desenhos na Pesquisa sobre a Criação do Sentido da Mudança Organizacional: uma Análise Comparativa. In: ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE PROGRAMAS DE PÓSGRADUAÇÃO EM ADMINISTRAÇÃO, Anais... Campinas, Brasil: ANPAD, 2001.
  • SILVA, J.R.G.; VERGARA, S.C. O Significado da Mudança: as Percepções dos Funcionários de uma Empresa Brasileira diante da Expectativa de Privatização. RAP-Revista de Administração Pública, 34 (1). Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Getulio Vargas. Jan./Fev. 2000.
  • SMELTZER, L. R. e LEAP, T. L. An Analysis of Individual Reactions to Potentially Offensive Jokes in Work Settings. Human Relations, 41 (4): 295-304, 1988.
  • SMITH, W.; HARRINGTON, K. V. e NECK, C. Resolving Conflict with Humour in a Diversity Context. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 15 (6): 606-625, 2000.
  • SOLOMON, J. C. Humor and Aging Well. The American Behavioral Scientist, 39 (3): 249, 1996.
  • SPENCER, L. The Icon Dictionary of Postmodern Thought Cambridge: Icon Books, 1998.
  • THE DEVELOPING CRITIQUE OF MANAGEMENT CONSULTING. Symposium presented at the Academy of Management Annual Meeting. Management Consultation and Management History Division. Washington, DC, 2001.
  • VINCE, R.; BROUSSINE, M. Paradox, Defense and Attachment: accessing and working with emotions and relations underlying organizational change. Organization Studies, 17 (1): p.1-21, 1996.
  • WEICK, K.E. Sensemaking in Organizations London: Sage, 1995.
  • WILSON, C. Jokes: Form, Content, Use and Function New York: Academic Press, 1979.
  • WOOD Jr., T. Gurus, Curandeiros e Modismos Gerenciais: Gestão Empresarial mais Leve que o Ar, 2ª edição. São Paulo: Editora Atlas, 1999.
  • WOOLDRIDGE, A. Survey: The Advice Business. The Economist, March 22, s1s22, 1997.
  • ZIV, A. e GADISH, O. Humor and Giftedness. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 13: 332-345, 1990
  • ZIV, A. Personality and Sense of Humor New York: Springer, 1984.

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    27 Out 2014
  • Data do Fascículo
    Set 2005
Escola de Administração da Universidade Federal da Bahia Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon, s/n 3o. sala 29, 41110-903 Salvador-BA Brasil, Tel.: (55 71) 3283-7344, Fax.:(55 71) 3283-7667 - Salvador - BA - Brazil
E-mail: revistaoes@ufba.br