BIOMARCADORES DERIVADOS DE PLANTA E DE MICRORGANISMOS EM SOLOS DE TABULEIROS COSTEIROS CULTIVADOS COM EUCALIPTO E ACÁCIA

Pegoraro, Rodinei Facco; Silva, Ivo Ribeiro da; Novais, Roberto Ferreira de; Barros, Nairam Felix de; Fonseca, Sebastião

doi:10.5902/198050987554

RESUMO

Alterações no sistema de manejo pelo cultivo de diferentes povoamentos florestais e a utilização de rotação de culturas podem levar a alterações na qualidade da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) e deposição de resíduos vegetais. O presente estudo avaliou o estádio de decomposição e a contribuição de compostos de origem vegetal e microbiana para a MOS por meio de biomarcadores, tais como: fenóis derivados de lignina, carboidratos e aminoaçúcares em monocultivos do Eucalyptus urograndis (clone do Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake x Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Spreng) de ciclo curto (sete anos), sistemas de cultivo de rotação de acácia (Acacia mangium Willd.) após monocultivo de eucalipto, monocultivo de eucalipto de ciclo longo (24 anos) e mata nativa (Mata Atlântica) como condição original de solo do litoral Norte do Espírito do Santo. Para tanto, foram estimados nas amostras de solo e serapilheira os teores de C orgânico total (COT), N total (NT), teores de fenóis derivados de lignina (VSC), carboidratos e aminoaçúcares derivados da atividade microbiana no solo e, as relações ácidos e aldeídos dos grupamentos vanilil ((Ac/Al)Vanilil) e siringil ((Ac/Al)Siringil) da lignina, relação hexoses/pentoses (H/P) dos carboidratos e, relações glucosamina/ácido murâmico (Gluc/Mur.) e glucosamina/galactosamina (Gluc/Gal) dos aminoaçúcares. Os resultados indicaram que na serapilheira do monocultivo de eucalipto de ciclo curto houve maior deposição da matéria seca, teor de lignina (VSC) e carboidratos, relação C/N e VSC/N; Semelhante proporção de resíduos grossos, resíduos finos e teor de C e, menor teor de N, comparado àquela sob rotação de acácia. No solo, o cultivo de acácia aumentou os teores de C, N e carboidratos, aumentou a relação ácido/aldeído do grupamento vanilil da lignina e a relação glucosamina/ácido murâmico dos aminoaçúcares derivados da atividade microbiana. O aumento do tempo de cultivo do eucalipto (24 anos) incrementou o teor de C e reduziu a relação VSC/N na MOS em comparação ao monocultivo de eucalipto de ciclo curto, e apresentou teor de C e N inferiores àqueles observados no solo de acácia e mata nativa. A menor relação ácidos/aldeídos (Ac/Al) dos fenóis derivados de lignina no solo cultivado com eucalipto (de curto e longo ciclo) indica que a MOS encontra-se em estádio menos avançado de decomposição do que no solo cultivado com acácia, e naquele de mata nativa. Nos solos de acácia, seguido por aquele de eucalipto, a maior relação glucosamina/ácido murâmico sugere maior participação de fungos na comunidade microbiana, enquanto nas áreas de mata nativa e eucalipto de ciclo longo há mais abundância de compostos derivados de bactérias. Neste sentido, observou-se a recuperação na qualidade do solo cultivado com eucalipto de ciclo longo e rotacionado com acácia em relação ao monocultivo de eucalipto de ciclo curto.

Palavras-chave:
lignina; carboidratos; aminoaçúcares; matéria orgânica do solo

ABSTRACT

Changes in the management systems for the cultivation of different forest stands and the use of species rotation can lead to alterations in the quality of soil organic matter (SOM) and plant residue deposition. This study evaluated the stage of decomposition and the contribution of plant and microbial origin for SOM through biomarkers, such as lignin-derived phenols, carbohydrates and amino sugars in continuous short-rotation eucalypt (Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis hybrid) (seven years) compared to a rotation system including acacia (Acacia mangium Willd.) after short-rotation eucalypt; and long-rotation eucalypt (24 years). A native vegetation (Atlantic Forest) was used as a reference for the original site condition representative for the northern coast of Espírito Santo state. To do so, we estimated the content of total organic C (TOC), total N (TN) and the contents of lignin-derived phenols (VSC), the carbohydrates and the amino sugars derived from soil microorganisms, and acids/aldehyde ratio of groups vanilil ((Ac/Al)_vanilil) and syringyl ((Ac/Al)_syringyl) of the lignin, hexoses/pentoses (H/P) ratio of carbohydrates, besides glucosamine/ muramic acid (Gluc/Ac. Mur) and glucosamine/galactosamine (Gluc/Gal) ratios for soil and litter samples. The results indicated that litter of the continuous short-rotation eucalypt has greater dry mass, lignin (VSC) and carbohydrates contents, C/N and VSC/N ratios; a similar proportion of coarse litter to fine litter and C content, but a lower N content in comparison to the species rotation system that includes the leguminous acacia. In the soil, acacia cultivation increases C, N and carbohydrates content, widened the acid/aldehyde ratio of vanilil groups of lignin and the glucosamine/muramic acid ratio of amino sugars derived from microbial activity. The longer rotation of eucalypt (24 years) increased C content and decreased the VSC/N ratio in SOM compared to the continuous short-rotation eucalypt, but still having C and N content lower than in soil of acacia and native forest. The smallest Ac/Al ratio of lignin-derived phenols in soils cultivated with eucalypt (in long and short-rotation) indicates that the SOM is in less advanced stage of decomposition (humification) than in the soil cultivated with acacia, and that under native forest. In soils under acacia, followed by that of short-rotation eucalypt, the higher glucosamine/muramic acid ratio suggested a greater contribution of fungi in SOM cycling, whereas in the native forest and long-rotation eucalypt there is greater abundance of bacteria-derived compounds. Overall, the results indicate that there was a recovery in the quality of the soils cultivated with eucalypt for a longer rotation and also with acacia in relation to the continuous short-rotation eucalypt.

Keywords:
Toona ciliata; vegetative propagation; propagule

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REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS

AMELUNG, W. et al. Neutral and acidic sugars in particle-size fractions as influenced by climate. Soil Science Society of America Journal, Madison, v. 63, n. 4, p. 865-873, 1999.
BAILEY, V. L. et al. Fungal-to-bacterial ratios in soils investigated for enhanced C sequestration. Soil Biology and Biochemical, Oxford, v. 34, n. 7, p. 997-1007, 2002.
BATAGLIA, O. C. et al. Métodos de análises químicas de plantas. Campinas: Instituto Agronômico, 1983. 48p. (Boletim, 78)
CARREIRO, M. M. et al. Microbial enzyme shifts explain litter decay responses to simulated nitrogen deposition. Ecology, Washington, v.81, n. 9, p. 2359-2365, 2000.
DIJKSTRA, F. A. et al. Nitrogen deposition and plant species interact to influence soil carbon stabilization. Ecology Letters, Oxford, v. 7, n. 12, p. 1192-1198, 2004.
EMBRAPA. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Solos. Manual de métodos de análise de solo. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro, 1997. 212 p.
EMBRAPA. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Solos. Sistema brasileiro de classificação de solos. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro, 2006. 306 p.
FOG, K. The effect of added nitrogen on the rate of decomposition of organic matter. Biological Reviews, v. 63, n. 3, p. 433-462, 1988.
FONTAINE, S. et al. The priming effect of organic matter: a question of microbial competition? Soil Biology and Biochemical , Oxford, v. 35, n. 6, p.837-843, 2003.
FORRESTER, D.I. et al. Carbon allocation in a mixed-species plantation of Eucalyptus globulus and Acacia mearnsii Forest Ecology and Management, Amsterdam, v. 233, n. 2-3, p. 275- 284, 2006.
FUNARBE. FUNDAÇÃO ARTHUR BERNARDES. Sistema para análise estatística 5.0. Viçosa, 1993.
GARAY, I. et al. Evaluation of soil conditions in fast-growing plantations of Eucalyptus grandis and Acacia mangium in Brazil: a contribution to the study of sustainable land use. Applied Soil Ecology, Madison, v. 27, n. 2, p. 177-187, 2004.
GLASER, B. et al. Amino sugars and muramic acid-biomarkers for soil microbial community structure analysis. Soil Biology and Biochemical , Oxford, v. 36, n. 3, p. 399-407, 2004.
GOÑI, M. A.; MONTGOMERY, S. Alcaline CuO oxidation with a microwave digestion system: lignin analyses of geochemical samples. Analytical Chemistry, v. 72, n. 14, p. 3116-3121, 2000.
HEDGES, J. I.; ERTEL. J. R. Characterization of lignin by gas capillary chromatography of cupric oxide products. Analytical Chemistry , v. 54, n. 2, p. 174-178, 1982.
HEIM, A.; SCHMIDT, M. W. I. Lignin turnover in arable soil and grassland analysed with two different labelling approaches. European Journal of Soil Science, Oxford, v. 58, n. 3, p. 599-608, 2007.
LEMMA, B. et al. Decomposition and substrate quality of leaf litters and fine roots from three exotic plantations and a native forest in the southwestern highlands of Ethiopia. Soil Biology and Biochemical , Oxford, v. 39, n. 9, p. 2317-2328, 2007.
LIANG, C. et al. Effect of plant materials on microbial transformation of amino sugars in three soil microcosms. Biology and Fertility of Soils, Berlin, v. 43, n. 6, p. 631-639, 2007.
MARTENS, D. A.; LOEFFELMANN, K. L. Improved accounting of carbohydrate carbon from plants and soils. Soil Biology and Biochemical , Oxford, v. 34, n. 10, p. 1393-1399, 2002.
MENDHAM, D. S. et al. Soil particulate organic matter effects on nitrogen availability after afforestation with Eucalyptus globules. Soil Biology and Biochemical , Oxford, v. 36, n. 1, p. 1067-1074, 2004.
MÖLLER, A. et al. Lignin, carbohydrate, and amino sugar distribution and transformation in the tropical highland soils of northern Thailand under cabbage cultivation, Pinus reforestation, secondary forest, and primary forest. Australian Journal of Soil Research, Collingwood, v. 40, n. 6, p. 977-998, 2002.
MORAN, K. K. et al. Role of mineral-nitrogen in residue decomposition and stable soil organic matter formation. Soil Science Society of America Journal , Madison, v. 69, n. 6, p. 1730-1736, 2005.
OLK, D. C. et al. Impaired cycling of soil nitrogen under continuous rice rotations in the Arkansas Grand Prairie area. In: RICE TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP, 13., 2004, New Orleans. Proceedings... Louisiania: State University Agricultural Center, 2004. p.148-149
OMETTO, J. C. Bioclimatologia vegetal. São Paulo : Ceres, 1981. 425 p.
OTTO, A.; SIMPSON, M. J. Evaluation of CuO oxidation parameters for determining the source and stage of lignin degradation in soil. Biogeochemistry, Heidelberg, v. 80, n. 2, p. 121-142, 2006.
PEGORARO, R. F. et al. Estoques de carbono e nitrogênio em frações da matéria orgânica de solos cultivados com eucalipto nos sistemas convencional e fertirrigado. Ciência Rural. Santa Maria, v. 40, n. 2, p. 272-279, 2010.
PEGORARO, R. F. et al. Estoques de carbono e nitrogênio nas frações da matéria orgânica em argissolo sob eucalipto e pastagem. Ciência Florestal, Santa Maria, v. 21, n. 2, p. 261-273, 2011a.
PEGORARO, R. F. et al. Fenóis derivados da lignina, carboidratos e aminoaçúcares em serapilheira e solos cultivados com eucalipto e pastagem. Revista Árvore. Viçosa, v. 35, n. 2, p. 359-370, 2011b.
PILLON, C. N. et al. Carbono e nitrogênio de um Argissolo Vermelho sob floresta, pastagem e mata nativa. Ciência Rural . Santa Maria, v. 41, n. 3, p. 447-453. 2011.
RASSE, D. P. et al. Lignin turnover in an agricultural field: from plant residues to soil-protected fractions. European Journal of Soil Science , Oxford, v. 57, n. 4, p. 530-538, 2006.
SCHIAVO, J. A. et al. Recovery of degraded areas revegeted with Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus with special reference to organic matter humification. Sciencia Agricola, Piracicaba, v. 66, n. 3, p. 353-360, 2009.
SHAN, J. et al. The effects of management on soil and plant carbon sequestration in slash pine plantations. Journal of Applied Ecology, Oxford, v. 38, n. 5, p. 932-941, 2001.
SIMPSON, R. T. et al. Preferential accumulation of microbial carbon in aggregate structures of no-tillage soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal , Madison, v. 68, n. 4, p. 1249-1255, 2004.
SIX, J. et al. Bacterial and fungal contributions to carbon sequestration in agroecosystems. Soil Science Society of America Journal , Madison, v. 70, n. 2, p. 555-569, 2006.
SJÖBERG, G. et al. Degradation of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin in decomposing spruce needle litter in relation to N. Soil Biology and Biochemical , Oxford, v. 36, n. 11, p. 1761-1768, 2004.
SOLOMON, D. et al. Land use effects on amino sugar signature of chromic Luvisol in the semi-arid part of northern Tanzania. Biology and Fertility of Soils , Berlin, v. 33, n. 1, p. 33-40, 2001.
SOLOMON, D. et al. Soil organic matter composition in the subhumid Ethiopian highlands as influenced by deforestation and agricultural management. Soil Science Society of America Journal , Madison, v. 66, n. 1, p. 68-82, 2002.
STEEL, R. G. D. et al. Principles and procedures of statistics: a biometrical approach. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997. 666 p.
STEVENSON, F. J. Humus Chemistry: Genesis, Composition and Reactions. 2nd ed. New York, Willey & Sons Inc., 1994. 496p.
SUHAS, P. J. M. C.; CARROTT, M. M. L. R. Lignin - from natural adsorbent to activated carbon: A review. Bioresource Technology, v. 98, n. 12, p.2301-2312, 2007.
YEOMANS, J. C.; BREMNER, J. M. A rapid and precise method for routine determination of organic carbon in soil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, Philadelphia, v. 13, n. 13, p. 1467-1476, 1988.
ZHANG, X. et al. Amino sugar signatures of particle size fractions in soils of the native prairie as affected by climate. Soil Science, Hagerstown, v. 163, n. 3, p. 220-229, 1998
ZHANG, X.; AMELUNG, W. Gas chromatographic determination of muramic acid, glucosamine, mannosamine, and galactosamine in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemical , Oxford, v. 28, n. 3, p. 1201-1206, 1996.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
Oct-Dec 2012

Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons

[1] AMELUNG, W. et al. Neutral and acidic sugars in particle-size fractions as influenced by climate. Soil Science Society of America Journal, Madison, v. 63, n. 4, p. 865-873, 1999.

[2] BAILEY, V. L. et al. Fungal-to-bacterial ratios in soils investigated for enhanced C sequestration. Soil Biology and Biochemical, Oxford, v. 34, n. 7, p. 997-1007, 2002.

[3] BATAGLIA, O. C. et al. Métodos de análises químicas de plantas. Campinas: Instituto Agronômico, 1983. 48p. (Boletim, 78)

[4] CARREIRO, M. M. et al. Microbial enzyme shifts explain litter decay responses to simulated nitrogen deposition. Ecology, Washington, v.81, n. 9, p. 2359-2365, 2000.

[5] DIJKSTRA, F. A. et al. Nitrogen deposition and plant species interact to influence soil carbon stabilization. Ecology Letters, Oxford, v. 7, n. 12, p. 1192-1198, 2004.

[6] EMBRAPA. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Solos. Manual de métodos de análise de solo. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro, 1997. 212 p.

[7] EMBRAPA. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Solos. Sistema brasileiro de classificação de solos. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro, 2006. 306 p.

[8] FOG, K. The effect of added nitrogen on the rate of decomposition of organic matter. Biological Reviews, v. 63, n. 3, p. 433-462, 1988.

[9] FONTAINE, S. et al. The priming effect of organic matter: a question of microbial competition? Soil Biology and Biochemical , Oxford, v. 35, n. 6, p.837-843, 2003.

[10] FORRESTER, D.I. et al. Carbon allocation in a mixed-species plantation of Eucalyptus globulus and Acacia mearnsii Forest Ecology and Management, Amsterdam, v. 233, n. 2-3, p. 275- 284, 2006.

[11] FUNARBE. FUNDAÇÃO ARTHUR BERNARDES. Sistema para análise estatística 5.0. Viçosa, 1993.

[12] GARAY, I. et al. Evaluation of soil conditions in fast-growing plantations of Eucalyptus grandis and Acacia mangium in Brazil: a contribution to the study of sustainable land use. Applied Soil Ecology, Madison, v. 27, n. 2, p. 177-187, 2004.

[13] GLASER, B. et al. Amino sugars and muramic acid-biomarkers for soil microbial community structure analysis. Soil Biology and Biochemical , Oxford, v. 36, n. 3, p. 399-407, 2004.

[14] GOÑI, M. A.; MONTGOMERY, S. Alcaline CuO oxidation with a microwave digestion system: lignin analyses of geochemical samples. Analytical Chemistry, v. 72, n. 14, p. 3116-3121, 2000.

[15] HEDGES, J. I.; ERTEL. J. R. Characterization of lignin by gas capillary chromatography of cupric oxide products. Analytical Chemistry , v. 54, n. 2, p. 174-178, 1982.

[16] HEIM, A.; SCHMIDT, M. W. I. Lignin turnover in arable soil and grassland analysed with two different labelling approaches. European Journal of Soil Science, Oxford, v. 58, n. 3, p. 599-608, 2007.

[17] LEMMA, B. et al. Decomposition and substrate quality of leaf litters and fine roots from three exotic plantations and a native forest in the southwestern highlands of Ethiopia. Soil Biology and Biochemical , Oxford, v. 39, n. 9, p. 2317-2328, 2007.

[18] LIANG, C. et al. Effect of plant materials on microbial transformation of amino sugars in three soil microcosms. Biology and Fertility of Soils, Berlin, v. 43, n. 6, p. 631-639, 2007.

[19] MARTENS, D. A.; LOEFFELMANN, K. L. Improved accounting of carbohydrate carbon from plants and soils. Soil Biology and Biochemical , Oxford, v. 34, n. 10, p. 1393-1399, 2002.

[20] MENDHAM, D. S. et al. Soil particulate organic matter effects on nitrogen availability after afforestation with Eucalyptus globules. Soil Biology and Biochemical , Oxford, v. 36, n. 1, p. 1067-1074, 2004.

[21] MÖLLER, A. et al. Lignin, carbohydrate, and amino sugar distribution and transformation in the tropical highland soils of northern Thailand under cabbage cultivation, Pinus reforestation, secondary forest, and primary forest. Australian Journal of Soil Research, Collingwood, v. 40, n. 6, p. 977-998, 2002.

[22] MORAN, K. K. et al. Role of mineral-nitrogen in residue decomposition and stable soil organic matter formation. Soil Science Society of America Journal , Madison, v. 69, n. 6, p. 1730-1736, 2005.

[23] OLK, D. C. et al. Impaired cycling of soil nitrogen under continuous rice rotations in the Arkansas Grand Prairie area. In: RICE TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP, 13., 2004, New Orleans. Proceedings... Louisiania: State University Agricultural Center, 2004. p.148-149

[24] OMETTO, J. C. Bioclimatologia vegetal. São Paulo : Ceres, 1981. 425 p.

[25] OTTO, A.; SIMPSON, M. J. Evaluation of CuO oxidation parameters for determining the source and stage of lignin degradation in soil. Biogeochemistry, Heidelberg, v. 80, n. 2, p. 121-142, 2006.

[26] PEGORARO, R. F. et al. Estoques de carbono e nitrogênio em frações da matéria orgânica de solos cultivados com eucalipto nos sistemas convencional e fertirrigado. Ciência Rural. Santa Maria, v. 40, n. 2, p. 272-279, 2010.

[27] PEGORARO, R. F. et al. Estoques de carbono e nitrogênio nas frações da matéria orgânica em argissolo sob eucalipto e pastagem. Ciência Florestal, Santa Maria, v. 21, n. 2, p. 261-273, 2011a.

[28] PEGORARO, R. F. et al. Fenóis derivados da lignina, carboidratos e aminoaçúcares em serapilheira e solos cultivados com eucalipto e pastagem. Revista Árvore. Viçosa, v. 35, n. 2, p. 359-370, 2011b.

[29] PILLON, C. N. et al. Carbono e nitrogênio de um Argissolo Vermelho sob floresta, pastagem e mata nativa. Ciência Rural . Santa Maria, v. 41, n. 3, p. 447-453. 2011.

[30] RASSE, D. P. et al. Lignin turnover in an agricultural field: from plant residues to soil-protected fractions. European Journal of Soil Science , Oxford, v. 57, n. 4, p. 530-538, 2006.

[31] SCHIAVO, J. A. et al. Recovery of degraded areas revegeted with Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus with special reference to organic matter humification. Sciencia Agricola, Piracicaba, v. 66, n. 3, p. 353-360, 2009.

[32] SHAN, J. et al. The effects of management on soil and plant carbon sequestration in slash pine plantations. Journal of Applied Ecology, Oxford, v. 38, n. 5, p. 932-941, 2001.

[33] SIMPSON, R. T. et al. Preferential accumulation of microbial carbon in aggregate structures of no-tillage soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal , Madison, v. 68, n. 4, p. 1249-1255, 2004.

[34] SIX, J. et al. Bacterial and fungal contributions to carbon sequestration in agroecosystems. Soil Science Society of America Journal , Madison, v. 70, n. 2, p. 555-569, 2006.

[35] SJÖBERG, G. et al. Degradation of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin in decomposing spruce needle litter in relation to N. Soil Biology and Biochemical , Oxford, v. 36, n. 11, p. 1761-1768, 2004.

[36] SOLOMON, D. et al. Land use effects on amino sugar signature of chromic Luvisol in the semi-arid part of northern Tanzania. Biology and Fertility of Soils , Berlin, v. 33, n. 1, p. 33-40, 2001.

[37] SOLOMON, D. et al. Soil organic matter composition in the subhumid Ethiopian highlands as influenced by deforestation and agricultural management. Soil Science Society of America Journal , Madison, v. 66, n. 1, p. 68-82, 2002.

[38] STEEL, R. G. D. et al. Principles and procedures of statistics: a biometrical approach. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997. 666 p.

[39] STEVENSON, F. J. Humus Chemistry: Genesis, Composition and Reactions. 2nd ed. New York, Willey & Sons Inc., 1994. 496p.

[40] SUHAS, P. J. M. C.; CARROTT, M. M. L. R. Lignin - from natural adsorbent to activated carbon: A review. Bioresource Technology, v. 98, n. 12, p.2301-2312, 2007.

[41] YEOMANS, J. C.; BREMNER, J. M. A rapid and precise method for routine determination of organic carbon in soil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, Philadelphia, v. 13, n. 13, p. 1467-1476, 1988.

[42] ZHANG, X. et al. Amino sugar signatures of particle size fractions in soils of the native prairie as affected by climate. Soil Science, Hagerstown, v. 163, n. 3, p. 220-229, 1998

[43] ZHANG, X.; AMELUNG, W. Gas chromatographic determination of muramic acid, glucosamine, mannosamine, and galactosamine in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemical , Oxford, v. 28, n. 3, p. 1201-1206, 1996.

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