Do parasitoid density and host age affect the parasitism of Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)?

Densidade de parasitoides e idade do hospedeiro afetam o parasitismo de Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)?

ABSTRACT:

The incidence of lepidopteran defoliants is one of the environmental factors that regulate the productivity of cultivated forests. The parasitoid Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) has significant importance for its efficiency in the parasitism of pupae of these Lepidoptera. The objective of this study was to evaluate the development and reproduction of P. elaeisis in different densities of pupae of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) at different ages. Pupae of 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours were exposed at densities of 1:1, 4:1, 10:1, 19:1, 31:1 and 46:1 parasitoids/host, respectively. The parasitoids remained in contact with the pupae for 72 hours in 500 mL plastic pots, conditioned in an air-conditioned room, with temperature of 25 ± 2°C, relative humidity of 70 ± 10% and photoperiod of 12 hours. It was concluded that the density of 10:1 presented great results of parasitism, and further increase of density was not needed. Pupae of 24 and 48 hours had a higher percentage of emergence. Biological variables were affected neither by parasitoid densities nor by host age.

KEYWORDS:
mass rearing; biological control; natural enemy; parasitism

RESUMO:

A incidência de lepidópteros desfolhadores é um dos fatores ambientais que regulam a produtividade das florestas plantadas. O endoparasitoide Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) destaca-se pela eficiência no parasitismo e pode ser promissor no controle de Lepidoptera pragas em diversas culturas com importância econômica. Assim, avaliaram-se o desenvolvimento e a reprodução de P. elaeisis em pupas de Spodoptera ­frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) com idades distintas submetidas a diferentes densidades do parasitoide. Pupas de 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas foram expostas às densidades de 1:1, 4:1, 10:1, 19:1, 31:1 e 46:1 parasitoides/hospedeiro. Os parasitoides permaneceram em contato com as pupas por 72 horas em potes plásticos de 500 mL, acondicionados em sala climatizada com temperatura 25 ± 2°C, umidade relativa de 70 ± 10°C e fotoperíodo de 12 horas. A densidade 10:1 apresentou resultados adequados de parasitismo. Pupas de 24 e 48 horas de idade apresentaram maior porcentagem de emergência. O ciclo de vida, o número de indivíduos emergidos, a razão sexual, a longevidade das fêmeas e o comprimento da cápsula cefálica e da tíbia de P. elaeisis não foram afetados pelas densidades do parasitoide nem pela idade do hospedeiro.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE:
criação massal; controle biológico; inimigo natural; parasitismo

INTRODUCTION

The incidence of pest insects is one of the environmental factors that regulate the productivity of cultivated forests (ZANUNCIO et al., 2009). The extension of planting, tree height and behavior of some insects reduce the efficiency of pesticide application (BITTENCOURT et al., 2004; ZANUNCIO et al., 2010). Thus, alternative methods to chemical control favor the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources, and among them, the use of natural enemies presents adequate characteristics to integrate pest management (BARBOSA et al., 2008).

The endoparasitoid Palmistichus elaeisis (DELVARE; LASALLE, 1993) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is widely known for its efficiency in the parasitism of lepidopteran and coleopteran pupae (PEREIRA et al., 2008; ALVARENGA SOARES et al., 2009). This parasitoid can reproduce in alternative hosts such as Bombyx mori (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hubner, 1818), Alabama argillacea (Hubner, 1823) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Tenebrio ­molitor (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (PEREIRA et al., 2008; 2009; ZANUNCIO et al., 2008). This makes P. elaeisis an efficient alternative for multiplication and field release aiming the control of forests defoliator insects.

P. elaeisis also reproduces in pupae of Spodoptera ­frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (BITTENCOURT; BERTI FILHO, 1999), and caterpillars of this species can be reared in artificial diet. It makes this lepidopteran an ideal alternative host for the breeding of P. elaeisis in laboratory, since it is not necessary to use a natural diet for its feeding (SANTOS-CIVIDANES et al., 1996; OLIVEIRA et al., 2004).

The parasitoid density and age of the hosts pupae can affect parasitism capacity and reflect directly on parasitoid quality (THOMAZINI; BERTI FILHO, 2001; MATOS NETO et al., 2004), changing characteristics such as body size (BITTENCOURT; BERTI FILHO, 1999), longevity (SILVA-TORRES; MATTHEWS, 2003) and cycle length (BITTENCOURT et al., 2004). This shows the demand to improve the mass creation of parasitoids, aiming to know, especially, the ideal density and age in relation to the host to maximize their production (ZAKI et al., 1994; SAGARRA et al., 2000).

The objective of this study was to evaluate the development and reproduction of P. elaeisis in pupae of S. frugiperda at different densities and parasitoid/host ages.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study has been conducted in the Biological Control Laboratory (Laboratório de Controle Biológico - LCB) of the Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), in Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil, in an air conditioned room, with temperature of 25 ± 2°C, relative humidity of 70 ± 10% and photoperiod of 12 hours.

The parasitoid P. elaeisis was obtained from the LCB stock, where it was kept in 500-mL plastic pots with newly formed T. molitor pupae as an alternative host and honey droplets for adult feeding.

The S. frugiperda lepidopteran was grown in 100-mL plastic pots (caterpillars) and cylindrical polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cages with diameter of 20 cm and height of 50 cm (adults), in an air-conditioned room under the above-described conditions. The caterpillars were fed with artificial diet (PANTOJA et al., 1987) and adults with a solution containing water, corn glucose, sugar and ascorbic acid (OLIVEIRA et al., 1990).

The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 6 × 4 factorial scheme, with six densities - 1:1, 4:1, 10:1, 19:1, 31:1, 46:1 parasitoid/host -, four different ages of the host (24, 48, 72 and 96 hours) and ten replicates. Two hundred and forty pupae of S. frugiperda were weighed (260.32 ± 11.42 mg), individually conditioned in 250-mL plastic pots and exposed to the parasitism of P. elaeisis females at different densities. The endoparasitoid had no previous experience of oviposition and remained with the host for 72 hours, being fed with a drop of honey.

The percentage of parasitism was observed by discounting the natural mortality of the host (ABBOTT, 1925). Additionally, the percentage of emergence, duration of the life cycle (egg-adult), number of emerged individuals and sex ratio (No ♀ / No ♂ + No ♀) were observed.

Longevity was assessed using one female specimen from each replicate. They were conditioned in 14 × 2.2 cm test tubes, capped with cotton and fed with a drop of honey. After death, the insects were submitted to analysis of the morphometric variables. The size of the cephalic capsule at the median height of the eyes and the posterior tibial length were measured with an Optika OPTIKAM B5 camera coupled to a stereomicroscope with Optika Vision Lite 2.1 software.

The data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and, when significant, the means were compared by the Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05) or the Kruskal-Wallis test (p ≤ 0.05).

RESULTS

The percentage of parasitism of P. elaeisis in S. frugiperda (p = 0.79; F = 0.3446; gl = 3) was not influenced by the pupae ages of this host (Fig. 1A). However, parasitism was higher in the proportions of 10:1, 19:1, 31:1 and 46:1 (p < 0.05, F = 10,123, gl = 5) when compared to 1:1 (Fig. 1B).

Figure 1.
Parasitism (%) of Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) at (A) different host ages and (B) different parasitoid densities (25 ± 2°C, 70 ± 10% relative humidity and 12 hours photoperiod).

The adult emergence percentage of P. elaeisis was affected by S. frugiperda pupae age (p < 0.01; F = 5.3211; gl = 3) (Fig. 2A). However, it was not affected by the density of this parasitoid (p = 0.5142; F = 0.38; gl = 5) (Fig. 2B).

Figure 2.
Emergence (%) of Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) at (A) different host ages and (B) different parasitoid densities (25 ± 2°C, 60 to 80% 70 ± 10% relative humidity and 12 hours photoperiod).

The life cycle of P. elaeisis (egg-adult) was affected neither by parasitoid densities (p = 0.5236; F = 0.8662; gl = 5) nor by host ages (p = 0.05; gl = 3) (Table 1).

Table 1.
Biological variables (mean ± standard deviation) of Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in pupae of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with different parasitism and host age densities at 25 ± 2°C, 60 to 80% 70 ± 10% relative humidity and 12 hours photoperiod.

Evaluated parameters	Density (number of parasitoids)						Age of the host (hours)
	1	4	10	19	31	46	24	48	72	96
Life cycle (egg-adult)1	24.75 ± 4.02a	22.46 ± 1.47a	22.22 ± 0.8a	23.58 ± 3.28a	22.09 ± 1.07a	21.96 ± 1.11a	24.12 ± 2.69a2	21.63 ± 1.07a2	22.72 ± 2.96a2	22.56 ± 0.98a2
Number of progeny emerging1	58.53 ± 34.56a	113.26 ± 52.85a	196.7 ± 38.34a	178.71 ± 108.44a	174.68 ± 49.79a	136.1 ± 27.85a	129.75 ± 83.36a	191.76 ± 60.41a	105.89 ± 51.21a	130.87 ± 44.07a
Sex ratio 1	0.86 ± 0.12a	0.93 ± 0.07a	0.9 ± 0.05a	0.89 ± 0.06a	0.88 ± 0.09a	0.82 ± 0.06a	0.82 ± 0.07a	0.88 ± 0.06a	0.94 ± 0.04a	0.9 ± 0.09a
Female longevity (day)1	13.39 ± 4.61a	12.8 ± 3.82a	14.78 ± 3.17a	13.01 ± 2.94a	10.41 ± 2.05a	14.27 ± 4.17a	13.3 ± 3.95a	13.24 ± 2.76a	12.35 ± 4.76a	13.38 ± 2.93a
Length of the cephalic capsule (mm)1	0.54 ± 0.01a	0.53 ± 0.02a	0.52 ± 0.04a	0.45 ± 0.08a	0.47 ± 0.05a	0.45 ± 0.04a	0.53 ± 0.05a	0.5 ± 0.04a	0.46 ± 0.04a	0.49 ± 0.07a
Length of posterior tibia (mm)1	0.55 ± 0.08a	0.56 ± 0.03a	0.53 ± 0.05a	0.53 ± 0.05a	0.48 ± 0.04a	0.48 ± 0.04a	0.52 ± 0.06a	0.55 ± 0.04a	0.49 ± 0.06a	0.53 ± 0.05a

• ¹Means followed by the same letter in the line do not differ by Tukey test (p < 0.05); ²means followed by the same letter in the row did not differ among the Kruskal-Wallis test (p < 0.05).

The number of emerged individuals has not presented significant differences in relation nor to the densities (p = 0.11251; F = 2.0313; gl = 5) neither to the ages (p = 0.1466; F = 1.9901; gl = 3), ranging from 58.53 ± 34.56 to 196.7 ± 38.34 (Table 1).

Differences have not been observed in sex ratio regarding densities (p = 0.3931; F = 1.1061; gl = 5), neither in ages (p = 0.52; F = 3.0934; gl = 3), from 0.82 ± 0.07 to 9.4 ± 0.04 (Table 1).

Regarding longevity, differences have also not been observed due to tested P. elaeisis parasitism densities (p = 0.5901; F = 0.7610; gl = 5) nor S. frugiperda host ages (p = 0.9628; F = 0.093; gl = 3) (Table 1).

Differences in tibia length (p = 0.171; F = 1.7788; gl = 5) (p = 0.4442; F = 0.9328; gl = 3) and cephalic capsule (p = 0.2724; F = 1.4041; gl = 3) were not found in relation to the treatments (Table 1).

DISCUSSION

The pupae age of S. frugiperda have not reduced the rate of P. elaeisis parasitism. Thus, hosts pupae of varying ages can be efficiently parasitized by P. elaeisis. This is probably due to the ability to suppress immune response by immunomodulatory substances from their ovary placed in the host during oviposition (ANDRADE et al., 2010). The parasitoid Brachymeria lasus (Walker, 1841) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) did not discriminate pupae by age either, and it could be an adaptive and advantageous behavior of these insects in a condition of low density of the host (HUSNI; HONDA, 2001).

The greatest increase of parasitism of P. elaeisis observed indicates that the best density of P. elaeisis in pupae of S. ­frugiperda is 10:1 or above. Lower number of parasitoids within the host can better exploit the nutritional resources of the pupae (CHONG; OETTING, 2006). However, hosts may present defense mechanisms to parasitoids such as encapsulation of eggs by hemocytes (defense cells) (STRAND, 2008), and the increase in the density of parasitism may reduce pupal defense due to substances released by female specimens during oviposition (UÇKAN et al., 2004; LI et al., 2007). Pupae of A. gemmatalis presented reduction in the number of hemocytes circulating in the hemolymph with the increase of the parasitoid density (ANDRADE et al., 2010).

The higher emergence rate of the P. elaeisis progeny from pupae with 24 and 48 hours shows that these ages are more adequate for reared of the parasitoids. However, PEREIRA et al. (2009) found higher emergence rate at B. mori pupae ages at 48 to 72 hours. The emergence of parasitoids is related to the combination of acceptability and survival of the offspring in the host (ABE, 2009). According to the literature, the observed difference may be related to the nutritional quality of the hosts, because the availability of nutrients decreases in the early stages of development, and due to physiological and morphological changes that may influence host adequacy by parasitoids (WANG; LIU, 2002). The percentage of emergence of P. elaeisis was not affected by its density, what suggests that S. frugiperda was a suitable host for maintenance of this parasitoid, because no effects of superparasitism or competition for space and food were observed, even in higher parasitism densities.

The development duration of P. elaeisis with different parasitoid densities and host age of S. frugiperda from 21.63 ± 1.07 to 24.75 ± 0.02 days was similar to that observed in A. gemmatalis pupae exposed to different densities of parasitoids, with 20 to 22 days (PASTORI et al., 2012).

The similarity between the number of individuals emerged from P. elaeisis at different densities of parasitism and host age indicates food adequacy even at higher densities and with advancement of the host age and low defense capacity against the parasitoid. In previous studies with alternative hosts, 70.07 ± 2.50 individuals of P. elaeisis were found per pupa of T. molitor (ZANUNCIO et al., 2008) and 111.60 ± 2.19 per pupae of Diatraea saccharalis (CHICHERA et al., 2012). These results suggest that pupae of S. frugiperda have potential to be used as alternative hosts for P. elaeisis production.

The sex ratio of P. elaeisis similar to parasitoid densities and host ages infers that the egg laying rate per female of P. elaeisis was adequate to the host without superparasitism (HUSNI; HONDA, 2001; CHONG; OETTING, 2006). Similar values ​of sexual ratio for P. elaeisis (0.89) were observed in pupae of S. frugiperda (BITTENCOURT; BERTI FILHO, 1999). The values found were considered high and important for the system of mass rearing and release of parasitoids in the field (AMALIN et al., 2005; VREYSEN; ROBINSON, 2011). In addition, higher values ​of sex ratio favor the retention of parasitoids in the field, and the high proportion of females in the releases is an important factor for an efficient biological control (VACARI et al., 2012).

Host age and density of parasitism do not affect longevity, showing adequacy in the development of the parasitoid in the host. It is expected that greater longevity favors the efficiency of biological control, being one of the important requirements for the quality control in mass rearing (VAN LENTEREN, 2000).

The similarity in tibia length at different densities of parasitoids and host ages is probably due to the similar competition of the larvae by nutrients and absence of superparasitism in this host. In the reared of natural enemies, it is expected to obtain individuals with greater body size, because they have positive correlation with quality indicators such as longevity, copula preference, fecundity, reproductive longevity, progeny emergence and sex ratio, which may indicate parasitoid efficiency (PASTORI et al., 2012).

The 10:1 density of individuals of P. elaeisis displayed adequate parasitism results, and further increase density in the mass rearing has not been required. Pupae of S. frugiperda with 24 and 48 hours of age had higher percentage of emergence of parasitoids. The biological variables of P. elaeisis were affected neither by the parasitoid densities nor by the age of the host

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

To the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) and the Foundation of Support Research of the State of Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) This study was financed in part by the Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) - Finance Code 001

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  30 May 2019
• Date of issue
  2019

History

• Received
  12 Sept 2017
• Accepted
  10 Dec 2018