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Dynamics of rotating non-linear thin-walled composite beams: analysis of modeling uncertainties

Abstract

In this article a non-linear model for dynamic analysis of rotating thin-walled composite beams is introduced. The theory is deduced in the context of classic variational principles and the finite element method is employed to discretize and furnish a numerical approximation to the motion equations. The model considers shear flexibility as well as non-linear inertial terms, Coriolis' effects, among others. The clamping stiffness of the beam to the rotating hub is modeled through a set of spring factors. The model serves as a mean deterministic basis to the studies of stochastic dynamics, which are the objective of the present article. Uncertainties should be considered in order to improve the predictability of a given modeling scheme. In a rotating structural system, uncertainties are present due to a number of facts, namely, loads, material properties, etc. In this study the uncertainties are incorporated in the beam-to-hub connection (i.e. the connection angle and the springs) and the rotating velocity. The probability density functions of the uncertain parameters are derived employing the Maximum Entropy Principle. Different numerical studies are conducted to show the main characteristics of the uncertainty propagation in the dynamics of rotating composite beams.

Non-linear beams; dynamics; uncertainties; stochastic modeling; rotating composite beams


TECHNICAL PAPERS

Impiovan@frbb.utn.edu.ar Centro de Investigaciones en Mecánica Teórica y Aplicada, UTN-FRBB, Argentina

IIrsampaio@puc-rio.br Department of Mechanical Engineering, PUC-Rio, Brazil

IIIjosemramire@gmail.com Centro de Investigaciones en Mecánica Teórica y Aplicada, UTN-FRBB, Argentina

ABSTRACT

In this article a non-linear model for dynamic analysis of rotating thin-walled composite beams is introduced. The theory is deduced in the context of classic variational principles and the finite element method is employed to discretize and furnish a numerical approximation to the motion equations. The model considers shear flexibility as well as non-linear inertial terms, Coriolis' effects, among others. The clamping stiffness of the beam to the rotating hub is modeled through a set of spring factors. The model serves as a mean deterministic basis to the studies of stochastic dynamics, which are the objective of the present article. Uncertainties should be considered in order to improve the predictability of a given modeling scheme. In a rotating structural system, uncertainties are present due to a number of facts, namely, loads, material properties, etc. In this study the uncertainties are incorporated in the beam-to-hub connection (i.e. the connection angle and the springs) and the rotating velocity. The probability density functions of the uncertain parameters are derived employing the Maximum Entropy Principle. Different numerical studies are conducted to show the main characteristics of the uncertainty propagation in the dynamics of rotating composite beams.

Keywords: Non-linear beams, dynamics, uncertainties, stochastic modeling, rotating composite beams

Introduction

Rotating beams play an important role in the modeling of engineering structures such as turbine blades, airplane propellers and robot manipulators, among others. This subject has been investigated with different levels of intensity and depth, at least, over the last four decades. A historical revision about generally rotating beams can be found in the works of and . In these papers, many epoch-making works are listed as well as recent investigations about rotating beams made of isotropic metallic materials and even composite materials. showed that the appropriate consideration of non-linear strain-displacement relationships plays an important role in the correct modeling of the geometric stiffening of flexible beams. It is important to mention that the geometric stiffening has a remarkable effect on the dynamics of rotating and non-rotating beams. Moreover in rotating beams the geometric stiffening is not only due to non-linear strain-displacement relations but also due to centrifugal and Coriolis' effects ( and ).

In order to improve the predictability of structural models, different types of mechanical hypotheses have been introduced in the mathematical formulation in the context of deterministic behavior. However, many parameters involved in the formulation, such as modulus of elasticity, density, forces, geometrical measures can be uncertain due to a number of facts such as material production, system construction, system operation and so on. Under these circumstances the quantification of the uncertainty introduced in the mechanics of composite structures plays a crucial role. Many articles addressing uncertainty topics in beam structures were published. studied the stochastic dynamics of beams subjected to axial loads. as well as studied the reliability of rotating beams with uncertain material properties, uncertain geometric parameters and random rotating speed. studied the effect of uncertainty on the boundary conditions of Timoshenko beams.

There are many papers devoted to dynamic analysis of composite beams, for both rotating and non-rotating conditions, and in some papers, several aspects of uncertainty were tackled. analyzed the non-linear dynamics of a rotating thin-walled composite beam. In their paper, the method of multiple scales was employed to obtain the equations with which evaluate the steady responses and their stability. studied the dynamics of composite beams subjected to random moving loads. evaluated the effect of flexure-torsion coupling in the dynamics of rotating composite beams subjected to non-stationary random excitation. analyzed the stochastic response of an axially loaded thin-walled beam with closed cross-section. analyzed the aeroelastic response of helicopter blades with random material properties.

The purpose of the present paper is to analyze the stochastic dynamics of rotating thin-walled composite beams that have uncertain parameters, and to investigate the propagation of the uncertainty in the dynamic model. A shear deformable linear model of composite thin-walled beams developed by is here extended in order to incorporate large rotations and arbitrary axial deformations as well as uncertainty. The uncertainty in the data is considered to be in the connection between the beam and the hub, the elastic connection given by two springs and the orientation beam-hub given by an angle, and in the motion of the beam, which will be described later. The Maximum Entropy Principle (MEP) is employed to construct the probability density function of the model Soize2001, but since no information about correlation of the uncertain parameters is known the MEP says the parameters are uncorrelated. Then a probabilistic model is constructed with the available information for each of the random parameters, since they are independent, using again the Maximum Entropy Principle. With the probabilistic model of the data the propagation of uncertainty is carried out by means of the Monte Carlo method. Although the type of structural member in consideration has the main source of uncertainty in the material properties and the distribution of the reinforcement fibers, the present study is focused on the analysis of uncertainty propagation due to parameters such as stiffness angles, accelerations, velocities, etc. The propagation of the uncertainty in the material properties and laminate features will be part of future research.

Nomenclature

= beam domains: area, length and volume

= shell elastic properties

= elasticity moduli of the material

= elastic or mass beam properties

= spring stiffness at hub-to-beam connection

= reference center of the frames

= shell forces

= longitudinal and lateral displacement of the bar

= generic random variable

F = force vector

Pj = material point

U = displacement vector

[C]= damping matrix

[K],[KG] = elastic and geometric stiffness matrices

[M],[G] = mass and gyroscopic matrices

Greek Symbols

= clamping angle

= prescribed rotation of the whole beam

= material density

= rotation parameter of the cross-section

Mathematical Model

In Fig. 1 one can see a sketch of a rotating beam undergoing arbitrary in-plane rotations, where {OB : xyz}, {OR : xRyRzR} and {OR : xGyGzG} are the local beam frame, rotating frame and inertial fixed frame, respectively. The rotation of the beam is characterized by means of a prescribed rotation around the -axis. is the angle that identifies the deviation of the beam axis with respect to the radial direction in the point of the beam-to-hub connection. The cross-section has a doubly symmetric closed contour constructed with layered fiber-reinforced plastic laminates whose mechanics is measured according to the intrinsic frame {OC : xsn}, as shown in Fig. 2.



In order to simplify the model and to concentrate in the stochastic study, the constitutive equations of the composite stacking sequences will be constrained to the cases of especially orthotropic laminates and/or symmetric balanced laminates. With this stacking sequences the possible elastic-constitutive couplings between in-plane (i.e in the plane of rotation) and out-of-plane and/or twisting motions are consistently canceled or, at least, constrained to a negligible amount. The shear strains across the thickness of the wall are neglected as a common assumption in the context of thin-walled modeling. Under these circumstances the stress-strain equations can be reduced to the following form:

In Eq. (1) Nxx and Nxs are membrane forces whereas Mxx and Mxs are shell moments defined according to Eq. (2). On the other hand, and are shell strains and shell curvatures.

The coefficients and are modified elastic coefficients of the shell, re-defined according to . According to the configuration selected, one can prove Cortinez2002 that, for closed cross-sections, the expressions of the effective longitudinal (E*) and transversal (G*) elasticity moduli can be written in terms of the laminate elastic coefficients as:

In Eq. (2) and Eq. (3) e is the thickness of the wall, which is assumed constant and deterministic in this paper.

For a beam rotating around the ZG-axis, the position vector of a generic point P, of the beam domain, with respect to the inertial frame and with respect to the rotating frame may be written as:

where:

In Eq. (5), ux and uy are the displacements of a generic point of the deformed configuration measured with respect to the local frame {OD : xyz}, that is:

The variables and are the extensional displacement, lateral displacement and bending rotation of the cross-section, respectively. As one can easily see, Eq. (6) is describing a typical shear-deformable, or Timoshenko's formulation.

According to the nomenclature of thin-walled beams, the coordinates of a point in the cross-sectional plane, let's say B (y,z), can be defined in the intrinsic frame {OC : xsn} as:

where Y(s) and Z(s) are the coordinates of the middle line of the shell contour.

Taking into account the definition of the Lagrangian strain tensor and the Eq. (6), one can obtain the relevant components of the strain tensor as:

For convenience in the algebraic handling, the strain components of Eq. (8) should be transformed and described in the intrinsic frame {A : xsn}, that is, and , which can be written in the following form:

with

The velocity vector of a generic point can be obtained from (4) in the following form:

where:

In Eqs. (8), (11) and in the following paragraphs, dots and apostrophes identify derivatives with respect to time and space (i.e.x), respectively.

Now the total potential energy (composed of strain energy and energy stored by root stiffness) and the kinetic energy of a composite rotating beam can be described as:

where [EM] = diag [E*,G*], whereas E*, G* and are the Young's modulus, shear modulus and material density, respectively. E* and G* are given in Eq. (3). In order to account for the effective shear stress distribution according to a first-order-shear beam formulation, the shear modulus can be affected by the factor , which is a class of Timoshenko's shear coefficient that can be consistently calculated, for composite beams, following the methodology given by or .

Now, substituting Eqs. (8) and (11) into Eq. (13), one obtains:

where for simplification purposes, and and:

In order to calculate the elastic and inertial properties of the cross-section, one should employ in Eq. (16) the definitions given in Eq. (7). For more details, the interested reader should see .

The non-linear equations of motion can be derived by means of the Hamilton's principle, i.e.:

where UDR is the reduced strain energy derived from Eq. (14) in which the double underlined terms are assumed negligible as in other papers devoted to study rotating beam made of isotropic materials Trindade2002. This viewpoint is consistently discussed in a study of the geometric stiffening effect in flexible beams carried out by . If all underlined terms of Eq. (14) are removed, a linear formulation is obtained.

Finite Element Discretization

Computational models can be constructed through the discretization of the Eq. (17) by an appropriate scheme. The discretization is carried out using a 2-node finite element with three kinematic variables at each node. Lagrange linear shape functions (Nu), cubic shape functions (Nu) and quadratic shape functions are employed for axial displacements, lateral displacements and bending rotations, respectively, i.e:

where:

Le is the length of the generic element, and are defined as:

The shape functions of Nv and (that correspond to a Timoshenko's beam theory or to a typical first-order shear deformable beam theory) are thoroughly introduced in the works of and . On the one hand, the interpolating functions give a consistent integration of the equations of a shear-deformable isotropic beam, as one can see in the aforementioned references. On the other hand, it was shown that they can be useful also for shear-deformable composite beams Piovan2007. In both cases, avoiding the shear-locking effect. Moreover, Nv and can also be employed to approximate the solution of a Bernoulli-Euler beam equation, because the interpolating functions may be reduced to cubic and quadratic Hermite's polynomials, if the condition of infinite shear stiffness (or ) is invoked Przemi1968.

Now, substituting Eq. (18) in Eqs. (14) and (15), after performing the conventional steps of variational calculus in Eq. (17) one gets the equation for a single finite element in the following form:

where

After the assembling process one gets the following expression:

where [M] is the global mass matrix, [C] is the global gyroscopic matrix, [K] is the global elastic stiffness matrix, [KG] is the global geometric stiffness matrix, [KD] corresponds to the stiffness induced by the rotation of the beam and F is the global vector of dynamical forces. One may notice that [KD] is not symmetric due to the presence of the term proportional to the angular acceleration .

The matrix [C] can be modified in order to account for "a posteriori" structural damping, i.e.:

In the previous equation, [G] is the global gyroscopic matrix, whereas [CRD] is the system proportional damping matrix, which is calculated as:

The coefficients and can be computed from modal damping coefficients (namely, and , from experiments) for the first and second frequencies according to the common methodology presented in the bibliography, related to finite element procedures Bathe1982 and vibration analysis Meirovitch1997. Remember that [M] is the global mass matrix and [K] is the global elastic stiffness matrix. The Matlab Odesuite is employed to numerically simulate the finite element model, for this reason Eq. (28) is represented in the following form:

where:

Equation (31) is subjected to the initial condition W = W0.

Probabilistic Model

In this article the Maximum Entropy Principle (MEP) is employed in order to construct the probabilistic model for the uncertain parameters. Three parameters related to the beam-to-hub connection will be chosen as uncertain: the springs stiffness ( and ) at the hub, the connection angle . Also three parameters connected with the rotational angle will be considered uncertain. These parameters characterize the angular acceleration of the angular velocity. Depending on the type of rotating law associated with angle one or two kinematic parameters are introduced. The stiffnesses will be considered unbounded positive random variables and the two angles bounded random variables. The random variables V1, V2, and V3, related to constructive aspects, as well as random variables V4, V5 and V6, related to the kinematics, are introduced to construct the probability models. The random variables V1 and V2 identify the hub stiffnessess and , V3 is associated with the connection angle , whereas random variable V4 identifies the parameter of a rotation rule with constant acceleration/deceleration segments, and finally random variables V5 and V6 identify time and opening angle parameters of a rotation law with smooth variation. Depending on the type of rotational law involved a probabilistic model with four (V1, V2, V3 and V4) or five (V1, V2, V3, V5 and V6) random variables will be employed. The available information to prepare the probabilistic model is that the mean value of each random variable is known, i.e. , and that each random parameter is considered positive. Then, using the MEP and the information that the random variables Vi, i = 1,...,6 are supposed to be positive, the MEP gives the result that they must be independent. Consequently, the probability density function for random variables V1 and V2, using the MEP, leads to Ritto2008,Soize2001:

where and are the dispersion parameter and the mean value of the random variable is the support function of the random variable and is the gamma function defined for . The dispersion parameters and are confined in the range . This is due to V1 and V2 must be random variables of second order. Since V3 and V4 and V5 and V6 are bounded the MEP says they are distributed uniformly. Thus, the distribution of random variables Vi, i = 3,...,6 can be written in the following generic form:

where is the generic support function, whereas and are the lower and upper limits of the random variable Vi. Once again and are the dispersion parameter and the mean value of the random variable Vi, i = 3,...,6.

The Matlab function gamrnd can be used to generate the realizations of the random variables V1, and V2, according to Eq. (33), whereas the function unifrnd can be used to generate realizations for the random variables .

Then, employing Eq. (33) and Eq. (34) into the finite element model given in Eq. (28) and then in Eqs. (31)-(32), the stochastic finite element model is finally written as:

with:

where, the bar over the vectors and matrices identifies the random coefficient. Thus, the stiffness matrix is random due to the presence of random variables V1 and V2, whereas matrix is random due to random variables V3 and V4 (or V5 and V6 depending on the case). The matrix is random due to V4 (or V5 and V6) and due to the random characteristics of . The geometric stiffness matrix is random due to the random nature of the displacements . The force vector is random due to random variables V3 and V4 (or V5 and V6).

The Monte Carlo method is used to simulate the stochastic dynamics, which implies the integration of a deterministic system for each realization of random variables Vi, i = 1,...,6. Recall that the probabilistic model can be of four or five random variables depending on the rotation rule selected. In order to control the quality of the simulation process within a prescribed level of approximation, the mean-square convergence of the stochastic response has to be evaluated. The convergence is calculated appealing to the following function:

where NMS is the number of Monte Carlo samplings.

Numerical Studies

For the numerical studies a composite box-beam with rectangular cross-section is employed. The measures of the cross-section are such that and the wall-thickness is . The beam is constructed with graphite fiber reinforced epoxy resin AS4/3501, whose material properties are: E1 = 144 GPa, E2 = 9.65 GPa, G12 = 4.14 GPa, G13 = 4.14 GPa, G23 = 3.45 GPa,. The considered laminate schemes are 0/0/0/0, 0/90/90/0 and 45/-45/-45/45. For qualitative comparison purposes the configuration of the rotating beam and the hub radius is restricted to L + R0 = 1.2m with R0/L[0.2,1.0].

In the following examples, models of 20 finite elements are employed to perform the deterministic calculations of each realization in the Monte Carlo Method. It was shown Piovan2003 that with the interpolation functions of Eq. (19) in the finite elements, it is needed a mesh of no more than 20 elements in order to achieve a precision of 99% in the first six natural frequencies. Another important topic is to ensure the convergence of the Monte Carlo simulation in the sense of the norm given by Eq. (37). A convergence analysis was performed for a given set of dispersion parameters, and it was verified that the approximation converges for NMS= 400 for a prescribed precision of 99%, although in some cases even with NMS = 200 it is possible to reach the prescribed precision. In Fig. 3 it is possible to see an example of the convergence in the sense of the mean-square.


Among many studies that can be performed in rotating beams with uncertain properties, the present analysis of uncertainty in rotating beam dynamics is focused on the transient vibrations according to given rules in the positioning angle and how the uncertainties propagate to the response.

The first case corresponds to a beam that rotates following the rule:

where A = V4 is a uniform random variable. In Fig. 4 one can see the tip lateral displacement of a rotating beam constructed with the stacking sequence 0/0/0/0, with R0/L = 0.2 and the following mean values in the random parameters: . The stochastic simulation was performed with 400 samplings and a coefficient of variation . Clearly, is the standard deviation of Vi, i = 1,...,4. In Fig. 5 one can see the same response of the previous figure but for coefficient of variation . In both figures, the upper and lower bounds of the 98% confidence interval are shown.



Other studies were carried out by analyzing the propagation of uncertainty due to the aforementioned random variables, but one by one separately. For example in Fig. 6(a) one can see the influence of only the random variable V3 (i.e. clamping angle ), whereas in Fig. 6(b) one can see the influence of solely the random variable V4 (i.e. the speed of the positioning angle). In both cases the same variation coefficient was employed. It is noticeable that the propagation of the uncertainty due to the positioning angle parameter is the most relevant and the uncertainty due to the stiffness parameters at the beam-to-hub connection is not quite relevant.



The previous analysis was done for a rotating beam with a step-wise acceleration, which depending on the case could have a high oscillatory response, with high stress gradients that could eventually lead to failure. Other type of rotation rules can avoid high oscillatory response if the acceleration, velocity and position angle can vary smoothly like in the following rule:

In Eq. (39), two possible sources of uncertainties can be taken into account. The first can be identified as the spread angle , and the second can be recognized as the positioning time T0. These sources of uncertainty are here considered with random variables V5 and V6 having uniform distribution. Also, random variables V5 and V6 are independent and not correlated. Then, the probabilistic model for this case has in common with the previous study the random variables V1, V2 and V3.

In Fig. 7 one can see the stochastic transient response of composite beam with the same features of the previous study for variation coefficient in all random variables, i.e. V1, V2, V3, V5 and V6. The mean values of the random variables V5 and V6 are . In Fig. 8 the stochastic response for a variation coefficient is shown. In both figures the upper and lower bounds of the 95% confidence interval are included.



As well as in the previous example with the step-wise acceleration rule, in the case of Eq. (39) the influence of different random variables in the propagation of the uncertain response was evaluated. Thus, in Fig. 9(a) one can see the influence of only random variable V3 for a variation coefficient ; on the other hand, in Fig. 9(b) one can see the uncertainty propagation related to random variables V5 and V6, also with a variation coefficient . In both cases the 95% confidence interval was included. The difference between the cases are remarkable. A comparison between Fig. 9 and Fig. 8(a) implies that the uncertainty in the response can propagate more due to kinematic parameters (actually, V5 and V6) than due to geometric parameters (actually, V3 or V1 and V2).



Conclusions

In this paper some aspects related to the uncertain dynamics of rotating composite non-linear beams have been addressed. The present study has been restricted within the context of the elastic behavior of a composite structure. The effect of the uncertain parameters such as beam-to-hub connection stiffness, angle of clamping and positioning angle (speed and/or acceleration) has been studied. From the different studies carried out some points should be remarked:

• The propagation of uncertainty in the tip displacement of the transient response, due to stiffness parameters and , is very small.

• The propagation of uncertainty due to the random variable associated with the angle of the beam-to-hub connection is more important than the influence of the uncertainty in the stiffness parameters.

• The propagation of uncertainties due to the random variables associated with the positioning angle (as well as angular velocity and/or acceleration) is quite remarkable.

• The propagation of uncertainty in the transient response due to the clamping parameters altogether is small in comparison to the uncertainty propagation associated with the positioning angle (velocity, acceleration) parameters.

Other features of the model itself can be subjected to uncertainty, as for example the orientation of the reinforcing fibers or the uncertainty of material constituents (elasticity modulus, material density, etc.). On the one hand, many of these parameters can be treated as random variables, although there is an uncertainty related to the model and in this context a more sophisticated analysis tool should be employed, for example the non-parametric probabilistic approach. On the other hand, the material properties along the beam can vary due to uncertainties in the composite fabrics and the construction process; that leads to a stochastic field, then Markov-chain and Monte Carlo method should be taken into consideration to face at this particular problem. However, these topics are the matter of ongoing works.

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the following Argentinean and Brazilian institutions: Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Secretaría de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPQ) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ).

Paper accepted March, 2011.

Technical Editor: Domingos

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  • Dynamics of rotating non-linear thin-walled composite beams: analysis of modeling uncertainties

    Marcelo T. PiovanI; Rubens SampaioII; Jose M. RamirezIII
  • Publication Dates

    • Publication in this collection
      24 July 2013
    • Date of issue
      2012
    Associação Brasileira de Engenharia e Ciências Mecânicas - ABCM Av. Rio Branco, 124 - 14. Andar, 20040-001 Rio de Janeiro RJ - Brazil, Tel.: +55 21 2221-0438, Fax: +55 21 2509-7129 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil
    E-mail: abcm@abcm.org.br