Rupture of ectopic renal arterial pseudoaneurysm after percutaneous nephrolithotomy

ABSTRACT

A 35-year-old female patient presented with swelling pain at left waist for 1 month. Left renal pelvis stones were found and standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy was successfully performed. Two weeks later, the patient suddenly suffered massive bleeding presented with gross hematuria. Rupture of ectopic renal artery pseudoaneurysm was identified by computed tomography and angiography of the renal artery. Emergency selective angioembolization of one branch of the artery was performed. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ruptured ectopic renal arterial pseudoaneurysm.

DESCRIPTION OF CASE

A 35-year-old female patient presented with back pain for 1 month. Plain computed tomography (CT) scan showed a stone measuring 3.2*1.6cm and a smaller one located in the left renal pelvis (Figure-1).

Figure 1
Left renal stone, measuring 3.2*1.6cm.

One experienced surgeon performed standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy. After general anesthesia, percutaneous renal access was obtained under ultrasound with an 18-gauge needle. Tract dilatation was accomplished using balloon dilator of 24F. The stone was fragmented utilizing an ultrasonic lithotripter through a rigid 24F nephroscope. A 20F nephrostomy tube was inserted after the successful completion of the procedure. The nephrostomy tube and urinary catheter were removed 1 week postoperatively. Unfortunately, 2 weeks after operation, the patient suddenly suffered massive bleeding presented with gross hematuria. Her blood hemoglobin decreased to 7.2g/L. CT angiography identified an ectopic renal artery leading to a pseudoaneurysm which appeared to be in the pathway of the access tract (Figure-2). Emergency selective angioembolization of this branch was performed in conjunction with the angiogram confirming rupture and pseudoaneurysm of the ectopic branch artery (Figure-3).

Figure 2
One ectopic renal artery was found in CT angiography of the left renal artery, and a branch of this artery was near the renal access.

Figure 3
Rupture of one branch of the ectopic renal artery angiography.

Arterial pseudoaneurisms have occurred as consequence of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (¹). Gavant et al. firstly described rupture of renal pseudoaneurysm as a complication of percutaneous nephrostomy (²). It was reported that pseudoaneurysm after percutaneous renal surgery was the most common angiographic finding (³). The access route to the stone has a major impact on the incidence of the complication, causing pseudo-aneurisms or arterio-venous fistulae. Because of the trajectory of the access-tract between arterial and venous channels in the upper and mid-pole arterial-venous fistula-formation may occur. This trajectory is different for a subcostal and intercostal approach, hence a different rate of attendant complications (⁴). However, rupture of ectopic renal arterial pseudoaneurysm is very rare, so much care should be taken for this kind of patient.

REFERENCES

• ¹
  Lang EK, Earhardt V. Arterial pseudoaneurysm after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. J Urol. 2005;173:1366.
• ²
  Gavant ML, Gold RE, Church JC. Delayed rupture of renal pseudoaneurysm: complication of percutaneous nephrostomy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1982;138:948-9.
• ³
  Richstone L, Reggio E, Ost MC, Seideman C, Fossett LK, Okeke Z, et al. First Prize (tie): Hemorrhage following percutaneous renal surgery: characterization of angiographic findings. J Endourol. 2008;22:1129-35.
• ⁴
  Lang E, Thomas R, Davis R, Colon I, Allaf M, Hanano A, et al. Risks, advantages, and complications of intercostal vs subcostal approach for percutaneous nephrolithotripsy. Urology. 2009;74:751-5.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Jul-Aug 2016

History

• Received
  11 Jan 2015
• Accepted
  22 Feb 2016