Calcareous seaweed flour in the diet of Japanese quails and its effects on egg conservation

Farinha de alga calcária na dieta de codornas japonesas e seus efeitos na conservação de ovos

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of including levels of calcareous seaweed flour in replacement for calcite limestone on the diet under egg conservation at different storage periods. 140 Japanese quails were used in a completely randomized experiment consisting of a 4x4 factorial design. The factorial design was four inclusions of calcareous seaweed (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) and four storage periods (zero, seven, 14, and 21 days) with ten replications of three eggs each. The egg quality variables were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using Tukey test and polynomial regression at a 5% significance level. There was no interaction effect between the factor's storage time and inclusion of calcareous seaweed (p>0.05). There was an increasing linear effect on shell weight and thickness in relation to inclusion levels of calcareous seaweed. There was an individual effect of egg storage time (p>0.05) on egg weight, yolk color, albumen and yolk height, yolk weight and percentage, albumen, yolk index, yolk diameter, specific gravity, and Haugh unit. The inclusion of up to 30% of calcareous seaweed in replacement for calcite limestone in the diet of Japanese quails improves the weight and thickness of eggshells but does not influence the conservation of the eggs up to 21 days of storage.

Keywords:
storage; quail farming; conservation; shell thickness; organic minerals

RESUMO

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da inclusão de níveis de farinha de alga calcária em substituição ao calcário calcítico na dieta sob a conservação de ovos em diferentes períodos de armazenamento. Foram utilizadas 140 codornas japonesas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado composto por um fatorial 4x4. Sendo 4 inclusões de alga calcária (0%, 10%, 20% e 30%) e 4 períodos de armazenamento (0, 7, 14 e 21dias) com dez repetições de três ovos em cada. Foram avaliadas as variáveis de qualidade de ovos das aves. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância utilizando o teste de Tukey e regressão polinomial ao nível de 5% de significância. Não houve efeito da interação entre os fatores tempo de armazenamento e inclusão de alga calcárea (p>0,05). Houve efeito linear crescente no peso e espessura da casca em relação aos níveis de inclusão de alga calcárea. Houve efeito individual do tempo de armazenamento dos ovos (p>0,05) sobre parâmetros peso de ovo, coloração da gema, altura de albúmen e gema, peso e porcentagem da gema, albúmen, índice de gema, diâmetro de gema, gravidade especifica e unidade Haugh. A inclusão de até 30 % de alga calcária em substituição ao calcário calcítico na dieta codornas japonesas aprimora o peso e a espessura da casca do ovo, mas não influencia na conservação dos ovos até 21 dias de armazenamento.

Palavras-chaves:
armazenamento; coturnicultura; conservação; espessura da casca; minerais orgânicos

INTRODUCTION

Quail farming is considered an alternative activity for small producers due to its low initial investment, use of small areas, and low labor (BITTENCOURT et al., 2019; VALENTIM et al., 2019). However, over the years, this activity has grown and has ensured good returns to rural producers (FERNANDES et al., 2018; FERRONATO et al., 2020).

Among the difficulties found in the production of quails, we can mention the quality of eggs, most notably the quality of shells, which is affected by bird age, bird nutrition, and heat stress (SILVA et al., 2018). It is possible to evaluate this parameter in the field, where shell thickness, shell percentage and shell weight are measured (LEMOS et al., 2017).

The shell quality is also directly related to storage in the case of unrefrigerated eggs kept at room temperature because of the porosity of the shell. Through evaporation, shells lose CO₂ and water to the environment, reducing egg weight (HENRIQUES et al., 2018). To maintain egg integrity, it is recommended that soon after the procedures on the farm the eggs be stored in a refrigeration system (CARVALHO et al., 2003). However, often the logistics of conservation and transport of eggs do not allow for a quick storage process.

In order to reduce egg losses due to shell quality and integrity, calcareous seaweed flour is used. It is considered a mineral linked to an organic molecule. Marine algae calcareae have a high content of mineral elements from the marine environment, in addition to a high amount of nutritive substances (ARAÚJO et al., 2020).

Algae calcareae (Lithothamnium calcareum) is a source of macro- and microminerals at varying concentrations depending on the location, season, and depth they are found. They are a source of calcium and magnesium that acts as a substitute for calcite limestone (MELO et al., 2009). As Souza et al. (2015) reported, calcite mineral supplementation improves eggshell thickness and consequently breakage resistance, suggesting that eggs may have a longer shelf life.

The aim of this study is thus to evaluate the influence of including levels of calcareous seaweed flour in replacement for calcite limestone on the diet under egg conservation at different storage periods.

MATHERIAL AND METHODS

The experiment was conducted in the quail breeding sector of the Federal University of Grande Dourados. The procedures and handling of animals were conducted under the approval of the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals (CEUA) of the University Center of Grande Dourados (Unigran/Dourados) under protocol CEUA no. 052/18. In the pre-experimental phase 140 Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) with 200 days of age, average weight of 120 g and average laying rate of 85% were used.

The birds were housed in cages placed in lines arranged in parallel over five floors. The dimensions of cages were 25 cm width, 35 cm length, and 20 cm height, corresponding to an area of 175 cm²/bird housed. Feeders were of chute type and drinkers of nipple type. The algae calcareae were purchased from a trading company.

The feed used was formulated according to the requirements of Rostagno et al. (2011) (Table 1).

Table 1
Nutritional and diet composition provided to birds during the experimental period

Ingredient (%)	Replacement percentage of algae calcareae (%)
	0	10	20	30
Ground corn	54.17	54.17	54.17	54.17
Soybean meal	34.7	34.7	34.7	34.7
Calcium carbonate	7.01	6.309	5.608	4.907
Dicalcium phosphate	1.15	1.15	1.15	1.15
Salt	0.36	0.36	0.36	0.36
Premix1	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5
Soy oil	1.11	1.11	1.11	1.11
Algae calcareae	0.00	0.701	1.402	2.103
Total	100	100	100	100
Calculated nutritional composition
GE (Kcal/Kg)	2,800.00	2,800.00	2,800.00	2,800.00
Crude protein (%)	19.46	19.46	19.46	19.46
Digestible lysine (%)	1.080	1.080	1.080	1.080
Methionine + Cystine (%)	0.94	0.94	0.94	0.94
Digest. tryptophan (%)	0.23	0.23	0.23	0.23
Digest. Threonine (%)	0.68	0.68	0.68	0.68
Calcium (%)	3.07	3.0617	3.053	3.045
Available phosphorus   (%)	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30
Sodium (%)	0.16	0.16	0.16	0.16
Crude fiber (%)	2.74	2.74	2.74	2.74

• ¹
  Minimum levels per kg of premix: Folic Acid (min.) 900.0 mg; Pantothenic Acid (min.) 12,000.00 mg; Biotin (min.) 77.0 mg; Calcium (min. - max.) 130.0 - 143.7 g; Niacin (min.) 40,000.0 mg; Selenium (min.) 370.0 mg; Vitamin A (min.) 8,800,000.0 IU; Vitamin B1 (min.) 2,500.0 mg; growth vitamin 0.04 g; antioxidant 0.02 g; Mn 75 mg; Zn 50 mg; Cu 8 mg; I 0.75 mg; Fe 50 mg. Copper (min.) 7,0000.0 mg; iron (min.) 50.0 g; iodine (min.) 1,500.0 mg; manganese (min.) 67.5 g; zinc (min.) 45.6 g.

Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Table 2 shows the chemical composition of algae calcareae and calcite limestone as reported by Dias et al. (2000).

Table 2
Chemical composition of algae calcareae and calcite limestone

Chemical composition	Algae calcareae	Calcite limestone
Ash (%)	95.00	97.7
Calcium (%)	32.39	39.9
Magnesium (%)	5.00	0.32
Sulfur (%)	0.25	-----
Sodium (%)	0.13	-----
Potassium (%)	0.01	-----
Chlorine (%)	0.10	-----
Phosphorus (%)	0.02	-----
Boron (ppm)	10.00	-----
Iron (ppm)	125.00	90.00
Copper (ppm)	725.00	-----
Zinc (ppm)	5.50	-----
Manganese (ppm)	10.00	-----
Molybdenum (ppm)	2.50	-----
Selenium (ppm)	0.50	-----
Iodine (ppm)	6.00	-----

The experiment was completely randomized in a 4x4 factorial design with four diets (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) and four storage periods (0, 7, 14, and 21 days), with ten replications of three eggs each, totaling 480 eggs analyzed. Egg quality evaluations were conducted in a natural environment.

After two experimental periods of 28 days each, egg collections were conducted for egg storage, which was carried out in a room with natural ventilation, free from direct sunlight, in a dry and ventilated place, with a minimum and maximum temperature of 32.8 °C and 21.9 °C, respectively, and maximum RH of 69% and minimum RH of 41.5%.

Eggs quality

Eggs were stored according to treatment in order to subsequently perform egg quality analyses and obtain the following quality data: egg weight, egg specific gravity (g/cm³), colorimetry (L, a*, b*), albumen and yolk height, yolk diameter (mm), weight and percentage of albumen, shell and yolk (%), shell thickness, Haugh unit, and yolk index as indicated by Bittencourt et al. (2019).

Egg weight

Eggs were identified according to treatment and individually weighed using a 0.01-g precision semi-analytical scale.

Specific gravity

After weighing, eggs were sent to laboratory for specific gravity analysis. Buckets with different concentrations of saline solution (NaCl) were used. Their densities were measured using a densimeter ranging from 1.065 to 1.100, with intervals of 0.005. The eggs were subjected from the lowest to the highest concentration. When they floated, their specific gravity was recorded.

Yolk color

After breaking the eggs, the yolk and albumen were separated from shells on a flat surface. The yolk color was evaluated using a portable color meter, model Minolta CR 410, which evaluates the parameters luminosity (L*), red (a*) and yellow (b*) at three different points on the yolk surface.

Yolk and albumen height and yolk diameter

The yolk and albumen height and the yolk diameter were measured using a caliper and a tripod. The yolk height was measured in the central region and albumen height was measured 4 cm from the yolk. This analysis was performed by only one person in order to provide greater data accuracy.

Weight and percentage of yolk, albumen and shell

The yolk was separated from the albumen to be individually weighed on the digital scale. The albumen weight was obtained by the difference between the egg and yolk weight, discounting the shell weight. The shell weight was obtained after washing and drying it in a natural environment for 24 hours. The percentage of shell, yolk and albumen was obtained by dividing these components by the egg weight, and this result was multiplied by 100.

Shell thickness

After the shells were washed and dried, shell thickness was measured at three different points using a Digimess precision caliper of 0.001 mm, calculating the means of these three thickness points.

Haugh unit

The Haugh Unit is the mathematical equation described by Stadelman and Cotteril (1986), which correlates egg weight with yolk or albumen height. The higher the HU, the better the egg quality.

$\mathit{UH}=100\log \left\{\mathit{H}+7,57-1,7*{\mathit{W}}^{0,37}\right\}$

Where the variable H = dense albumen height (mm) and W = egg weight (g).

Yolk Index

The yolk index was calculated by the relation between the height and diameter of the yolk.

Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed using the R Studio program (2012), and the normality of residues was verified using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The variances were compared using the Levene test. Subsequently, the data were submitted to analysis of variance to verify whether there was an interaction effect between the factors of algae calcareae and storage time and their isolated effects. When analyzing the main effects, the contrasts of orthogonal polynomials were used and the regression equations were fitted for algae calcareae; for the effect of storage time, the Tukey test was used. In all analyses performed, the level of significance adopted was 5%.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

There was no interaction between storage time and inclusion levels of algae calcareae for the variables egg weight, yolk weight, shell weight, albumen weight, and shell thickness, as Table 3 shows.

Table 3
Egg (g), yolk (g), albumen (g) and shell (g) weight, and shell thickness (mm) of Japanese quail eggs stored for different periods (zero, seven, 14, and 21 days) fed on different algae calcareae inclusion levels

Variable	Time (days)	Inclusion levels of algae calcareae (%)				Mean	MSE		Probability
		0	10	20	30				N	Time (T)	N*T
Egg weight	0	11.788	12.154	11.270	11.830	11.761A		0.203	0.2105	<0.001	0.4971
	7	11.895	11.954	11.510	11.598	11.739A
	14	11.478	10.312	10.947	10.557	10.823B
	21	11.055	10.158	10.092	11.002	10.577B
		11.554	11.145	10.955	11.247
Yolk weight	0	3.559	3.685	3.563	3.487	3.573 A	0.138		0.106	<0.001	0.1676
	7	3.660	3.664	3.674	3.673	3.668A
	14	3.519	2.883	3.248	2.727	3.094 B
	21	2.469	2.312	2.131	2.814	2.681 C
	Mean	3.552	3.136	3.154	3.175
Albumen weight	0	7.477	7.767	6.951	7.631	7.457	0.197		0.679	0.321	0.928
	7	7.414	7.378	7.037	7.103	7.233
	14	7.102	6.622	6.864	7.226	6.953
	21	6.938	6.987	7.130	7.355	7.102
	Mean	7.233	7.188	6.995	7.329
Shell weight	0	0.750	0.777	0.777	0.764	0.767	0.016		<0.001	0.487	0.778
	7	0.829	0.830	0.819	0.820	0.824
	14	0.857	0.807	0.834	0.872	0.842
	21	0.925	0.858	0.863	0.944	0.898
	Mean	0.817	0.818	0.823	0.850
Shell thickness	0	0.465	0.431	0.492	0.530	0.543	0.009		0.001	0.0898	0.159
	7	0.471	0.482	0.499	0.485	0.557
	14	0.406	0.359	0.401	0.429	0.411
	21	0.363	0.338	0.367	0.366	0.400
	Mean	0.403	0.426	0.440	0.453
Variable		Regression equation			R2	Effect			p-value
Shell weight (g)		$Y=0.6786x+0.7982$			0.0982	Linear			P>0.0001
Shell thickness (mm)		$Y=0.0544x+0.4607$			0.0897	Linear			P<0.0001

• ^*
  MSE: Mean standard error. Means followed by different letters in columns differ statistically by Tukey test at 5% significance.

There was an effect of egg storage time on the variables egg weight and yolk weight (p<0.05), obtaining higher values at times of zero and seven days compared to the times 14 and 21 days. There was an effect of the inclusion of algae calcareae on shell weight and thickness (p<0.05), and for the albumen weight there was no significant individual effect between the factors (p>0.05).

There was an increasing linear effect for shell weight and thickness, that is, the greater the inclusion of algae, the greater the shell weight and thickness, indicating a greater calcium deposition by quails in eggs. The greater bioavailability of calcium from algae structures may have contributed to an increased shell thickness, as its binding with organic molecules facilitates its absorption, as reported by Carvalho et al. (2016).

According to Alvarenga et al. (2011), Lithothamnium can be used to replace sources of calcium. The calcium required for the formation of the shells comes exclusively from the diet. It is transported through the bloodstream as ionic calcium or bound to a phosphoprotein (CALDERANO et al., 2010). Calcium is extremely important for the formation of eggshells. A single egg of a laying hen has about 3 grams of calcium, making an adequate supplementation of this mineral necessary for laying birds. As Lana et al. (2017) noted, the organic source of calcium was better assimilated by birds compared to the inorganic source.

The high bioavailability and solubility of algae calcareae components maximized egg quality mainly due to the increase in shell thickness and weight. Shell thickness is defined by the number of layers that make up its structure and has a direct influence on the internal preservation of eggs. The greater the shell thickness, the greater the resistance of the egg to environmental weathering related to handling, transport, and storage (SACCOMANI et al., 2019).

There was an effect of time on the percentage of yolk, shell and albumen (p<0.05) (Table 4). There was no effect of the interaction of factors and the inclusion of algae calcareae in isolation (p>0.05).

Table 4
Percentage of albumen, yolk, shell, and yolk shell diameter of Japanese quail eggs fed on algae calcareae and stored for four periods (zero, seven, 14, and 21 days)

Variable	Time	Inclusion levels of algae calcareae (%)				Mean	MSE	Probability
		0	10	20	30			N		Time (T)	N*T
Egg yolk (%)	0	30.315	30.419	31.676	29.582	30.498 A	1.246		0.086	0.0003	0.1338
	7	30.781	30.667	31.934	31.748	31.282 A
	14	30.777	24.891	29.612	23.860	27.285 B
	21	31.995	20.902	20.064	24.589	24.387 C
	Mean	30.967	26.720	28.321	27.445	28.363
Albumen (%)	0	63.297	63.797	61.626	64.371	63.273 A	1.960	0.973		<0.0001	0.0589
	7	62.240	61.757	61.109	61.175	61.570 A
	14	56.600	41.664	52.615	48.764	47.411 B
	21	44.410	59.977	51.217	46.795	45.600 B
	Mean	56.637	56.799	56.642	57.776	56.963
Shell (%)	0	6.387	6.448	6.879	6.513	6.557 C	0.071	0.578		<0.0001	0.7323
	7	6.937	6.982	7.053	7.075	7.012 B
	14	7.505	6.954	7.632	7.379	7.367 B
	21	8.373	7.995	7.785	8.614	8.192 A
	Mean	7.301	7.095	7.337	7.395	7.282

• ^*
  MSE: Mean standard error. Means followed by different letters in columns differ statistically by Tukey test at 5% significance.

There was a decrease in the percentage of yolk and albumen and an increase in the percentage of shell over the time of storage. The egg loses water from the yolk and albumen; consequently, the percentage of shell is higher because the shell does not change over time, only in relation to the percentage with the other components. After laying, where there is an osmotic pressure gradient between the albumen and the yolk that increases progressively, as the water passes from the albumen to the yolk over time this factor intensifies at elevated temperatures (LANA et al., 2017).

These results reinforce those Barbosa et al. (2008) found. The authors also reported that the percentage of albumen decreases as the days go by due to the process described above together with the gas exchange between the egg and the environment. There was a decrease in specific gravity, albumen height, yolk height, HU, and yolk index and diameter according to the evaluated periods (p<0.05). There was no effect of interaction and levels of algae calcareae in isolation on these variables (Table 5).

Table 5
Specific gravity, albumen (cm) and yolk (cm) height, Haugh Unit (UH), and yolk index (%) of Japanese quail eggs fed on different levels of algae calcareae inclusions and stored in four periods (zero, seven, 14, and 21 days)

Variable	Time	% of inclusion of calcareous seaweed				Mean	MSE	Probability
		0	10	20	30			N	Time (T)	N*T
Specific gravity	0	1.078	1.078	1.079	1.079	1.078 A	0.04	0.9134	<0.0001	0.9146
	7	1.068	1.069	1.068	1.067	1.068 A
	14	1.065	1.065	1.065	1.065	1.065 B
	21	1.065	1.065	1.065	1.065	1.065 B
	Mean	1.066	1.066	1.066	1.067
Albumen height	0	4.441	4.947	4.632	4.157	4.544 A	0.105	0.235	<0.0001	0.0589
	7	4.092	4.869	4.418	4.850	4.557 A
	14	3.517	3.621	3.374	3.660	2.793 B
	21	3.165	3.857	3.005	3.085	3.528 B
	Mean	4.304	3.823	3.607	3.688
Yolk height	0	11.037	11.161	10.242	10.724	10.791 A	0.175	0.0658	<0.0001	0.0789
	7	10.647	11.270	11.141	10.757	10.954 A
	14	6.320	4.829	6.301	5.001	5.613 B
	21	7.152	4.001	4.757	5.170	5.270 B
	Mean	8.789	7.815	8.110	7.913
HU	0	88.703	91.245	81.456	87.073	89.280 A	0.588	0.214	<0.0001	0.324
	7	86.823	91.111	88.945	91.019	89.475 A
	14	83.741	80.769	76.259	79.803	80.143 B
	21	83.741	81.456	82.423	81.337	80.143 B
	Mean	88.143	86.145	84.432	84.808
Yolk Index	0	0.280	0.270	0.276	0.294	0.280 A	0.063	0.122	<0.0001	0.855
	7	0.280	0.273	0.276	0.278	0.277 A
	14	0.215	0.160	0.217	0.182	0.193 B
	21	0.233	0.132	0.151	0.147	0.165 B
	Mean	0.252	0.239	0.230	0.225

• MSE: Mean standard error. Means followed by different letters in columns differ statistically by Tukey test at 5% significance.

The specific gravity of eggs, according to Moura et al. (2020), is one of the most common techniques used to determine eggshell quality due to its speed, low cost, and practicality. The values of specific gravity in this research lowered gradually over time. Samli et al. (2005), Barbosa et al. (2008), Santos et al. (2009) and Freitas et al. (2011) obtained comparable results by demonstrating that there is a loss of water from eggs after laying and that the result of evaporation causes a progressive increase in the air chamber and, consequently, a decrease in the egg specific gravity. Furthermore, this reduction may be related to the loss of egg and albumen weight during storage.

Regarding colorimetry, there was an effect of storage time on the parameters L* and b* (p<0.05). There was also a decrease in these measurements as the storage time of eggs increased, as Table 6 shows.

Table 6
Colorimetry (L*, a*, b*) of Japanese quail eggs fed on inclusions of algae calcareae and stored in four periods (zero, seven, 14, and 21 days)

Variable	Time	% of inclusion of calcareous seaweed				Mean	MSE	Probability
		0	10	20	30			N	Time (T)	N*T
L*	0	55.025	56.188	58.717	59.024	54.39 A	1.566	0.248	0.0023	0.1201
	7	54.221	54.695	43.160	50.143	54.84 A
	14	54.222	54.070	49.532	56.442	48.43 B
	21	54.092	54.407	42.321	59.858	46.36B
	Mean	57.238	50.555	53.566	52.670
a*	0	-1.920	-1.888	-0.988	-0.955	-1.808	0.127	0.255	0.298	0.393
	7	-1.591	-1.585	-1.103	-1.975	-1.918
	14	-1.861	-1.842	-1.251	-1.927	-1.229
	21	-1.860	-2.359	-1.573	-2.836	-1.923
	Mean	-1.438	-1.563	-1.720	-2.157
b*	0	41.845	42.623	49.200	52.712	40.72 A	1.372	0.589	0.0008	0.2393
	7	40.403	38.468	35.134	42.330	40.45 A
	14	40.443	41.156	40.617	46.555	39.47 B
	21	40.623	41.156	32.943	45.313	36.72 B
	Mean	46.493	39.084	42.193	39.613

• MSE: Mean standard error. Means followed by different letters in columns differ statistically by Tukey test at 5% significance.

Yolk color is an attribute resulting from the presence of carotenoids (carotenes and xanthophyll) present in the diet (VALENTIM et al., 2020). Therefore, the greater the consumption of foods rich in pigments, the more intense the yolk coloration. According to Moraleco et al. (2019), yolk color changes when eggs are stored at room temperature, corroborating the data of the present research. As storage time goes by, the water present in the albumen is transferred to the yolk, causing the carotenoid pigments to dilute in the medium, thus reducing the color reflection.

Egg quality is linked with characteristics that affect its acceptability by the consumer market. After laying, eggs lose quality continuously. It is an inevitable phenomenon aggravated by several factors such as the nutritional and sanitary status of the laying hen, egg storage time, and temperature and relative humidity during storage (HENRIQUES et al., 2018).

Souza et al. (2015) concluded in their study that the inclusion of increasing levels of calcium in the feed is efficient to maintain the internal quality of Japanese quail eggs after storage at room temperature for 14 days, which was not verified in the present study.

Based on the results, the increase in shell thickness and weight with increasing inclusion of algae calcareae was not enough to improve the conservation of the internal quality of Japanese quail eggs.

CONCLUSION

The inclusion of up to 30% of calcareous seaweed in replacement for calcite limestone in the diet of Japanese quails improves the weight and thickness of eggshells but does not influence the conservation of the eggs up to 21 days of storage.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  17 Jan 2022
• Date of issue
  2022

History

• Received
  17 Dec 2020
• Accepted
  01 Oct 2021