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First record of the parasitoid wasp Lymeon sp. (Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae) associated with spider eggs-sac of Araneus vincibilis (Araneae: Araneidae) in Northeastern Brazil

Primeiro registro da vespa parasitóide Lymeon sp. (Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae) associada ao ovissaco da aranha Araneus vincibilis (Araneae: Araneidae) no Nordeste do Brasil

Abstract

Lymeon Förster, 1869 is a very large genus of the Cryptinae (Ichneumonidae) with predominantly Neotropical distribution where females attack small cocoons of various groups of insects and spider eggs-sac. In the present study, we report the first record the interaction between the parasitoid wasp Lymeon sp. (Ichneumonidae), with eggs-sac of spider Araneus vincibilis (Araneidae) in Northeastern Brazil. We observed that although the female of A. vincibilis cares for the eggs that were attacked by Lymeon sp, the wasp larva consumed about 80% of spider eggs, indicating that both maternal care and the physical barrier offered by the eggs-sac may not provide absolute defense against predators.

Keywords:
biodiversity; Serra de Baturité; eggs-sac spider predator

Resumo

Lymeon Förster, 1869 é um grande gênero de Cryptinae (Ichneumonidae) com distribuição predominantemente neotropical, onde fêmeas atacam pequenos casulos de vários grupos de insetos e ovissacos de aranha. No presente estudo, relatamos o primeiro registro da interação entre a vespa parasitoide Lymeon sp. (Ichneumonidae), com o ovissaco da aranha Araneus vincibilis (Araneidae) no Nordeste do Brasil. Observamos que, embora a fêmea de A. vincibilis cuide dos ovos que foram atacados por Lymeon sp, a larva da vespa consumiu cerca de 80% dos ovos da aranha, indicando que tanto o cuidado maternal quanto a barreira física oferecida pelo ovissaco não podem fornecer defesa absoluta contra predadores.

Palavras-chave:
biodiversidade; Serra de Baturité; predador de ovissaco de aranha

1. Introduction

Ichneumonidae is one of the most species-rich families of Hymenoptera, with approximately 23,000 valid described species worldwide (Yu et al., 2012YU, D.S., VAN ACHTERBERG, C. and HORSTMANN, K., 2012. World Ichneumonoidea 2011 – Taxonomy, biology, morphology and distribution. Canadá: Taxapad 2011.; Quicke, 2015QUICKE, D.L.J., 2015. The braconid and ichneumonid parasitoid wasps: biology, systematics, evolution and ecology. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 704 p.). All members are endo or ectoparasitoids of other arthropods including larvae and pupae of Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera (Camargo et al., 2015CAMARGO, L.F., BRITO, R.A. and PENTEADO-DIAS, A.M., 2015. Redescription of Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron, 1886) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Campopleginae), parasitoid of Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 989-998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.04914.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.0491...
; Pereira et al., 2015PEREIRA, A.G., SILVA, R.B., DIAS, M.M. and PENTEADO-DIAS, A.M., 2015. Study on the Hymenoptera parasitoid associated with Lepidoptera larvae in reforestation and agrosilvopastoral systems at Fazenda Canchim (Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste) São Carlos, SP, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 783-789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.21913. PMid:26602340.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.2191...
; Morales-Silva et al., 2018MORALES-SILVA, T., MAIA, L.F., MARTINS, A.L. and MODESTO-ZAMPIERON, S.L., 2018. Herbivore, parasitoid and hyperparasitoid insects associated with fruits and seeds of Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong (Fabaceae). Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, vol. 3, pp. 369-376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.170105. PMid:30231136.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.1701...
). Some ichneumonid wasps like the Polysphincta genus-group (sensuGauld and Dubois, 2006GAULD, I.D. and DUBOIS, J., 2006. Phylogeny of the Polysphincta group of genera (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae; Pimplinae): a taxonomic revision of spider ectoparasitoids. Systematic Entomology, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 529-564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2006.00334.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.20...
), are well known to act exclusively as koinobiont ectoparasitoid on various groups of spiders (e.g. Sobczak et al., 2017SOBCZAK, J.F., VILLANUEVA-BONILLA, G.A., PÁDUA, D.G. and MESSAS, Y.F., 2017. The wasp Flacopimpla varelae Gauld (Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae), parasitoid of the spider Achaearanea tingo Levi (Theridiidae: Theridiinae), with description of the male wasp. Zootaxa, vol. 4365, no. 5, pp. 594-599. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4365.5.7. PMid:29686193.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4365....
). On the other hand, some groups are predators of spider eggs where can consume up to 100% of the eggs (Villanueva-Bonilla et al., 2016VILLANUEVA-BONILLA, G.A., ONODY, H.C., SANTOS, B.F. and VASCONCELLOS-NETO, J., 2016. First record of egg sac predation on a wall crab spider Selenopidae (Araneae) by the wasp Camera lunavenatrix sp. n. (Ichneumonidae, Cryptinae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, vol. 49, pp. 65-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/JHR.49.7862.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/JHR.49.7862...
).

Cryptinae is one of the largest subfamilies within Ichneumonidae with 397 recognized genera and some 4,500 described species (Yu et al., 2012YU, D.S., VAN ACHTERBERG, C. and HORSTMANN, K., 2012. World Ichneumonoidea 2011 – Taxonomy, biology, morphology and distribution. Canadá: Taxapad 2011.; Quicke, 2015QUICKE, D.L.J., 2015. The braconid and ichneumonid parasitoid wasps: biology, systematics, evolution and ecology. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 704 p.). They include taxa with a large range of biologies, some attack naked hosts (e.g. the wasp Gambrus incubator Linnaeus, 1758 is a parasitoid of pupae of moths of the family Zygaenidae); some are idiobiont ectoparasitoids of weakly to strongly concealed hosts; some Cyptinae has evolved as a pseudohyperparasitoid like the genera Gelis and Lysibia; a few attack pseudoscorpion egg masses (Phygadeuontini, Obisiphaga); and some are strictly predators within spider egg cocoons (e.g. Hydrata sordida Tschek 1870 reared from egg cocoons of the Lycosidae spider Pardosa pullata Clerck, 1757) (Schwarz and Shaw, 1999SCHWARZ, M. and SHAW, M.R., 1999. Western Palaearctic Cryptinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in the National Museums of Scotland, with nomenclatural changes, taxonomic notes, rearing records and special reference to the British check list. Part 2. Genus Gelis Tunberg (Phygadeuontini: Gelina). Entomologist’s Gazette, vol. 49, pp. 101-127.). In the Neotropical region there are few studies involving Cryptinae wasps acting as spider egg predators.

Lymeon Förster, 1869 is a very large genus of the tribe Cryptini within the subfamily Cryptinae with predominantly Neotropical distribution (Yu et al., 2012YU, D.S., VAN ACHTERBERG, C. and HORSTMANN, K., 2012. World Ichneumonoidea 2011 – Taxonomy, biology, morphology and distribution. Canadá: Taxapad 2011.; Kasparyan, 2017KASPARYAN, D.R., 2017. Two new species of the genus Lymeon (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae: Cryptini) from Mexico. Zoosystematica Rossica, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 276-281. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2017.26.1.276.
http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2017.26.1...
). Currently, Cryptinae is represented by about 86 species of which four are found only in the Nearctic region (Townes and Townes, 1962TOWNES, H.K. and TOWNES, M., 1962. Ichneumon-flies of America North of Mexico pt. 3: subfamily Gelinae, tribe Mesostenini. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, no. 216, pp. 1-602. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.216.1-3.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.21...
). Species of this genus generally inhabit dense vegetation of forests where females attack small cocoons of various groups of insects and spider eggs-sac (Townes, 1970TOWNES, H.K., 1970. The genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 2. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, vol. 12, pp. 1-537.). The vast majority of studies with this genus describe new species where nothing is mentioned about the biology of the individuals (e.g. Kasparyan, 2004KASPARYAN, D. R., 2004. Four new species of Lymeon Förster and Latosculum Townes (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, Cryptinae) from Honduras and Mexico. Proceedings of the Russian Entomological Society, vol. 75, pp. 27-34.; Kasparyan and Ruíz-Cancino, 2008KASPARYAN, D.R. and RUÍZ-CANCINO, E., 2008. A new species of Lymeon Foerster from Mexico (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae: cryptini). Zoosystematica Rossica, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 93-94.; Kasparyan, 2017KASPARYAN, D.R., 2017. Two new species of the genus Lymeon (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae: Cryptini) from Mexico. Zoosystematica Rossica, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 276-281. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2017.26.1.276.
http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2017.26.1...
).

Recently, in the forest reserve of the Hotel Remanso de Serra, Ceará State, Northeast of Brazil, we collected eggs-sacs of the spider Araneus vincibilis Keyserling, 1893 (Araneae: Araneidae) which contained cocoons of the wasp Lymeon sp. In this study we present the first record of predation of A. vincibilis spider eggs by the wasp Lymeon sp. We also present biological information about the spider host.

2. Material and Methods

This study was conducted in a Montane semi-deciduous tropical forest (Figure 1A) located in the municipally of Pacoti, Ceará State, Brazil (4°13’30’’S 38°55’22’’W, altitude of 736 m). This area presents mean annual temperature of 21.5 °C and average precipitation of 1,524 mm.

Figure 1
Araneus vincibilis and Lymeon sp. interaction. A) Montane semi-deciduous tropical forest in the Municipally of Pacoti, Ceará State, Brazil. B) Orbicular web of A. vincibilis, the red arrow indicates the leaf on which the eggs-sac is placed. C) Egg sac collected under the shelter sheet with wasp larvae developing (blue arrow). D) Adult female of A. vincibilis E) Lymeon sp. adult female wasp.

We collected eggs-sacs of Araneus vincibillis on April 21, 2018 on a trail in the forest reserve of the Hotel Remanso de Serra during all the day. In field, the eggs-sacs were photographed and kept the in plastic recipients (8 × 10 × 10 cm) sealed with tulle fabric to obtain the adult wasps, along with the adult spider. In the Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of UNILAB, adult spiders were preserved in alcohol for later identification. Under stereomicroscope, eggs-sac were carefully opened to verify the predation and accounting the eggs. The pupa of the Ichneumonidae were removed and kept in separate pots, sealed with tulle, until the adult wasps emerged from the cocoons. The voucher specimens of wasps were sent to the Coleção de Hymenoptera Parasitoides da Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo State (DCBU; curator A.M. Penteado-Dias) and spiders were sent to the collection of the Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo State (IBSP, curator A.D. Brescovit).

3. Results

Araneus vincibillis (Figure 1D) wraps the eggs with silk inside a sheet used as a shelter. The sheet is then sealed with another layer of silk (Figure 1B, C). The orbicular web is constructed from the shelter leaf with the eggs (Figure 1B). We collected five eggs-sacs, of which one had Lymeon sp. larva feeding on the eggs (Table 1). In this open eggs-sac, we found five cocoons, where three of them had already emerged in the field, and two cocoons contained wasps still in pupae to emerge (Figure 1C). In laboratory, after five days, the adult wasps emerged. To leave the eggs-sac, the adult wasp cuts a hole in the outer web layer that seals the leaf. The eggs-sacs can contain from 230 - 331 eggs when not attacked. However, with the presence of the predatory wasps, 80% of offspring can be lost (Table 1). Only 15 spiderlings remained in the eggs-sac attacked by the wasp larvae.

Table 1
Number of pupae of Lymeon sp. (Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae) found within the eggs-sacs of Araneus vincibillis during the month of April, on the trails of Hotel Remanso in Pacoti –Ceará, Brazil.

4. Discussion

Spider eggs-sacs are subject to a wide variety of attacks of predators and parasitoids wasp of different families of Hymenoptera. In the present study, we report for the first time a Lymeon sp. wasp preying on spider eggs of A. vincibilis. To our knowledge, there is a unique record of Lymeon attacking spider eggs by the author Townes (1970)TOWNES, H.K., 1970. The genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 2. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, vol. 12, pp. 1-537.; however, the manuscript has no details about the type of host spider. The larvae of Lymeon sp. observed in this study consumed about 80% of spider eggs. This is not unusual, as recorded for Cobb and Cobb (2004)COBB, L.M. and COBB, V.A., 2004. Occurrence of parasitoid wasps, Baeus sp. and Gelis sp., in the egg sacs of the wolf spiders Pardosa moesta and Pardosa sternalis (Araneae, Lycosidae) in southeastern Idaho. Canadian Field Naturalist, vol. 118, no. 1, pp. 122-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v118i1.894.
http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v118i1.89...
about the attack of the wasps Gelis sp. (Ichneumonidae) and Baeus sp. (Platygastridae) on the spider eggs of Pardosa moesta Banks, 1892 (Lycosidae) and P. sternalis Thorell, 1877 (Lycosidae). In that study, some spiderlings might emerge because the number of larvae was low (Fitton et al., 1988FITTON, M.G., SHAW, M.R. and GAULD, I.D., 1988. Pimpline ichneumon-flies. Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae (Pimplinae). Handbooks for The Identifcation of British Insects, vol. 7, no. 1, 1-110.; Schwarz and Shaw, 1999SCHWARZ, M. and SHAW, M.R., 1999. Western Palaearctic Cryptinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in the National Museums of Scotland, with nomenclatural changes, taxonomic notes, rearing records and special reference to the British check list. Part 2. Genus Gelis Tunberg (Phygadeuontini: Gelina). Entomologist’s Gazette, vol. 49, pp. 101-127.). On the other hand, other records show that the egg consumption could be complete, for example, Camera lunavenatrix Santos & Onody, 2016 (Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae) consumed 100% of the eggs of the spider Selenops cocheleti Simon, 1880 (Selenopidae) (Villanueva-Bonilla et al., 2016VILLANUEVA-BONILLA, G.A., ONODY, H.C., SANTOS, B.F. and VASCONCELLOS-NETO, J., 2016. First record of egg sac predation on a wall crab spider Selenopidae (Araneae) by the wasp Camera lunavenatrix sp. n. (Ichneumonidae, Cryptinae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, vol. 49, pp. 65-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/JHR.49.7862.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/JHR.49.7862...
). The genera Tromatobia (Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) and Aprostocetus (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae) also consume 100% of the eggs when they attack the eggs-sac of the spider Araneus omnicolor Keyserling, 1893 (Araneidae) (Sobczak et al., 2012SOBCZAK, J.F., LOFFREDO, A.P.S. and SOBCZAK, J.C.M.S.M., 2012. First record of egg sac predation of the wasp Tromatobia sp. Foster, 1869 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) upon Araneus omnicolor (Keyserling, 1893) (Araneae: Araneidae). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, vol. 20, 113-115., 2015SOBCZAK, J.F., ALVARENGA, T.M. and COSTA, V.A., 2015. Occurrence of Aprostocetus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a predator on the eggs of Araneus omnicolor (Araneae: Araneidae), in Jundiai, Brazil. Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, 26, 95-97.). However, the observed percentage of eggs consumed in the present study should be taken with caution, since the amount of eggs inside registered eggs-sacs not predated showed high variation, indicating that other mortality factors occurred in the eggs-sac preyed by Lymeon.

Morse (1988)MORSE, D.H., 1988. Interactions between the Crab Spider Misumena Vatia (Clerck) (Araneae) and its Ichneumonid Egg Predator Trychosis cyperia Townes (Hymenoptera). The Journal of Arachnology, vol. 16, pp. 132-135. mentions that spiders can experience strong pressure by predatory wasps that cause spiders to exhibit behaviors that diminish the attack on eggs. Females of Misumena vatia Clerck, 1757 (Thomisidae), for example, take care of the egg masses over much or all of the period between egg-laying and emergence of the young from the eggs-sac (Morse, 1985MORSE, D.H., 1985. Nests and nest-site selection of the crab spider Misumena vatia (Araneae: thomisidae). The Journal of Arachnology, vol. 13, pp. 383-390.). In our study, we observed the female of A. vincibilis taking care of the eggs that were attacked by Lymeon sp. indicating that both maternal care and the physical barrier offered by the eggs-sac may not provide absolute defense against predators. Similar results were observed in the spider M. vatia eggs-sacs attacked by Trychosis cyperia Townes, 1962 (Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae) which can consume from 60-100% of the eggs even with the care of the spider female (Morse and Fritz, 1987MORSE, D.H. and FRITZ, R.S., 1987. The consequences of foraging for reproductive success. In: A.C. KAMIL, J.R. KREBS and H.R. PULLIAM, eds. Foraging behavior. New York: Plenum, pp. 443-455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1839-2_14.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-183...
).

  • Erratum

    Erratum in the article “First record of the parasitoid wasp Lymeon sp. (Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) associated with spider eggs-sac of Araneus vincibilis (Araneae: Araneidae) in Northeastern Brazil”, DOI https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.219204, published in Brazilian Journal of Biology, ahead of print Epub Oct 07, 2019, in English and Portuguese title of the article:
    Where it reads:
    First record of the parasitoid wasp Lymeon sp. (Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) associated with spider eggs-sac of Araneus vincibilis (Araneae: Araneidae) in Northeastern Brazil
    Primeiro registro da vespa parasitóide Lymeon sp. (Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) associada ao ovissaco da aranha Araneus vincibilis (Araneae: Araneidae) no Nordeste do Brasil
    It should be read:
    First record of the parasitoid wasp Lymeon sp. (Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae) associated with spider eggs-sac of Araneus vincibilis (Araneae: Araneidae) in Northeastern Brazil
    Primeiro registro da vespa parasitóide Lymeon sp. (Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae) associada ao ovissaco da aranha Araneus vincibilis (Araneae: Araneidae) no Nordeste do Brasil

Acknowledgements

This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001 (G.A. Villanueva-Bonilla), Also were financially supported by Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia dos Hymenoptera Parasitoides (HYMPAR/Sudeste – CNPq/FAPESP/CAPES), CNPq-Universal proc. 446473/2014– 6 and FUNCAP– BPI proc. BP2-0107-00127.01.00/15, BP3-00139-00186.01.00/18(research grants to J. F. Sobczak).

  • (With 1 figure)

References

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    07 Oct 2019
  • Date of issue
    Jul-Sep 2020

History

  • Received
    29 Jan 2019
  • Accepted
    02 May 2019
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