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Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Bacillus licheniformis: optimization of production and its properties

Cyclodextrina glycosyltransferase de Bacillus licheniformis: otimização da produção e suas propriedades

Abstracts

Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.19) is an enzyme that produces cyclodextrins from starch via an intramolecular transglycosylation reaction. An alkalophilic Bacillus strain, isolated from cassava peels, was identified as Bacillus licheniformis. CGTase production by this strain was better when potato starch was used as carbon source, followed by cassava starch and amylopectin. Glucose and amylose, on the other hand, acted as synthesis repressors. When the cultivation was supplemented with sodium ions and had the pH adjusted between 6.0 and 9.0, the microorganism maintained the growth and enzyme production capacity. This data is interesting because it contradicts the concept that alkalophilic microorganisms do not grow in this pH range. After ultrafiltration-centrifugation, one protein of 85.2 kDa with CGTase activity was isolated. This protein was identified in plates with starch and phenolphthalein. Determination of the optimum temperature showed higher activities at 25ºC and 55ºC, indicating the possible presence of more than one CGTase in the culture filtrate. Km and Vmax values were 1.77 mg/mL and 0.0263 U/mg protein, respectively, using potato starch as substrate.

cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase; CGTase production; Bacilluslicheniformis; Bacillus beta-CD


Ciclodextrina glicosiltransferase (EC 2.4.1.19) é uma enzima que produz ciclodextrinas a partir de amido via transglicosilação intramolecular. Uma cepa de Bacillus alcalofílico, isolada de cascas de mandioca, foi identificada como Bacillus licheniformis. A produção de CGTase por esta cepa foi melhor quando amido de batata foi utilizado como fonte de carbono, seguido por amido de mandioca e amilopectina. Glicose e amilose, por outro lado, atuaram como repressor de síntese desta enzima. Quando o cultivo foi suplementado com íons sódio e teve o pH ajustado entre 6,0 e 9,0, o microrganismo manteve a capacidade de crescimento e de produção da enzima. Este dado é interessante pois contraria o conceito de que microrganismos alcalofílicos não apresentam crescimento nesta faixa de pH. Após ultrafiltração-centrifugação, uma proteína de 85,2 kDa com atividade de CGTase foi isolada. Esta proteína foi identificada em placas contendo amido e fenolftaleína. A determinação da temperatura ótima mostrou atividades mais elevadas em 25ºC e 55ºC, indicando a possível presença de mais de uma CGTase no filtrado de cultura. Valores de Km e Vmax foram 1,77 mg/mL e 0,0263 U/mg proteína, respectivamente, usando amido de batata como substrato.

ciclodextrina glicosiltransferase; produção de CGTase; Bacilluslicheniformis; beta-CD de Bacillus


INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY

Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Bacillus licheniformis: optimization of production and its properties

Cyclodextrina glycosyltransferase de Bacillus licheniformis: otimização da produção e suas propriedades

Paulo Roberto Martins BonilhaI; Vivian MenocciII; Antonio José GoulartI; Maria de Lourdes Teixeira de Moraes PolizeliI; Rubens MontiI,* * Corresponding author. Mailing address: Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, Km 1, Campus. 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brasil. Tel. (+5516) 3301-6934 E-mail: montiru@fcfar.unesp.br

IDepartamento de Bioquímica e Química Tecnológica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Araraquara, SP, Brasil

IIDepartamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Araraquara, SP, Brasil

ABSTRACT

Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.19) is an enzyme that produces cyclodextrins from starch via an intramolecular transglycosylation reaction. An alkalophilic Bacillus strain, isolated from cassava peels, was identified as Bacillus licheniformis. CGTase production by this strain was better when potato starch was used as carbon source, followed by cassava starch and amylopectin. Glucose and amylose, on the other hand, acted as synthesis repressors. When the cultivation was supplemented with sodium ions and had the pH adjusted between 6.0 and 9.0, the microorganism maintained the growth and enzyme production capacity. This data is interesting because it contradicts the concept that alkalophilic microorganisms do not grow in this pH range. After ultrafiltration-centrifugation, one protein of 85.2 kDa with CGTase activity was isolated. This protein was identified in plates with starch and phenolphthalein. Determination of the optimum temperature showed higher activities at 25ºC and 55ºC, indicating the possible presence of more than one CGTase in the culture filtrate. Km and Vmax values were 1.77 mg/mL and 0.0263 U/mg protein, respectively, using potato starch as substrate.

Key words: cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase, CGTase production, Bacilluslicheniformis, Bacillus b-CD

RESUMO

Ciclodextrina glicosiltransferase (EC 2.4.1.19) é uma enzima que produz ciclodextrinas a partir de amido via transglicosilação intramolecular. Uma cepa de Bacillus alcalofílico, isolada de cascas de mandioca, foi identificada como Bacillus licheniformis. A produção de CGTase por esta cepa foi melhor quando amido de batata foi utilizado como fonte de carbono, seguido por amido de mandioca e amilopectina. Glicose e amilose, por outro lado, atuaram como repressor de síntese desta enzima. Quando o cultivo foi suplementado com íons sódio e teve o pH ajustado entre 6,0 e 9,0, o microrganismo manteve a capacidade de crescimento e de produção da enzima. Este dado é interessante pois contraria o conceito de que microrganismos alcalofílicos não apresentam crescimento nesta faixa de pH. Após ultrafiltração-centrifugação, uma proteína de 85,2 kDa com atividade de CGTase foi isolada. Esta proteína foi identificada em placas contendo amido e fenolftaleína. A determinação da temperatura ótima mostrou atividades mais elevadas em 25ºC e 55ºC, indicando a possível presença de mais de uma CGTase no filtrado de cultura. Valores de Km e Vmax foram 1,77 mg/mL e 0,0263 U/mg proteína, respectivamente, usando amido de batata como substrato.

Palavras-chave: ciclodextrina glicosiltransferase, produção de CGTase, Bacilluslicheniformis, b-CD de Bacillus

INTRODUCTION

Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase; EC 2.4.1.19) converts starch in non reducing, cyclic malto-oligosaccharides called cyclodextrins (CDs). The major types of CDs contain 6, 7 and 8 glucose molecules linked by a(1-4) glycosidic bonds to form a ring and are named as a-CD, b-CD and g-CD, respectively. CDs have the ability to encapsulate other molecules within their ringed structures. The ability of these unusual molecules to form inclusion complexes, which can change the physical and chemical properties of guest molecules, offers a variety of potential uses for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries (3,22). According to Van Der Veen et al. (26) many factors involved in producing specificity of CGTases have been identified, including the identity, position and interactions of several amino acid residues that play an important role. Furthermore, crystalline complexes that are the results of this process are stable, a characteristic that can provide many benefits (22). A detailed history of the development of cyclodextrins up to 1956 was reviewed by French (6). The CGTases are known to be produced by various genera of the bacterial kingdom such as Bacillus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Brevibacterium, Micrococus and Clostridium (9). Bacillus is the main genera, with various producing species (1,2,3,8,17, 19,20,21,27). They are also known to catalyze four different transferase reactions: cyclization, coupling, disproportionation, and hydrolysis (4). All known CGTases produce a-, b- and g-CDs from starch in different reactions. CGTase that can synthesize predominantly one type of CD has commercial importance since the separation of a particular form of CD is expensive and time-consuming. The majority of the CGTases, especially from the alkaliphilic bacteria, convert starch into b-CD as the main product, but still in a mixture of CDs of different ratios (18). The industrial production of CGTase was made attractive only when alkaliphilic Bacillus species were introduced as producing organism (23). This paper reports the production optimization and some biochemical properties of a CGTase produced by a strain of Bacillus licheniformis isolated from cassava culture soil.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Strain and culture conditions

The alkaliphilic Bacilluslicheniformis was isolated from cassava peels harvested of organic soil in São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil. The isolation was made from a suspension of cassava peels through dilution method in plates of Petri with solid media of Horikoshi and Akiba (14). The isolated microorganism was submitted to the microscopical analysis and presented morphology compatible with an aerobic positive Gram bacilli, presented positive catalase and motility, being characterized as pertaining to the Bacillus genera. The microorganism was later characterized as Bacillus licheniformis, according to the Bergey's manual.

Growth of B. licheniformis in different cultivation conditions for CGTase production

Pre-cultivation medium (14) was inoculated in the proportion of 10% (v/v) in the culture medium for the production of CGTase and incubated at 37ºC, for 12h and 130 rpm. Potato starch, cassava starch, amylopectin, amylose, potato starch + glucose, and glucose (1% w/v) were used as carbon sources. It was also tested the nutrient broth (NB) Difco with potato starch as carbon source. The capacity of growth of the microorganism in presence of 2.0, 5.0, 7.0, 10.0 and 15.0% NaCl with pH adjusted to 10.0 was tested, and also in medium with potato starch supplemented with 0.6% NaCl in pH 6.0, 7.0, 8.0 and 9.0. After the growth, the cultures were centrifuged at 7425g, 4ºC, 20 min. and the proteins were concentrated with 3 volumes of acetone at 4ºC.

Qualitative analysis of CGTase

The enzyme CGTase produced in different cultivation conditions (pH, carbon source and NaCl presence) was acetone-concentrated and analyzed qualitatively with phenolphthalein applying 2 mL aliquots of this concentrated in Petri plates with solid medium at pH 10.0 and potato starch, cassava starch, amylopectin and amylose (Sigma) as substrate. The plates were incubated at 37ºC for 24h. This methodology revealed the presence of CGTase activity in the culture filtrates through halo formation with good reproducibility.

Determination of the specific activity of CGTase

The cyclization activity was determined according to Makela (16). The enzyme was incubated in 1% (w/v) starch potato in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, at 40ºC. Reaction samples were removed at 0, 10, 20 and 30 min. and the activities were interrupted at 100ºC, for 3 min. The amount of cyclodextrin was determined by the decrease of the absorption at 550 nm, after the addition of 1.2 mL phenolphthalein 3 mM prepared in 500 mM carbonate of sodium buffer, pH 10.0 and 0.5 mL of reaction product. For the calibration curve0.006-0.022 mmol b-CD solution in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer pH 8.0 was used. An unit of CGTase activity was defined as the amount of enzyme that produces 1 mmol of b-CD per minute, under the assay conditions. The specific activity was expressed in units of activity by milligram of protein. Protein concentration was estimated according to Hartree (12), using bovine serum albumin as pattern.

Determination of the optimum temperature

Two fractions of the culture filtrate were taken for the determination of the optimal hydrolysis temperature. The first fraction was concentrated with acetone (1:3 v/v) and the supernatant from the centrifuged was discarded and the precipitate obtained was resuspended in water (precipitate 1). The second fraction was added of acetone (1:3 v/v) and the decanted proteins (precipitate 2) were centrifuged 2230g, resuspended and dialyzed against distilled water (12h, 4ºC). The supernatant removed from the precipitate 2 was centrifuged 2230g, and the precipitate was dialyzed for 12h, 4ºC (precipitate 3). These precipitates were submitted to enzymatic assays (25ºC, 35ºC, 40ºC, 45ºC, 55ºC and 65ºC).

Ultra filtration-centrifugation and analysis by electrophoresis

The proteins of the acetone-concentrated culture filtrates (precipitate 1) were submitted to treatments with Ultrafree 30 kDa NMWL and 100 kDa NMWL Millipore membranes (2230g, 15 min., 4ºC). Proteins retained by the membranes were recovered with Milli-Q water. These proteins and the filtrates were submitted to denaturing condition electrophoresis (15), using kit Amersham Biosciences LMW as markers (phosphorylase b 97.4 kDa; bovine serum albumin 66 kDa; ovalbumin 45 kDa; carbonic anhydrase 30 kDa; trypsin inhibitor 20.1 kDa; b-lactalbumin 14.4 kDa). The non-denaturing condition electrophoresis was carried out according to Davis (5) and it allowed the identification of CGTase activity in the gel, using two polyacrylamide identical gels, being one stained and the other put on a plate containing starch, agar and phenolphthalein (pH 10.0) incubated at 50ºC until the appearance of a halo of activity.

Determination of the kinetic parameters

The kinetic parameters of the enzyme obtained by ultra filtration-centrifugation were determined by its incubation with potato starch solution in concentration of 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 mg/mL (w/v) in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0 at 55ºC, for 30 min. The Km and Vmax values were estimated using the Eadie-Hofstee plot.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Growth of B. licheniformis in different culture conditions and qualitative analysis of the CGTase activity in distinct substrates

The growth of the B. licheniformis was studied in different conditions using Horikoshi and Akiba (14) medium, varying carbon sources, pH and sodium chloride concentrations. It was also tested the nutrient broth (NB) with potato starch (Table 1). After the growth of the microorganism in different conditions, the results demonstrated, through formation of the colorless halos, that it remained active and did not lose the capacity to produce the CGTase activity. It is known that Bacillus alkalophilics requires initial pH 9.0 for the production of CGTase. However, this work verified that in culture medium added of 0.6% NaCl the microorganism presented growth even at pH 6.0, 7.0, 8.0 and 9.0. These data are similar to those reported from Tsai et al. (25) where the Bacillus Ya-B presented growth at pH 7.0 in culture medium added with 1.0% NaCl.

The results of the qualitative analysis of the CGTase (Table 1 and Fig. 1) in the plates with potato starch, cassava starch and amylopectin showed that the culture filtrate from experiments 1, 2, 4, 8 and 13-16 had produced halo, confirming the presence of CGTase activity; however, in the plate where amylose was used as substrate, the halo formation was very discrete. Although amylose is a less complex substrate, it did not act as inductor of the CGTase production (experiment 3). The CGTase activity level was very small when the Horikoshi and Akiba (14) medium was substituted by the nutrient broth (experiment 5), being detected small halos in the plates with cassava starch and amylopectin. It is possible that glucose acts as repressor of the synthesis of CGTase, since the culture filtrate of experiment 7 did not lead to the halo formation in none of the plates. This fact is strengthened by small formed halos when the growth occurred in starch + glucose (experiment 6). Culture filtered from media with 5 to 15% NaCl concentrations (experiments 9 to 12) had not presented halos in any of the plates.


CGTase specific activity

Specific activities were determined using culture filtrates from experiments 1 to 8 and 13 to 16, using potato starch as substrate (Table 2). The highest specific activity was observed in the culture filtrate where potato starch was used as carbon source (experiment 1); it is also possible to observe that the cassava starch and amylopectin culture filtrates presented 65% of the maximum activity. This result agrees to the qualitative analysis previously described. The enzymatic activity in potato starch + glucose culture (experiment 6) was about 25% and in the glucose culture (experiment 7) there was not CGTase production. These data indicate that glucose exerts repressor effect of the synthesis enzymatic. Similar results were reported by Gawande (11) with B. firmus which not produced CGTase in the presence of simple sugars. The results showed also that the specific activities in culture filtrates with NaCl or Na+ media (experiments 8, 13, 14, 15 and 16) were minor than those observed in the experiment 1. All the experiments were followed by reducing sugar determination using DNS, to make sure that we were not working with amylases.

Identification of the CGTase in polyacrylamide gel

Proteins of the filtrate culture from potato starch medium were concentrated with acetone and submitted to 8% PAGE. After the electrophoretic migration, half of a gel was revealed for proteins according to Heukeshoven and Dernik (13) and another half was placed on a plate with 1% starch, 3 mM phenolphthalein and 2% agar. After the migration in the polyacrylamide gel, the CGTase activity was identified through the halo formation next to front (Fig. 2).


Determination of the optimum hydrolysis temperature

For the determination of the optimum hydrolysis temperature of CGTase produced in potato starch medium, precipitates 1, 2 and 3 (described in Method) were used. The precipitate 1 was constituted of high and low molecular mass proteins plus carbohydrates; the precipitate 2 was constituted of high molecular mass proteins with low amount of carbohydrates; and the precipitate 3 was constituted of low molecular mass proteins with high molecular mass carbohydrates. CGTases from Bacillus showed optimum temperature between 45ºC and 80ºC. Martins and Hatti-Kaul (18) observed optimum temperature of 55ºC for a Bacillus agaradhaerens strain. The results obtained with precipitates 1, 2 and 3 showed maxima activities in two different temperatures (25ºC and 55ºC), allowed to raise the hypothesis that the presence of carbohydrates that follow proteins during the process of concentration and/or centrifugation of the culture filtrate (precipitate 1) can have protective effect in protein structure. Another hypothesis is the presence of more than one enzyme with CGTase activity, as demonstrated in Fig. 2.

Ultrafiltration-centrifugation

The CGTase produced by B. licheniformis that presented activity next to the gel front in 8% PAGE (Fig. 2) was purified to homogeneity through ultrafiltration-centrifugation procedure, using Ultrafree MC Millipore membranes. Two membranes were used, 100 kDa and 30 kDa, and four protein fractions were obtained: two fractions were retained by the membranes (MW superior to 100 kDa and 30 kDa) and two were filtered (MW inferior to 100 kDa and 30 kDa). Fig. 3A shows the 8% PAGE proteins profile present in these samples and Fig. 3B shows the CGTase qualitative identification in the medium containing potato starch and phenolphthalein. The results also showed that the sample of MW superior to 30 kDa presented CGTase positive activity (halo formation), while the sample of MW inferior of 30 kDa did not present any activity. Both samples of MW inferior and superior to 100 kDa presented halo formation. These results suggest that CGTase presents MW near to 100 kDa, since a small amount of enzyme was filtered and another part was retained in the 100 kDa membrane after the centrifugation. As it can be verified, CGTase activities correspond to the proteins with larger migration in PAGE. Furthermore, the results showed that the sample of MW inferior to 100 kDa presented only one protein band with enzymatic activity, showing the purification by this process.


Estimate of the apparent molecular weight

The apparent molecular weight of the CGTase purified was 85.2 kDa by 12% SDS-PAGE (Fig. 4). Martins and Hatti-Kaul (18) determined for CGTase of Bacillus sp. molecular mass between 33 and 103 kDa. CGTase of the Bacillus sp. AL-6 the molecular mass was 74 kDa (7) and 67 kDa for Bacillus sp. nº 199 (28). Thermococcus sp CGTase presented an apparent molecular mass of 83 kDa (24) and one produced by Bacillus alkalophilic of Brazilian soil had molecular mass of 77.58 kDa (19).


Kinetic parameters

Km and Vmax were estimated to be 1.77 mg/mL and 0.0263 U/mg prot., respectively (Fig. 5). These results showed that the enzyme presented high affinity for the substrate, when compared with literature data. Gawande et al. (9) determined Km value of 1.21 mg/mL for CGTase from Bacillus firmus using starch. Gawande and Patkar (10) reported Km of 1.35 mg/mL for CGTase of Klebsiella pneumoniae AS-22 using soluble starch. These values are slightly inferior to those obtained in the present work. Martins and Hatti-Kaul (18) determined Km of 21.2 mg/mL using starch for the Bacillus agaradhaerens CGTase.


The purification and characterization showed that the studied enzyme is really a CGTase because there was no amylolytic activity in the obtained culture filtrate. Km value of 1.77 mg/mL indicates that the enzyme has high affinity with the substrate potato starch. Optimal determined temperature of 55ºC is interesting for the industrial production of ciclodextrins by this CGTase. The method used for qualitative analysis is interesting, fast and reproductive.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Vivian Menocci thanks Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo - FAPESP (Proc. 02/09889-6) and Antonio José Goulart thanks Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq (Proc. 141627/03-4) for the financial support.

Submitted: May 24, 2005; Returned to authors for corrections: March 09, 2006; Approved: May 08, 2006

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  • *
    Corresponding author. Mailing address: Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, Km 1, Campus. 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brasil. Tel. (+5516) 3301-6934 E-mail:
  • Publication Dates

    • Publication in this collection
      18 Dec 2006
    • Date of issue
      Sept 2006

    History

    • Received
      24 May 2005
    • Reviewed
      09 Mar 2006
    • Accepted
      08 May 2006
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