Morphology of olfactory sensilla and its role in host plant recognition by Neomegalotomus parvus (Westwood) (Heteroptera: Alydidae)

BIOLOGICAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES

Morphology of olfactory sensilla and its role in host plant recognition by Neomegalotomus parvus (Westwood) (Heteroptera: Alydidae)

Maurício Ursi VenturaI, ^*; Antônio Ricardo Panizzi^II

^IDepartamento de Agronomia; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; C. P. 6001; 86051-970; Londrina - PR - Brasil

^IIEmbrapa Soja; C. P. 231; 86001-970; Londrina - PR - Brasil

ABSTRACT

The external morphology of the sensilla, including pores and permeable points on the cuticle of the antennae of adults of Neomegalotomus parvus (West.) (Heteroptera: Alydidae) was investigated with regard to their olfactory function. Behavioural evidence of olfaction, the importance of the different antennal segments in locating the host under still-air, and the responses of the insects to plants' scents and to pheromones in wind assays were also studied. With the scanning electronic microscope mechanoreceptor sensilla were found on the four segments of the antennae of N. parvus. The density of the sensilla was greater on the 4^th segment. On the apical segment, sensilla with olfactory morphological traits were observed. Bugs with intact antennae located food more frequently and faster than those with blocked or amputated antennae. N. parvus preferred intact seeds to sealed seeds, but there was no preference when the last segment of the antenna was blocked. In wind tunnel, bugs were attracted to mature and green pods, and to hexanic extract of mature pods of pigeon pea, Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.; there was no response to panicles of rice, Oryza sativa L. or to the male pheromone.

Key words: Sensilla, host plant, behaviour, antenna

RESUMO

A morfologia externa dos sensilos de adultos de Neomegalotomus parvus (Westw.) (Het.: Alydidae), incluindo poros e pontos permeáveis na cutícula, foi estudada em microscópio eletrônico de varredura, em relação à função olfativa. A evidência comportamental do olfato e a importância dos diferentes segmentos antenais na localização do hospedeiro, em condições de ausência de movimentação do ar, foram também estudados. Sensilos mecanoreceptores foram observados nos quatro segmentos da antena de N. parvus, sendo no entanto, a densidade maior no quarto segmento. Nos segmentos apicais, foram observados sensilos com características morfológicas olfativas. Percevejos com antenas intactas localizaram o alimento com mais freqüência e rapidez do que aqueles com antenas bloqueadas ou amputadas. Adultos de N. parvus preferiram sementes intactas do que aquelas vedadas com Parafilm®, mas não apresentaram preferência quando o último segmento da antena foi bloqueado. Em túnel de vento, os percevejos foram atraídos para sementes e vagens maduras, e para extrato hexânico de vagens maduras de guandu, Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.; não houve resposta para panículas de arroz, Oryza sativa L. (planta não hospedeira) ou para feromônio extraído de machos.

INTRODUCTION

Many studies on the chemical ecology of Heteroptera have been conducted on the responses of these insects to pheromones (references in Aldrich, 1988). However, despite some studies (e.g., Feir and Beck, 1963; Saxena, 1969; Pantle and Feir, 1976; Dickens et al., 1995; Sant'ana and Dickens, 1998; Sant'ana et al., 1999), few information are found in the literature about responses of heteropterans to host plant odors. Backus (1988) concluded that sensory systems and behaviours related to hemipteran feeding on plants have been poorly studied, and those differences among taxa were even less known.

Chemicals from plant species with which insect species are associated might elicit responses by those insects (Visser, 1986). Broad-headed bugs (Alydidae) are closely associated with leguminous plants (Schaefer, 1980; Schaefer and Mitchell, 1983), what may suggest that olfactory attraction of alydids to those plants is involved. Pods and seeds (mainly mature) of pigeon pea, Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp., among several other leguminous host species, are suitable foods for nymphal development and adult reproduction of Neomegalotomus parvus (West.) (Heteroptera: Alydidae) (Panizzi, 1988; Ventura and Panizzi, 1997; Santos and Panizzi, 1998). Ventura and Panizzi (2004) showed that males of N. parvus attract the same species in the field. This aggregation pheromone of N. parvus was identified and positive field responses were also obtained (W. Leal and A.R. Panizzi, unpublished).

In this study, external morphology of the antennal sensilla of N. parvus was investigated, looking for pores and permeable points, as morphological evidence for an olfactory function of these sensilla. In addition, behavioural evidence of olfactory sense in N. parvus; the importance of the different segments of the antennae in locating the host under still-air conditions and in wind assays, and the responses of the insects to plants' odors and to the males aggregation pheromone were also studied.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Insects.N. parvus insects were reared according to Ventura and Panizzi (1997). After emergence, the adults insects were separated and confined in acrylic boxes (12.0 x 12.0 x 3.80 cm) with pigeon pea pods and water for one week before the tests. In bioassays assessing responses to hosts (pods), insects were starved in the presence of water for 48 h before the tests were run.

Morphology of the Antennae Sensilla. To study the sensilla morphology, antennae of adults were dissected and mounted with double-sided tape on stubs, coated with gold, and observed in a scanning electronic microscope (Zeiss, DMS 940). The sensilla were observed in relation to external morphology and presence of pores. Antennae were treated with silver nitrate (0.1%) for 30 minutes under dark condition for verification of permeable points on the cuticle (Peregrine, 1972).

Olfactory Responses. Males and females were grouped (except for pheromones responses) due to preliminary assays that revealed similar responses. To reduce movement, each insect was placed in the arena and confined within two plastic lids (2.5 cm diameter) for 15 min. After this period the top lid was carefully removed and the insect was released. In the first test, one adult and one pigeon pea pod were placed at opposite corners in an acrylic box (12.0 x 12.0 x 3.8 cm) under still-air conditions. Insects were observed during 180 min, and the time to locate the food, the distance traveled, and the percent of insects locating the food were recorded. The complete itinerary of each insect was drawn on squared paper. At the end of the experiment, the ranged distance was determined (cm) using a curvimeter (ASI, Switzerland). Treatments included adults with ablated antennae, with antennae blocked with shellac (Levin and Anfinogenova, 1981), and normal adults. Insects were maintained in the freezer (-12ºC) for 5 min. to reduce their activity before manipulation for treatments. Each treatment was replicated four times, with 25 insects in each treatment.

A second still-air preference test was carried out in an arena and consisted of a Petri dish (12.0 x 1.5 cm) with the bottom lined with filter paper for improve surface characteristics. Seeds of pigeon pea uncovered and sealed with Parafilm® were offered in paired-choice assays. Males and females with the 4^th segment of the antennae treated or without treating it with shellac were tested. Observations lasted 60 min. and the food which was visited first was recorded.

A wind tunnel adapted from Prokopy et al. (1995) was used and consisted of a glass box (42.0 x 40.0 x 5.0 cm) open at both ends and divided into 10 lanes. In one of the sides of each lane, the stimulus source was placed, isolated by a plastic mesh. The purified air (activated charcoal) was blown through the lanes (0.39 m/s) with a fan. For each lane with stimulus source, another lane was set without stimulus source as control. The insects were placed on the opposite side of the stimulus, and observed until they reached the mesh (positive response) or moved away in the opposite direction (negative response). The time of response, positive or negative, was recorded. For each replication, 40 insects were used. The stimulus sources were: green pods of pigeon pea (4 replications); mature pods of pigeon pea (4); hexane extracts of mature pods of pigeon pea (4); hexane extracts of panicles of the non host plant rice (Oryza sativa L.) (4) ; and the synthetic pheromone from males (hexyl butyrate + hexyl valerate + hexyl hexanoate) (W. Leal and A.R. Panizzi, unpublished) [males (6) and females (6), used separately]. To obtain the extracts, pods were soaked in hexane (3 g pods/10 g extract) for 24 h (Prokopy et al., 1995).

Statistical Analysis. For the analysis of the study on preference for sealed and non-sealed seeds with Parafilm®, using bugs with antennae blocked and unblocked, complete contingency tables were accomplished with two independent samples and two classes (Conover, 1981). Three hypotheses of nullity were tested: Ho1: No association among treatments and classes (responses); Ho2: No difference among the proportions of the treatments in each one of the classes; and Ho3: No difference among the proportions of the classes within each treatment. The same study was analyzed considering the proportions of insects with blocked, ablated or normal antennae that located the food (success); in this case, only the first two hypotheses were considered. For the variables time to locate the food and ranged distance, Duncan's multiple range test was used (P < 0.05). For the wind tunnel assay, Student's t test was used (P < 0.05).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Morphology of the Antennae Sensilla

Antennae of males and females of N. parvus have four segments; and the size and the distribution of sensilla were similar in both the sexes. Antenna of males was larger than that of the females and with the last segment longer. The density of sensilla increased from the first to the last segment. In the first three segments the surface of the antennae had irregular structures similar to scales (Fig. 1A).

In all the segments, sensilla were bristle-like and their base fitt into a flexible socket (Fig. 1A), with a structure similar to a pore at the distal end (Fig. 1B). Silver nitrate did not accumulate in the sensilla tips. The insertion of the sensilla in a flexible socket is characteristic of mechanoreceptors (Frazier, 1985). In the heteropteran Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) (Hem. Lygaeidae), two dendrites were verified in the sensilla with the flexible base, characterizing their mechanoreceptive function (Harbach and Larsen, 1976). Serrations were present on the surface of sensilla. In O. fasciatus and Lygaeus kalmii Stål (Hem. Lygaeidae), similar sensilla had serrations, which were also less abundant on the basal segments (Slifer and Sekhon, 1963; Harbach and Larsen, 1976).

Sensilla density was greater on the 4^th antennal segment than on the remaining ones (Fig. 1C). Sensilla with morphological characteristics for olfaction, similar to those showed by Frazier (1985), were found on the last segment and were absent on the first three antennal segments of N. parvus. The grooved peg sensilla observed on the antennae were either inserted in a pit or lacked a flexible socket (Fig. 1D). These sensilla were smaller than most other sensilla of the antennae, particularly the one inserted in pits. Brézot et al., (1997) found pores in grooves of the antennal sensilla of Nezara viridula (L.) (Hem. Pentatomidae). Grooved pegs without flexible sockets were described in female hematophagous mosquitoes and responded to lactic and butyric acids (olfactory sensilla) (Bowen, 1995). Pores were also found in the base of the bristle sensilla without flexible sockets (Fig. 1E) being their extremity curved. Similar sensilla were also observed on the last segment of the antennae of L. kalmii, where they occur in the insertion of a nervous sheath of each hole (Slifer and Sekhon, 1963).

In the 4^th antennal segment of N. parvus, bristles with multiple pores, without flexible sockets, and with the extremity curved were also observed (Fig. 1F). Sensilla with multiple pores and without flexible sockets were also reported for N. viridula (Brézot et al., 1997). However, sensilla inserted in flexible sockets with striated surfaces and pores at the tip, small pores in the grooves, and multiple tips probably representing pores were described for Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Hem. Miridae) (Dickens et al., 1995).

Evidence that the last antennal segment is responsible for smell perception has also been reported for other species of heteropterans. In O. fasciatus, a considerably larger amount of nervous tissue was found in the fourth segment than in the first three segments (Andersen and Ball, 1959). The sensilla density in the last segment was also larger in Oxycarenus laetus Kirby (Hem. Lygaeidae), in comparison to the other segments (Raman, 1988). Sensilla with characteristics of olfaction were concentrated on the distal end of the terminal segment in Cimex lectularius L. (Hem. Cemicidae) (Levinson et al., 1974). The highest density of sensilla occurred on the second segment of the flagellum in N. viridula (Brézot et al., 1997) and olfactory sensilla were located on the second and third segments in L. lineolaris (Dickens et al., 1995).

Comparing the antennae and sensillum of N. parvus observed in our study to that of another alydid, Riptortus clavatus (Thunberg) (Ikeda-Kikue and Numata, 1991), several similarities could be established: difference on the size of the antennae in males and females; increased density of sensilla from the basal to the apical segments, with the greatest concentration on the terminal segment; nail-like projection on the base of the fourth segment; surface with structures similar to scales on the first three segments; sensilla in bristle form, with the base in a flexible socket; and grooved peg sensilla together with fine sensilla not inserted in flexible sockets at the distal segment. Detailed examination of the antennae of R. clavatus would probably reveal more similarities with N. parvus.

Backus (1988), considering the hypothesis of Chapman (1982) that a greater number of chemoreceptors allowed a increased possibility of perception of the chemical atmosphere, pointed out that the high number of sensilla found on the antennal flagellum of Heteroptera could be used to detect olfactory cues during orientation at a long distance from the host plant. Also, probably the volatiles emanated from the surface of plants, and the interaction of chemicals and texture in contact with cuticle during the exploration and antennation of the plant surface, were detected by these insects.

Olfactory Responses

In the first still-air assay, the percentage of intact insects that located the food (91%) was significantly higher than that of insects which had the antennae blocked with shellac or ablated (Table 1). Insects with intact antennae located the food faster than those with ablated antennae or those which had the antennae blocked with shellac (145.1 min.). These results showed the importance of antennal sensilla for locating the host plant. In relation to the distance traveled to reach the food, no significant differences were found among the treatments; suggesting that this was not a good parameter for verifying olfactory responses. The relative small size of the arena might have contributed to the absence of significant differences among treatments. Further studies could verify these hypothesis.

Males and females visited preferentially non-sealed seeds, indicating host detection by smell. However, males and females with the last segment of the antennae blocked did not detect seeds by smell (Table 2). These results corroborated the morphological evidence that the last segment of antenna might be suggested as the "olfactory segment." The olfactory results also confirmed those from the previous still-air experiment. Numata et al. (1986) found that the removal of the apical segment of the antennae prevented the initiation of courtship behaviour in the alydid R. clavatus. Flagellum of the C. lectularius antenna had a higher capacity to perceive scents of the host than in the other segments (Levin and Anfinogenova 1981). The ablation of the last segment of the antenna in this specie also prevented the reaction to certain concentrations of the alarm pheromone, and stopped the aggregation behaviour (Levinson et al., 1974). In antenna ablation experiments with Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Het.: Pentatomidae), the sensilla response to plant volatile were found mainly on the terminal antennal segment (Sant'ana et al., 1999).

In the wind-tunnel tests, no positive responses were found considering the time to reach the mesh with the stimulus source. However, for green and dry pods, and hexanic extract positive responses were found for percent insects reached the screen (source of stimulus) (Table 3). In the treatments with panicles of the non host rice and pheromones, for males and females, no significant differences were found. Positive responses of N. parvus to pheromones were obtained in the field (W. Leal and A.R. Panizzi, unpublished). Probably, the wind tunnel used in this assay did not provide the conditions for positive responses or these results reflected insect behavior in which feeding was selected during walking and pheromones detected during flying.

In relation to the negative responses, the treatments did not differ from the control (P < 0.05) (Table 3).

The responses obtained in this study corroborated other studies with olfactory perception that, although scarce in Heteroptera (Backus, 1988), indicated its importance in host plant selection. In general, these studies were also conducted over small distances, reflecting the behaviour of the insect on the surface of the plant, rather than that before reaching it. In all bioassays, the insects walked and dabbed the surface with the labial tip simultaneously, probably combining olfactory and gustatory senses.

Other evidences of host plant olfactory recognition included the receptors to volatiles of the host plant Asclepias syriaca L. that were found in O. fasciatus (Pantle and Feir, 1976). This insect had a reduced ability to locate seeds of A. syriaca after the sensorial structures of their antennae were blocked (Feir and Beck, 1963).

Dysdercus koenigii (F.) (Het.: Pyrrhocoridae) was also attracted to host plant scents, green leaves of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), probably by the presence of essential oils (Saxena, 1969). In the same study, the insects were more attracted to the seeds of cotton and okra, Abelmoschus esculentus Moench., than those of other hosts. In Magicicada cassini (Fisher) (Hom.: Cicadidae), sensilla sensitive to host plant odors were found in the antennae (Klein et al., 1988). In Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hom.: Aphydidae), responses to terpene derivatives (alcohols, aldehydes, and esters), green odors of leaves, and aromaticcompounds(Yongjun et al., 1995) were obtained.

Recent progress in the knowledge of the chemical composition of volatile from plants, especially of legumes (Liu et al., 1989), and their isolation, together with electroantennogram studies, might elucidate in greater detail how olfactory stimulation in N. parvus occurred. Dickens et al. (1995) characterized positive responses of L. lineolaris to 1-hexanol, the chemical of the "green" odor. Similarly, P. maculiventris and P. nigrispinus (Dallas) were found to be sensitive to plant volatile (Sant'ana and Dickens, 1998; Sant'ana et al., 1999).

In conclusion, mechanoreceptor sensilla were found on the four segments of the antennae of N. parvus, and were in highest numbers on the 4^th segment. Bugs with intact antennae located food more frequently and faster than those with blocked or amputated antennae; They detected intact seeds and sealed seeds, but no detection ocurred when the last segment of the antenna was blocked. In wind tunnel, bugs were attracted to mature and green pods, and to hexanic extract of mature pods of pigeon pea; but there was no response to panicles of rice and to the pheromone extracted from males. These results indicated that N. parvus did perceive the scents of pods of closely related leguminous plants.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank I.C.B. Fonseca (State University of Londrina) for statistical assistance, E.W. Kitajima (NAP/NEPA, ESALQ/USP) for electronic microscopy assistance and facilities, and P.M.O.J. Neves for photographs assistance.

Received: August 01, 2003

Revised: May 19, 2004

Accepted: November 29, 2004

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*

Author for correspondence

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  14 Sept 2005
• Date of issue
  July 2005

History

• Accepted
  29 Nov 2004
• Reviewed
  19 Mar 2004
• Received
  01 Aug 2003