Processed Canola Meal Effects on the Traits of Egg, Fertility, Cecal Microbial Population and Carcass of Broiler Breeder Hens

ABSTRACT

The aim of the current research was to study the effect of canola meal processing methods on the traits of egg, fertility, cecal microbial population, and the carcass of broiler breeder hens. Canola meal was processed by fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis methods, then was fed to the hens. Four hundred and fifty broiler breeder hens of Ross strain weighing 3300±150 g (40 weeks) were used for 12 weeks. A completely randomized design was used with 6 treatments (unprocessed, processed by Lactobacillus Plantarum, Bacillus Subtilis, Aspergillus Oryzae, Neurospora Sitophila, and Alcalase enzyme) and 5 replications. Fifteen hens were included in each pen. The data collected were analyzed using the LSmeans procedure of SAS software. The treatment effect was significant on the fertility hatchability (p<0.05). The highest fertility hatchability was observed in the processing method by Neurospora Sitophila fungi (85%). Experimental treatments had significant effects on the germs and pH of the caecum (p<0.05). The use of processing methods reduced the population of salmonella and coliforms and increased the population of lactobacillus in the caecum. Most of the population of salmonella, lactobacillus, and coliforms of the caecum was observed in the treatments of unprocessed, Bacillus Subtilis bacteria, and unprocessed, respectively. The effect of the experimental treatment had significant effect on abdominal fat (p<0.05). Processing methods of canola caused the reduction of abdominal fat. The highest decrease in abdominal fat was observed in the treatment that processed Aspergillus Oryzae fungi (1.89%). Processing of canola meal improved its digestibility and reduced its anti-nutritional factors.

Keywords:
Caecum; Fermentation; Fertility; Processing

INTRODUCTION

Canola is scientifically named Brassica Napus from the family Brassicaceae Cruciferae. Canola meal is the most important plant protein product after soybean meal. In poultry rations, soybean can be replaced by canola. Canola is derived from the rapeseed breeding by reducing the glucosinolate amount (Recoules et al., 2019). The amount of erucic acid in canola oil is less than 2% and the amount of glucosinolate in its meal is less than 30 µmol / g (Zeb, 1998). The major anti-nutrient components of canola are phytate, glucosinolate, and tannin. These compounds reduced the ration palatability. Glucosinolates are not normally toxic. But secondary products from their decomposition can have adverse effects on bird performance (Tripathi & Mishra, 2007). High consumption of glucosinolates in broiler chickens reduces feed intake, decreases growth rate, hyperthyroidism, decreases thyroid hormone levels, enlarges liver, kidney and thyroid gland, and also changes liver activity, and increases mortality (McNeill et al., 2004; Kermanshahi & Abbasi Pour, 2006).

Nowadays, the production of new feeds has been considered. These feeds were made with the fermentation technology by fungal species (such as Rhizopus Oligosporus, Aspergillus Oryza, Neurospora Cytophila and Aspergillus Niger) and bacterial species (such as Enterococcus Faecium and Bacillus Subtilis) (Ravindra, 2000; Singhania et al., 2009). Fermentation technology eliminates anti-nutritional compounds and improves the structure and taste of the feed. Fermentation technology is better at processing feed than chemical methods. The use of microbial fermentation methods to produce high-quality protein and free from anti-nutritional compounds has been considered (Khalil, 2006).

In the process of hydrolyzing proteins by chemical methods (acid and alkaline solutions), enzymatic and fermentative, peptides are produced with beneficial feed properties such as antioxidant properties, immune system stimuli, antimicrobial, blood pressure modulation, anti-cancer, and anti-obesity production. (Brij et al., 2014). In the enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins, the hydrolysis process is completely controlled, resulting in the production of peptides with biologically active properties (Pasupuleti & Demain, 2010). The enzymatic hydrolysis of plant proteins, such as canola meal, produced peptides that are used as natural ingredients in the production of useful feeds and can be used in animal nutrition because of their high absorption capacity from the small intestine (Brij et al., 2014).

The purpose of the present research was to study the effect of canola meal processing by bacteria, fungi, and enzyme on the traits of egg, fertility, cecal microbial population and carcass of broiler breeder hens.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Canola meal and processing methods

The canola meal was processed by fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis. Fermentation processing was done by 2 bacteria strains named Lactobacillus Plantarum and Bacillus Subtilis, and 2 fungi strains named Aspergillus Oryzae and Neurospora Sitophila. Enzymatic hydrolysis was done by the Alcalase enzyme. Then, the canola meal processed was fed to the hens.

Hens and experimental treatments

In this study, four hundred and fifty broiler breeder hens of Ross strain weighing 3300±150 g (40 weeks) were used for 12 weeks. A completely randomized design was used with 6 treatments and 5 replications. Thirty pens were designed and prepared to study the effect of treatments. Fifteen broiler breeder hens were included in each pen. Treatments included: 1) unprocessed canola meal, 2) canola meal processed by Lactobacillus Plantarum, 3) canola meal processed by Bacillus Subtilis, 4) canola meal processed by Aspergillus Oryzae, 5) canola meal processed by Neurospora Sitophila, and 6) canola meal processed by Alcalase enzyme.

Studied traits

Egg and fertility traits

Eggs were collected 3 times per day. The egg weight and egg production were measured. The egg storage room had good conditions. Its temperature and relative humidities were 15-16 °C and 70%, respectively. The eggs were weighed before the incubation. The eggs were incubated. After incubation, healthy and salable chickens and unhatched eggs were recorded. Total hatchability was calculated through the number of healthy hatched chickens divided by egg number multiples 100. The fertility rate and fertility hatchability (the number of healthy hatched chickens divided by fertile eggs number multiples 100) were calculated.

Total population of bacteria, Salmonella and Lactobacillus

At the end of the experiment, after the slaughter of the hens, the contents of the caecum were drained with a syringe (3 ml) and the syringe was kept in the refrigerator. Samples were transferred to the laboratory of Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch. MacConkey medium was used for Salmonella count and MRS agar for lactobacillus count. Salmonella was cultured in aerobic conditions and lactobacillus under anaerobic conditions. To prepare the sample, one gram of feces with 9 ml of physiological serum solution was homogenized by Vertex (tube shaker). Then, one ml of the sample was mixed with 9 ml of physiological serum and the diluted solution was obtained. Dilution with physiological serum continued until one-eighth. Samples were cultured in MRS agar and McConkey medium. The culture media were incubated for 2 h at 4 °C. Then, the colonies were counted using a colony counting machine.

Carcass traits

At the end of the experiment, two hens were randomly selected from each pen and slaughtered after 12 hours of starvation. After slaughter, live weight, chest, thighs, wings, back and neck muscles, liver, spleen and pancreas were measured.

Experimental ration formulation

The ration was formulated based on the nutritional requirements for the broiler breeder hens of Ross 308 (weeks 40 onwards) by corn, and soybean meal (Table 1).

Table 1
Feed ingredients and chemical compositions of the ration used.

Ingredient	Amount in the ration (%)
Corn	56.8
Soybean meal (43% CP)	24.7
Wheat bran	6
Soybean oil	1.2
Di-calcium phosphate	1.5
Oyster powder	8
Salt	0.3
Mineral supplement	0.25
Vitamin supplement	0.25
DL-methionine	1
Chemical composition
Metabolizable energy (Kilocalories per kilogram)	2740
Crude protein (%)	15.50
Methionine + Cysteine (%)	0.62
Lysine (%)	0.77
Calcium (%)	3.30
Available Phosphorus (%)	0.38
Sodium (%)	0.18

Mineral supplement provides the following items: 50 mg of manganese, 50 mg of iron, 24 mg of Zinc, 10 mg of copper, 2 mg of iodine, 200 µg of selenium, 500 µg of cobalt. Vitamin supplement provides the following items: 12000 international units (IU) of vitamin A, 3000 IU of vitamin D3, 100 IU of Vitamin E, 5 mg of vitamin K3, 3 mg of vitamin B1, 12 mg of vitamin B2, 55 mg of vitamin B3, 15 mg of vitamin B5, 4 mg of pyridoxine, 2 mg of vitamin B9, 40 µg of vitamin B12, 1,000 mg of vitamin choline and 250 µg of vitamin biotin.

Statistical analysis

The data collected from the present study were analyzed using the LSmeans procedure of SAS statistical software (9.1). The statistical model used was as follows:

$y_{ijk}=\mu +A_i+e_{ijk}$

where y_ijk is the value of each observation; µ is the effect of the mean; A_i is the effect of the treatment and e_ijk is the residual effect.

RESULTS

Eggs and fertility traits

Effects of canola meal process methods on Hen-day egg production, Egg weight, and Egg mass production are presented in Table 2. No significant effect was observed (p>0.05). As shown in Table 3, the effect of the treatments was significant on fertility hatchability (p<0.05). The highest fertility hatchability was observed in the processing method with Neurospora Sitophila fungi (85%).

Table 2
Effect of treatments on egg traits of Ross broiler breeder hens.

Treatments	Hen-day egg production (%)	Egg weight(g)	Egg mass production (g/hen/day)
Unprocessed	61.86	52.23	34.12
Processed by Lactobacillus Plantarum (Bacteria)	62.90	52.90	34.98
Processed by Bacillus Subtilis (Bacteria)	62.57	53.01	34.26
Processed by Aspergillus Oryzae (Fungi)	61.97	52.84	35.13
Processed by Neurospora Sitophila (Fungi)	62.13	53.10	34.84
Processed by Alcalase enzyme	62.30	52.92	34.69
SEM	1.29	1.63	1.01
p value	0.09	0.19	0.24

• SEM: Standard error of means. Means with different letters are significant (p<0.05).

Table 3
Effect of treatments on fertility traits (%) of Ross broiler breeder hens.

Treatments	Fertility rate	Fertility hatchability	Total hatchability
Unprocessed	87	79a	70
Processed by Lactobacillus Plantarum (Bacteria)	89	83b	73
Processed by Bacillus Subtilis (Bacteria)	88	83b	72
Processed by Aspergillus Oryzae (Fungi)	90	84b	73
Processed by Neurospora Sitophila (Fungi)	90	85b	72
Processed by Alcalase enzyme	90	84b	72
SEM	0.52	0.61	0.48
p value	0.12	0.00	0.10

• SEM: Standard error of means. Means with different letters are significant (p<0.05).

Caecum germs and pH

Experimental treatments had significant effects on germs and pH of the caecum (p<0.05). The use of processing methods reduced the population of salmonella and coliforms and increased the population of lactobacillus in the caecum. Most of the population of salmonella, lactobacillus, and coliforms of the caecum was observed in treatments of unprocessed, Bacillus Subtilis bacteria, and unprocessed, respectively (Table 4). The highest and lowest pH of caecum were related to unprocessed (6.82) and Aspergillus Oryzae fungi (6.21) treatments, respectively.

Table 4
Effect of treatments on microbial population of caecum (log₁₀ CFU/g).

Treatments	Salmonella	Lactobacillus	Coliforms	pH
Unprocessed	4.90a	3.85b	3.91a	6.82a
Processed by Lactobacillus Plantarum (Bacteria)	3.91b	4.51a	3.23b	6.27b
Processed by Bacillus Subtilis (Bacteria)	3.85b	4.64a	3.20b	6.25b
Processed by Aspergillus Oryzae (Fungi)	3.70b	4.59a	3.27b	6.21b
Processed by Neurospora Sitophila (Fungi)	3.76b	4.63a	3.29b	6.24b
Processed by Alcalase enzyme	3.81b	4.49a	3.32b	6.25b
SEM	0.06	0.10	0.09	0.13
P value	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00

• SEM: Standard error of means. Means with different letters are significant (p<0.05).

Carcass traits

The effects of canola meal process methods on carcass traits are presented in Table 5. The effect of experimental treatment had significant effect on abdominal fat (p<0.05). Processing methods of canola meal caused the reduction of abdominal fat. The highest decrease in abdominal fat was observed in the treatment that process with Aspergillus Oryzae fungi (1.89%).

Table 5
Effect of treatments on carcass traits (%).

Treatments	Breast	Thigh	Abdominal Fat	Spleen	Liver	Heart
Unprocessed	33.21	28.76	2.73a	0.14	2.85	0.82
Processed by Lactobacillus Plantarum (Bacteria)	34.61	29.21	1.95b	0.14	2.80	0.85
Processed by Bacillus Subtilis (Bacteria)	35.12	28.65	1.93b	0.13	2.79	0.85
Processed by Aspergillus Oryzae (Fungi)	34.10	28.76	1.89b	0.14	2.78	0.87
Processed by Neurospora Sitophila (Fungi)	35.31	29.12	1.94b	0.13	2.78	0.86
Processed by Alcalase enzyme	33.19	29.93	1.96b	0.14	2.81	0.87
SEM	1.13	1.09	0.06	0.03	0.05	0.04
p value	0.34	0.26	0.00	0.40	0.35	0.37

• SEM: Standard error of means. Means with different letters are significant (p<0.05).

DISCUSSION

Canola contains anti-nutritional substances such as glucosinolate. Therefore, if canola is not processed before consumption, its nutritional value will be low and will have adverse effects on poultry health. In the present study, the processed canola by bacteria, fungi, and enzymes did not affect the egg traits of broiler breeder hens, which is in accordance with other reports (Goldberg et al., 2016; Zhu et al., 2019; Ziyad et al., 2019).

Canola processing improved fertility traits. But there was no difference between the methods used with bacteria, fungi, and enzymes. The processed canola has increased the palatability of the ration by reducing its antioxidants. On the other hand, phytate and available phosphorus have decreased and increased, respectively. Phosphorus has a positive effect on fertility traits. These results are consistent with other studies (Van Emous et al., 2015; AL-Dhanki et al., 2019; Ziyad et al., 2019).

In a study, the decreasing effect of enzymatic hydrolysis of canola with Alcalase was reported on the microbial population of broiler ceca (Karimzadeh et al., 2016b). In another study, the use of high levels of unprocessed canola had no effect on the microbial population of broiler ceca (Toghyani et al., 2017). These results are consistent with the results of the present study. In the present study, canola processing reduced the cecal pH. Subsequently, conditions for the growth of beneficial bacteria and the destruction of harmful microbes in the caecum were provided and the microbial balance of the gastrointestinal tract improved.

In a study, rapeseed meal was processed by Lactobacillus Acidophilus and Bacillus Subtilis, and Aspergillus Niger. It was reported that processed meal increased carcass traits weight and reduced abdominal fat (Ashayerizadeh et al., 2018). In another study, the use of high levels of unprocessed canola improved the carcass traits of broilers (Toghyani et al., 2017). These findings are consistent with the results of the present study. Canola processing improves the protein quality and fatty acid profile and improves bird performance.

Canola processing improved fertility hatchability, which caused an increase in the number of chickens. On the other hand, by reducing the population of harmful microbes and increasing the population of beneficial intestinal microbes, it improves the ability to absorb nutrients. All of the above is due to the reduction in the anti-nutritional substances of canola, which is caused by processing. Thus, canola processing improved its digestibility. In other words, protein quality and fatty acid profiles were improved. Therefore, the processed canola used by the bird improves its traits. It can be recommended to use the processed meal instead of the raw canola meal.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to the Islamic Azad University-Qaemshahr Branch, Iran for support.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  14 Dec 2020
• Date of issue
  2020

History

• Received
  24 Apr 2020
• Accepted
  15 Sept 2020