Estudo da aflatoxina no amendoim, da colheita à industrialização, na região de Fernandópolis, S.P.

Fonseca, Homero

doi:10.1590/S0071-12761976000100036

Resumos

Neste trabalho foi investigada, na região de Fernandópolis, SP, a incidência de aflatoxina no amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.) em três estágios de seu ciclo de industrialização: a) ao ser entregue à fábrica, Épocas I e II; b) durante o seu armazenamento, Épocas III e IV e c) após a extração do óleo (farelo), Épocas V e VI. Em cada estágio foram feitas duas coletas de 10 amostras cada, num total de 40 amostras de amendoim e 20 de farelo. Dos resultados pôde-se concluir que: 1) De todas as amostras apenas uma estava livre de aflatoxina; 2) o nível, em termos de aflatoxina B1, foi elevado, com 51,7% na categoria de toxidez "Alta" e 38,3% na categoria "Muito Alta"; 3) Os níveis cresceram da Época I até a Época IV, média de 0,54 até 2,14 ppm, decrescendo nas Épocas V e VI (farelo), média de 1,04 ppm; 4) Cinco amostras estavam excessivamente tóxicas, com mais de 10,00 ppm; 5) o lavrador entrega amendoim já tóxico e com elevada umidade à fábrica; 6) A indústria, por não promover secagem da matéria-prima com elevada umidade, contribui para a elevação dos níveis de aflatoxina.

In the present work the occurrence of aflatoxin in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the region of Fernandópolis, S.P., was investigated in three Stages, from harvest to industrialization: a) by the time the grower sells it to the oil mill: Epochs I and II; b) during its storage prior to milling: Epochs III and IV, and c) after oil extraction (peanut flour) : Epochs V and VI. In each Stage two collections, of 10 samples each, were made in a total of 40 samples of peanuts and 20 samples of peanut flour. From the results the following conclusions could be drawn: 1) all samples were toxic, except one; 2) the toxicity level in terms aflatoxin B1 was high, for 51.7% of the samples were in the category "High" and 38.3% in the category "Very High"; 3) the levels of aflatoxin in the samples grew from Epoch I to Epoch IV: mean values of 0.54 to 2.14 ppm, decreasing in Epoch V and VI: 1.04 ppm; 4) Five samples were excessively toxic with more than 10.00 ppm; 5) aflatoxin and high moisture content are present in most raw material when the grower takes it to the oil mill; 6) the miller does not take action to dry the moist material, contributing, this way, to permit an increase in the aflatoxin levels, during storage.

Estudo da aflatoxina no amendoim, da colheita à industrialização, na região de Fernandópolis, S.P.

Study of aflatoxin in peanuts, from harvest to industrialization, in the region of Fernandópolis, S.P.

Homero Fonseca

Departamento de Tecnologia Rural

RESUMO

Neste trabalho foi investigada, na região de Fernandópolis, SP, a incidência de aflatoxina no amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.) em três estágios de seu ciclo de industrialização: a) ao ser entregue à fábrica, Épocas I e II; b) durante o seu armazenamento, Épocas III e IV e c) após a extração do óleo (farelo), Épocas V e VI. Em cada estágio foram feitas duas coletas de 10 amostras cada, num total de 40 amostras de amendoim e 20 de farelo.

Dos resultados pôde-se concluir que: 1) De todas as amostras apenas uma estava livre de aflatoxina; 2) o nível, em termos de aflatoxina B₁, foi elevado, com 51,7% na categoria de toxidez "Alta" e 38,3% na categoria "Muito Alta"; 3) Os níveis cresceram da Época I até a Época IV, média de 0,54 até 2,14 ppm, decrescendo nas Épocas V e VI (farelo), média de 1,04 ppm; 4) Cinco amostras estavam excessivamente tóxicas, com mais de 10,00 ppm; 5) o lavrador entrega amendoim já tóxico e com elevada umidade à fábrica; 6) A indústria, por não promover secagem da matéria-prima com elevada umidade, contribui para a elevação dos níveis de aflatoxina.

SUMMARY

In the present work the occurrence of aflatoxin in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the region of Fernandópolis, S.P., was investigated in three Stages, from harvest to industrialization: a) by the time the grower sells it to the oil mill: Epochs I and II; b) during its storage prior to milling: Epochs III and IV, and c) after oil extraction (peanut flour) : Epochs V and VI. In each Stage two collections, of 10 samples each, were made in a total of 40 samples of peanuts and 20 samples of peanut flour.

From the results the following conclusions could be drawn: 1) all samples were toxic, except one; 2) the toxicity level in terms aflatoxin B₁ was high, for 51.7% of the samples were in the category "High" and 38.3% in the category "Very High"; 3) the levels of aflatoxin in the samples grew from Epoch I to Epoch IV: mean values of 0.54 to 2.14 ppm, decreasing in Epoch V and VI: 1.04 ppm; 4) Five samples were excessively toxic with more than 10.00 ppm; 5) aflatoxin and high moisture content are present in most raw material when the grower takes it to the oil mill; 6) the miller does not take action to dry the moist material, contributing, this way, to permit an increase in the aflatoxin levels, during storage.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text available only in PDF format.

AGRADECIMENTOS

Agradecemos à FAPESP pelo auxílio financeiro concedido e ao Prof. Roland Vencovsky pela orientação recebida na execução das análises estatísticas.

LITERATURA CITADA

Entregue para publicação em 10/12/1976

ALLCROFT, R.B.; A. CARNAGHAN; K. SARGEANT e J.O'KELLY, 1961. A toxic factor in Brazilian groundnut meal. Vet. Rec. 74 (31) :863-4.
ALLCROFT, R.; H. ROGERS; G. LEWIS; J. NABNEY e P.E. BEST, 1966. Metabolism of aflatoxin in sheep: excretion of the "milk toxin". Nature. 209: 154-5.
ASHWORTH Jr.; L.J.; H.W. SCHROEDER e B.C. LANGLEY, 1965. Aflatoxins: environmental factors governing occurrence in Spanish peanut. Science, 148 : 1228-1299.
AUST, S.D.; J.L. ALBRIGHT; R.E. OLSEN; J.H. BYERS e H.P. BROQUIST, 1963. Observations on moldy corn toxicosis. J. Anim. Sci. 22: 831-2.
AUSTWICK, P.K.C. e G. AYERST, 1963. Toxic products in groundnuts. Chem. Ind. (Lond), 2: 55-61.
BAMPTON, S.S., 1963. Growth of Aspergillus flavus and production of aflatoxin in groundnuts. Part I. Trop. Sci. 5(2):74-81.
BLOUNT, W.P., 1961. Turkey "X" disease. Turkeys, 9(2):52-67.
BURRELL, N.J., J.K. GRUNDEY e C. HARKNESS, 1964. Growth of Aspergillus flavus and production of aflatoxin in groundnuts. Part V. Trop. Sci, 6 (2) : 74-90.
BUSHNELL, D.G., 1965. The incidence of aflatoxin in the Rhodesian groundnut crop. Rhod. Agric. J., 62 (5) : 94-96, 98.
CARNAGHAN, R.B.A., R.D. HARTLEY e J. O'KELLY. 1963 - Toxicity and fluorescence properties of the aflatoxins. Nature, 200:1101.
COOMES, T.J. e A.J. FEUELL, 1965 - Recommended procedures for the detection and estimation of aflatoxin B₁ in groundnuts and groundnut materials. Tropical Products Institute Report G 13, Londres.
FONSECA, H.., 1968 - "Contribuição ao estudo da ocorrência de aflatoxina em tortas, farelos e farinhas de amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.) no Estado de São Paulo". ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, 65 p. Tese de Doutoramento.
HARTLEY, R.D., B.F. NESBITT e J. O KELLY, 1963 - Toxic metabolites of Aspergillus flavus. Nature, 198:1056-8.
LEE, W.V., 1965 - Quantitative determination of aflatoxin in groundnut products. Analyst, 90:305-7.
Mc DONALD, D. e J. A'BROOK, 1963 - Growth of Aspergillus flavus and production of aflatoxin in groundnuts. Part III. Trop. Sci., 5(4) :208-14.
Mc DONALD, D. e C. HARKNESS, 1963 - Growth of Aspergillus flavus and production of aflatoxin in groundnuts. Part. II. Trop. Sci., 5(3) :143-154.
NARTEY, F., 1966 - Aflatoxins of Aspergillus flavus grown on cassava. Physiol. Plantarum, 19(31) :818-22.
RICHMOND, J.W., N. SUTCLIFFE, N.W.R. DANIELS, P.W. RUSSEL-EGGIT e J.B.M. COPOCK, 1962 - Factors other than groundnut relating to Turkey "X" disease. Vet. Rec, 74(18) :544-5.
SARGEANT, K., A. SHERIDAN, J. O'KELLY e R.B.A. CARNAGHAN, 1961 - Toxicity associated with certain samples of groundnuts. Nature, 192:1096-7.
SELLSCHOP, J.P.F., N.PJ. KRIEK e J.C.G. du PREEZ, 1965 - Distribution and degree of occurrence of aflatoxin in groundnuts and groundnut products, Symp. Mycotoxins Foodstuffs, Agric. Aspect, Febr. 1965, Pretoria South Africa: 9-17.
SHOTWELL, O.L., C.W. HESSELTINE, R.D. STUBBLEFIELD e W.G. SORENSON, 1966 - Production of aflatoxin in rice Appl. Microbiol. 14(3) :425-8.
SNEDECOR, G.W., 1956 - "Statistical Methods", 5.Ş ed. the Iowa State College Press, Ames, la. 534 pp.
STEEL, R.G.D. e J.H. TORRIE, 1960 - Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Co., N. York, 481 pp.
TANGO, J.S., T.J.B. MENEZES e CG. TEIXEIRA, 1967 - Levantamento da ocorrência da aflatoxina em sementes de amendoim, nas safras das águas e da seca de 1965. XIX Reunião Anual da S.B.P.C., Rio de Janeiro, R.J.
TROPICAL PRODUCTS INSTITUTE, 1962 - Aflatoxin in groundnuts and groundnut products. Interpretation of physico - chemical and biological test results. T.P.I. Ministry of Overseas Development, Londres.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
29 Maio 2012
Data do Fascículo
1976

Histórico

Recebido
10 Dez 1976

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] ALLCROFT, R.B.; A. CARNAGHAN; K. SARGEANT e J.O'KELLY, 1961. A toxic factor in Brazilian groundnut meal. Vet. Rec. 74 (31) :863-4.

[2] ALLCROFT, R.; H. ROGERS; G. LEWIS; J. NABNEY e P.E. BEST, 1966. Metabolism of aflatoxin in sheep: excretion of the "milk toxin". Nature. 209: 154-5.

[3] ASHWORTH Jr.; L.J.; H.W. SCHROEDER e B.C. LANGLEY, 1965. Aflatoxins: environmental factors governing occurrence in Spanish peanut. Science, 148 : 1228-1299.

[4] AUST, S.D.; J.L. ALBRIGHT; R.E. OLSEN; J.H. BYERS e H.P. BROQUIST, 1963. Observations on moldy corn toxicosis. J. Anim. Sci. 22: 831-2.

[5] AUSTWICK, P.K.C. e G. AYERST, 1963. Toxic products in groundnuts. Chem. Ind. (Lond), 2: 55-61.

[6] BAMPTON, S.S., 1963. Growth of Aspergillus flavus and production of aflatoxin in groundnuts. Part I. Trop. Sci. 5(2):74-81.

[7] BLOUNT, W.P., 1961. Turkey "X" disease. Turkeys, 9(2):52-67.

[8] BURRELL, N.J., J.K. GRUNDEY e C. HARKNESS, 1964. Growth of Aspergillus flavus and production of aflatoxin in groundnuts. Part V. Trop. Sci, 6 (2) : 74-90.

[9] BUSHNELL, D.G., 1965. The incidence of aflatoxin in the Rhodesian groundnut crop. Rhod. Agric. J., 62 (5) : 94-96, 98.

[10] CARNAGHAN, R.B.A., R.D. HARTLEY e J. O'KELLY. 1963 - Toxicity and fluorescence properties of the aflatoxins. Nature, 200:1101.

[11] COOMES, T.J. e A.J. FEUELL, 1965 - Recommended procedures for the detection and estimation of aflatoxin B₁ in groundnuts and groundnut materials. Tropical Products Institute Report G 13, Londres.

[12] FONSECA, H.., 1968 - "Contribuição ao estudo da ocorrência de aflatoxina em tortas, farelos e farinhas de amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.) no Estado de São Paulo". ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, 65 p. Tese de Doutoramento.

[13] HARTLEY, R.D., B.F. NESBITT e J. O KELLY, 1963 - Toxic metabolites of Aspergillus flavus. Nature, 198:1056-8.

[14] LEE, W.V., 1965 - Quantitative determination of aflatoxin in groundnut products. Analyst, 90:305-7.

[15] Mc DONALD, D. e J. A'BROOK, 1963 - Growth of Aspergillus flavus and production of aflatoxin in groundnuts. Part III. Trop. Sci., 5(4) :208-14.

[16] Mc DONALD, D. e C. HARKNESS, 1963 - Growth of Aspergillus flavus and production of aflatoxin in groundnuts. Part. II. Trop. Sci., 5(3) :143-154.

[17] NARTEY, F., 1966 - Aflatoxins of Aspergillus flavus grown on cassava. Physiol. Plantarum, 19(31) :818-22.

[18] RICHMOND, J.W., N. SUTCLIFFE, N.W.R. DANIELS, P.W. RUSSEL-EGGIT e J.B.M. COPOCK, 1962 - Factors other than groundnut relating to Turkey "X" disease. Vet. Rec, 74(18) :544-5.

[19] SARGEANT, K., A. SHERIDAN, J. O'KELLY e R.B.A. CARNAGHAN, 1961 - Toxicity associated with certain samples of groundnuts. Nature, 192:1096-7.

[20] SELLSCHOP, J.P.F., N.PJ. KRIEK e J.C.G. du PREEZ, 1965 - Distribution and degree of occurrence of aflatoxin in groundnuts and groundnut products, Symp. Mycotoxins Foodstuffs, Agric. Aspect, Febr. 1965, Pretoria South Africa: 9-17.

[21] SHOTWELL, O.L., C.W. HESSELTINE, R.D. STUBBLEFIELD e W.G. SORENSON, 1966 - Production of aflatoxin in rice Appl. Microbiol. 14(3) :425-8.

[22] SNEDECOR, G.W., 1956 - "Statistical Methods", 5.Ş ed. the Iowa State College Press, Ames, la. 534 pp.

[23] STEEL, R.G.D. e J.H. TORRIE, 1960 - Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Co., N. York, 481 pp.

[24] TANGO, J.S., T.J.B. MENEZES e CG. TEIXEIRA, 1967 - Levantamento da ocorrência da aflatoxina em sementes de amendoim, nas safras das águas e da seca de 1965. XIX Reunião Anual da S.B.P.C., Rio de Janeiro, R.J.

[25] TROPICAL PRODUCTS INSTITUTE, 1962 - Aflatoxin in groundnuts and groundnut products. Interpretation of physico - chemical and biological test results. T.P.I. Ministry of Overseas Development, Londres.

Brasil

Brasil

Estudo da aflatoxina no amendoim, da colheita à industrialização, na região de Fernandópolis, S.P.

Study of aflatoxin in peanuts, from harvest to industrialization, in the region of Fernandópolis, S.P.

Resumos

Datas de Publicação

Histórico