Distribution and risk factors of Ascarididae and other geohelminths in the soil of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil

ABSTRACT

Among the geohelminths, parasites from the Ascarididae family have a significant role in the human and animal health. This research aims to determine the prevalence of Ascarididae species in the soil in different areas located in a city of Minas Gerais State, Brazil (South America). The study was developed in squares, parks, sports clubs, orchards and municipal children's schools. Samples of sand/soil/grass were collected from January to August 2014. The optical microscope screening was performed through formal-ether and spontaneous sedimentation techniques. Out of the 183 collected samples, eight (4.4%) belonged to parks, 16 (8.7%) to sports clubs, 76 (41.5%) to squares, 23 (12.6%) to orchards, and 60 (32.8%) to schools. Out of the total, 28 (15.3%) contained Ascarididae eggs. Higher levels of positivity were demonstrated in the raining season (25.0%), in samples collected in the southern region of the town (25.1%), on ground soils (27.3%). Twenty-three (12.6%) were detected by the formal-ether sedimentation technique and 10 (5.5%) by spontaneous sedimentation technique. Therefore, it was concluded that the soils in the city of Uberlandia are contaminated with eggs and larvae of geohelminths, enabling dissemination of illnesses among animals and human beings.

KEYWORDS:
Geohelminths; Ascarididae; Soil; Epidemiology; Environmental contamination

INTRODUCTION

Geohelminths are parasites which perform part of their life cycle in the soil, where eggs are embryonated and then larvae become viable, being in both stages able to infect their hosts, depending on the species¹. Geohelminths have the development and survival dependent on the external environment. Climate factors such as proper humidity and temperature are critical for the embryonation of the eggs in the soil². Thus, human infection is directly related to the degree of soil contamination and the type of soil use. In addition, regions with a large population of dogs, cats and pigs, especially stray ones, can have a higher prevalence of eggs, larvae-eggs and larvae of parasites in the environment. Among geohelminths, the Ascarididae family is important for human and animal health, mainly consisting of parasites of the genus Ascaris and Toxocara, which infective forms can be ingested by their hosts presenting asymptomatic or severe syndromes³.

Ascaris genus is represented mainly by Ascaris lumbricoides and A. suum, which L5 (adult) infests the small intestine of humans and pigs. Ascariasis is one of the most common parasitic infestations, with worldwide distribution facilitated by the resistance of their eggs to less favorable environmental conditions^4,5. Human beings become infested by ingesting food, soil or water contaminated with Ascaris lumbricoides and/or Ascaris suum embryonated eggs, which hatch in the small intestine. Hands contaminated with eggs can be a source of infestation for breeders. Nail biting is also a risk factor in children and adults. The most severe infections of this parasite generally occur in children aging from 5 to 15 due to immune system maturation and changes in exposure to the parasite⁶. Parasite antigens activate the host's inflammatory response, inducing an eosinophilic infiltrate. The clinical features ranging from pneumonia, Loeffler's syndrome (due to migration of the larvae), to intestinal obstruction (due to adults), physical and cognitive impairment may occur, becoming more serious in reinfection⁴.

The presence of Ascaris sp. is observed in several epidemiological studies worldwide, in animal, human and ground^5,7–9. However, a prevalence reduction of this parasite has been observed. Researchers, such as Macchioni et al.⁹, reported significant reduction in prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides, from 19% to 1.5%, in relation to that observed 20 years ago in Bolivia, mainly due to the improvement of environmental and sanitary conditions in the region.

In the genus Toxocara, the species T. canis and T. cati live in the small intestine of canines and felines, respectively (definitive hosts). Other mammals, birds and humans infected with those roundworms are considered non-conventional hosts. These hosts accidentally ingest embryonated Toxocara eggs present in the soil, in contaminated water or food and in dog or cat fur¹⁰. The ingested eggs hatch in the small intestine and the larvae reach the bloodstream enabling migration to several organs such as liver, lungs, heart and brain, characterizing the larva migrans visceral syndrome (LMV)¹¹.

In relation to the environmental contamination, studies analyzing roundworms in soil at different locations in Spain, Philippines and Poland pointed out the prevalence of 16.4%, 31% and 22.2% to 41.18%, respectively^12,13. In squares and parks of Lavras, MG (2005), Pelotas, RS (2008), Maringa, PR (2011), Guarulhos, SP (2012) and Presidente Prudente, SP (2012) in Brazil, studies have shown varying prevalence of Toxocara sp. of 17.4%, 46%, 60.3%, 68.1% and 96%, respectively^14–18. In Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, 23.07% of the soil samples from squares were infected by Toxocara sp.¹⁹.

The diagnosis of roundworms in humans is performed by laboratory techniques (parasitological, enzyme immunoassays and molecular methods). Among the immunoassays, the most used detects specific antibodies raised to daily released excretory-secretory antigens (TES) by infecting larvae from their surface membranes²⁰.

Optical microscopic analysis of the soil samples, such as centrifugal flotation, spontaneous sedimentation and centrifugal sedimentation have been used for roundworms. These techniques are suggested due to good diagnostic sensitivity, detecting light structures and heavy eggs^21,22.

In this context, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of Ascarididae and other geohelminths in the soil of different areas (clubs, parks, squares, gardens, schools) located in one city in the Southeast of Brazil.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Area and study site

Uberlandia is located in the West macroregion (Triangulo Mineiro and Alto Paranaiba), in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. It is the second largest city in this Brazilian State, with an estimate of 676,613 inhabitants²³, a total area of 4.115,09 km², situated in the latitude 18 55'07S and the longitude 4816'38W. It has an average temperature of 23 °C and rainfall from 1,500 to 1,600 mm. The city is considered an example as for basic sanitation because it has 100% of treated water and 99% of the sewage collected by the Municipal Department of Water and Sewage (DEMAE).

This work was carried out in several neighborhoods in the urban area of the municipality in different areas of the city of Uberlandia, involving squares and public parks, clubs, gardens and kindergartens (EMEIs). All locations were present in all geographic regions.

Initially, survey of possible city collection sites (school recreation areas, squares and public parks, clubs and gardens) was carried out. They were listed based on information from the City Hall of Uberlandia, being included seven municipal parks, 15 clubs, 21 community and school gardens, 215 squares and 115 municipal schools. Among these municipal schools, 63 were EMEIs, and only 30 had recreation areas with sand, ground or grass.

After this survey, those in charge for the sites were contacted so that we could expose to them the study proposal to obtain their authorization for material collection after signature of the consent forms.

Material collection

Material collection occurred in 2014 and the collection periods were divided according to seasonality, being January to March considered as the rainy season, and June to August, the dry season.

Samples were collected using a PVC pipe measuring 5 cm in length x 6 cm in diameter. At the collection time, top soil was discarded, collecting the soil portion just below. Therefore, the PVC tube was inserted and five soil samples were collected at different points: one sample collected in four different points/sides, forming a quadrant, and a central sample. Soil types were classified according to their density and porosity. The collection procedure was repeated from the same spot during the rainy and dry seasons.

After collection, the samples were placed in plastic bags identified with the sample number, place and date, and transported in polystyrene boxes to the Parasitology Laboratory of the Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU) in order to be processed.

Processing and microscopic examination

In the Parasitology Laboratory of the Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), samples were homogenized and 200 g of the soil were weighed and removed for analysis. Sample processing was performed immediately after collection and, when it was not possible, they were stored at 4 °C for up to 24 h.

The parasitological methods used for the observation of Ascarididae eggs and other geohelminths in soil samples were the centrifugal sedimentation in formal-ether according to Ritchie²⁴ and the spontaneous sedimentation²⁵. For each technique, three slides per sample were made, and the analysis, in 40x magnification, was performed by two professionals trained to give a greater reliability to results. The identification of the parasite forms was done based on atlas, scientific articles and teaching books.

Statistical Analysis

Agreement between diagnostic methods was established according to the KAPPA test from Bioestat 5.0 software, with a 95% confidence interval. For comparisons between two proportions, the Chi-square test (χ²) was conducted and, when comparisons involved more than two proportions, a logistic regression was used, using Epi Info 3.5.1 software.

Dissemination of results

The results of the present study were sent to those in charge of the collection sites involved in the research, so that control measures could be taken in order to minimize soil contamination in these environments.

RESULTS

During the period from January to August 2014, 183 soil samples were collected in different locations of the city of Uberlandia. Eight of them (4.4%) belonged to parks, 16 (8.7%) to clubs, 76 (41.5%) to squares, 23 (12.6%) to gardens and 60 (32.8%) to EMEIs (Figure 1).

Figure 1
Soil sampling sites in different areas of the city of Uberlandia, MG, Brazil, in the period from January to August 2014

Out of the total, 28 (15.3%) were positive for Ascarids eggs, which has been found distributed in three parks (10.7%), five clubs (17.8%), seven squares (25.0%), eight gardens (28.6%) and five EMEIs (17.8%) (Table 1).

Table 1
Distribution and soil contamination with Ascarididae eggs in different areas of the city of Uberlandia, MG, in the period January-August 2014

Site	N	Positive (n/%)
Club	16	5 (17.8)
School	60	5 (17.8)
Garden	23	8 (28,6)
Park	8	3 (10.7)
Square	76	7 (25.0)
Total	183	28 (100.0)

• n = sample number; % percentage

During the analysis, eggs and larvae of other parasites, such as hookworms, Trichuris, Oxyurids and Strongyloides (Table 2) were observed.

Table 2
Parasitic forms found during the analysis of soil samples collected in different areas of the city of Uberlandia, MG, in the period from January to August 2014

Evolutionary form	Parasite species	Diagnostic Methods		Seasonality*
		Hoffmann n(%)	Ritchie n(%)	Rain	Drought
	Ancylostoma sp	5 (11,90)	2 (4,76)	7	0
Eggs	Trichuris sp.	0	1 (2,38)	1	0
	Ascarididae	10 (5,43)	23 (12,5)	23	5
	Ancylostoma sp	10 (23,80)	6 (14,28)	11	10
Larvae	Oxyurida	11 (26,19)	6 (14,28)	6	7
	Strongyloides sp.	0	1 (2,38)	0	1
Total		36 (19,7)	39 (21,3)	48	23

• ^*
  According to the Climatology Laboratory of the Federal University of Uberlandia. n= sample number; % percentage.

The biggest positivity of parasites was observed in the South region of the city, corresponding to 25.1% of the samples, followed by the Western (22.4%), East (19.7%), North and Central regions (both with 16.4%). However, from the logistic regression, it was possible to observe that there was no significant difference, indicating that none of the areas was considered a risk factor for the presence of parasites (Table 3).

Table 3
Distribution and soil contamination with Ascarids eggs in different soils and regions of the city of Uberlandia, MG, in the period from January to August 2014

Variables		Positive %	OR (CI 95%)	p-value*
Region
	South	25.1	Reference
	West	22.4	0.85 (0.28-2.52)	0.76
	East	19.7	0.51 (0.14-1.83)	0.30
	Center	16.4	0.82 (0.25-2.74)	0.75
	North	16.4	0.46 (0.11-1.85)	0.27
Soil type
	Sand	9	Reference
	Grass	11.5	1.32 (0.42-4.16)	0.64
	Ground	27.3	3.81 (1.36-10.65)	0.01 *

• ^*
  p≤0.05. % = percentage; CI = confidence interval, OR = Odds Ratio.

According to seasonality, the soil had higher contamination in the rainy season (26.2%) compared to the dry season (12.5%), which is a significant difference (p<0.05).

In addition to these parameters, the positivity regarding the type of soil (sand, ground and grass) was analyzed. Of the 183 samples, 67 (36.6%) were from sand, 61 (33.3%) from grass and 55 (30.1%) from ground. A higher positivity was observed in ground soil (27.3%) with a significant difference when compared to sandy soil (9%) (p=0.01 and OR=3.81) (Table 3), which shows that ground soil is a risk factor for the presence of parasites, about four times more likely to be contaminated with parasitic developmental stages.

Out of the 28 (15.3%) positive samples of Ascarids, 23 (12.6%) were detected by centrifugal sedimentation in formal-ether and 10 (5.5%) by spontaneous sedimentation (Table 2). There was no correlation between the parasitological methods (kappa=0.343), according to kappa, with p <0.05 considered significant.

DISCUSSION

Tropical regions with favorable climate conditions for the development of the geohelminth lifecycle have soils susceptible to contamination by eggs and larvae of these parasites, through animals and humans defecation. The Uberlandia city falls within this regional context.

The results analyzed in this study observed reduction in positivity rate of Ascarids eggs in soil samples from Uberlandia when compared to surveys conducted by Costa-Cruz et al.¹⁹. High levels are observed in other regions of Brazil, such as 44.7% in three cities of Parana²⁶, 76.9% in Paranapanema - SP¹⁰ and 81% in Distrito Federal⁵. This difference in results may be related to the laboratory techniques, climate conditions (temperature, precipitation and humidity), as well as to the population's habits regarding personal hygiene and animal care.

The presence of species of Ascarididae family is reported in most studies of geohelminths, as shown by Paller and Chavez⁷, who reported that 31% of the soil samples were positive for some kind of geohelminth, with the highest rate presented by Toxocara sp (77%) and Ascaris sp (11%).

Besides the Ascarids eggs, in this study, a considerable number of evolutionary stages of the species of the family Ancylostomatidae was observed. These stages are often investigated in developed parasitological studies in Brazil, due to the clinical importance of cutaneous larva migrans, induced to zoonotic species of Ancylostoma¹⁵. This syndrome has been investigated in several States in Brazil, such as Sao Paulo, Parana and Rio Grande do Sul^27,28,15.

The presence of several species of helminths in the environment appears to be common. Błaszkowska et al.²⁹ observed Trichuris sp, Ascarididae and Ancylostoma spp. in soil samples in a city of Poland, according to the results of this study. Contamination is related to the presence of animals in places, origin of the fertilizer used in plantations and poor sanitation conditions.

The highest positivity found in the South sector of the city contradicts the social class of the region, since it is an area with higher economic class. It is important to highlight that this region presents more public recreational areas, and the population often walks with their pets on the streets and public squares. Therefore, the area becomes more susceptible to contamination by eggs and larvae of helminths transmitted by soil (STH).

Comparing soil contamination between the rainy and dry seasons, the results of this study corroborate the study by Castro et al.³⁰, who observed a higher proportion of Ascarids and other geohelminths during the rainy season. Opposite results were observed by Tiyo et al.¹⁵ in Maringa, South of Brazil, who reported a higher prevalence of parasites in the soil in winter. However, it is noteworthy that the rainfall of collection periods in Uberlandia was lower than estimated in the previous years, which can directly influence the parasite survival in the soil. Another study relating seasonality to the presence of parasites in soil was developed by Blaszkowska et al.²⁹, who found no significant difference positivity of the samples over the seasons. However, the authors noted a higher concentration of eggs per samples in the rainy season, which clearly suggests the influence of climate factors on the development of STH.

In this study, the samples were obtained at the depth of 5 cm in order to get a higher amount of eggs. This collection technique is supported by a research conducted by Blaszkowska et al.²⁹, who observed a greater amount of STH eggs in samples collected from the upper portion of the soil compared to the deeper layers.

The type of soil can influence the permanence and proliferation of evolutionary forms of parasites in the environment. Factors such as temperature, humidity, pH, depth and soil texture can affect the embryonic development, viability, infectivity and eggs size³¹. The highest positivity in ground soils observed in this study is supported by the study by Paller and Chavez⁷, who found a higher prevalence in low density soil (38%), followed by clay soil.

The observation of eggs in conventional parasitological examinations may be dependent on the chosen laboratory technique. When comparing the techniques used in this research, it was observed that the formal-ether technique presented greater sensitivity. This result differed from that observed by Silva et al.⁵, who detected higher proportion of eggs in the spontaneous sedimentation technique. The results of the parasitological diagnosis methods may be influenced by the appearance of the slides which, when prepared with material obtained from the spontaneous sedimentation presented detritus, making it difficult to analyze the material.

The soil of studied areas presenting considerable rates of Ascarids and hookworm eggs may contribute to the spread of diseases in animals and humans. Ground soils are more prone to contamination by geohelminth eggs whereas the rain influences the presence and survival of eggs of these parasites in the soil. For parasitological analysis of soil, formal-ether technique becomes more sensitive due to a better appearance of the slides.

In addition to the parameters analyzed and discussed in this study, Blaszkowska et al.²⁹ also observed that sites with free access of dogs and cats are more vulnerable to contamination by STH eggs. This factor is reported because these animals are often infested by zoonotic species, becoming potential reservoirs of important parasitic diseases in public health.

According to the results and risk factors described, it is observed that evolutionary forms of Ascarids are considerably contaminating the soil of several localities of the city. In addition, the zoonotic potential of these parasites should be highlighted, as an alarming situation for the animal and human population. Requiring interventions in the local community to intensify control measures aimed at reducing soil contamination rates in the region. Further clarification is needed on basic sanitation, especially in children, and hygienic measures in relation to pets, especially regarding the use of antiparasitic drugs. Thus, the present study promotes future research that emphasizes these parasites in regions near the city of Uberlandia, MG.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to thank the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for financial support of research. We thank the English reviewer Jussara Carneiro Úngari, as well as Lisiane da Silva Mendes for her assistance in the map elaboration.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  2018

History

• Received
  30 Nov 2016
• Accepted
  31 Jan 2018