Extração do fósforo do solo pelo método de Neubauer e por métodos químicos

Catani, R. A.; Gargantini, H.

doi:10.1590/S0006-87051954000100004

Resumos

Nêste trabalho são apresentados dados sôbre a extração do fósforo de alguns solos do Estado de São Paulo, obtidos pelo método biológico de Neubauer e por diversos métodos químicos. Foram empregados três tipos de solo : massapé-salmourão, terra roxa misturada e arenito Bauru. As amostras de solo foram submetidas à extração do fósforo por arroz (Oryza sativa L.), usando a técnica de Neubauer, com pequenas modificações. Ao mesmo tempo o fósforo foi extraído das referidas amostras com os seguintes extratores : água distilada; solução de ácido acético 0,25 normal; solução de ácido sulfúrico 0,05 normal; solução 0,025 ncrmal de fluoreto de amônio e 0,05 normal de ácido sulfúrico ; solução 0,25 normal de ácido oxálico e 0,75 normal de oxalato de potássio.

The present work is an attempt to correlate the results obtained in the extraction of soil phosphorus by various chemical methods with those obtained by the biological seedling method of Neubauer. The soil samples investigated represent three of the main soil types of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Physico-chemical properties of these soils are given in the Portuguese text. Two samples of each soil type were prepared. To one of the samples superphosphate was added at the rate of 115 kg of P2O5 per hectare before being tested. Aliquots of the two samples were then extracted with the following extractors : distilled water ; 0.25 normal acetic acid ; 0.05 normal sulfuric acid ; 0.025 normai ammonium fluoride and 0.05 normal sulfuric acid ; 0.25 normal oxalic acid and 0.75 normal potassium oxalate. Rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) were used for the Neubauer test instead of rye (Secale cereale L.) because they had been found to be more satisfactory in previous tests. The results, representing the average of three replications, are summarized in table 1. Figures in column 4 represent the differences between the phosphorus absorbed from 100 g of soil and from the blank (sand). The phosphorus content of 100 rice plants that grew in sand (blank) for 17 days was 24.5 mg of P2O5. The rice plants did not take any phosphorus from the samples of the three soil types to which no superphosphate had been added. On the contrary, in two of the three soils, the plants lost some of their phosphorus, that is, phosphorus migrated from the plant to the soil colloids and became unavailable. This fact was observed for the first time in an experiment carried out in 1945/1946 in which, using the Neubauer technique with rye and rice to study 35 soil samples from the State of São Paulo, more than 70 per cent of the data obtained was negative. Figures in the other columns represent miligrams of P2O5extracted from 100 g of soil with the solutions already mentioned. The data obtained for the samples to which no superphosphate had been added indicate that the Neubauer method gave lower results than any of the chemical methods. The results for the samples mixed with superphosphate show that extraction of phosphorus from the soil was effected in the following order : distilled water <0.25 normal acetic acid < rice < 0.05 normal sulfuric acid < 0.025 normal ammonium fluoride and 0.05 normal sulfuric acid < 0.25 normal oxalic acid and 0.75 normal potassium oxalate. The Neubauer method gives results that may be regarded as low because the amount of P2O5 contained in 100 seeds of rice or rye is high (between 18 to 25 mg of P2O5). Being this amount enough for 100 seedlings during their first 17 to 18 days, they do not need to draw P2O5 from the soil. It seems, therefore, that neither rice nor rye are adequate plants to be used in the study of phosphorus intake from the soil when the Neubauer technique is employed.

Extração do fósforo do solo pelo método de Neubauer e por métodos químicos(^* (* ) Trabalho apresentado à IV Reunião Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, realizada em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, em Julho de 1953. )

Extraction of phosphorus from the soil by the neubauer and chemical methods

R. A. Catani; H. Gargantini

Engenheiros-agrônomos, Secção de Agrogeologia, Instituto Agronônico de Campinas

RESUMO

Nêste trabalho são apresentados dados sôbre a extração do fósforo de alguns solos do Estado de São Paulo, obtidos pelo método biológico de Neubauer e por diversos métodos químicos. Foram empregados três tipos de solo : massapé-salmourão, terra roxa misturada e arenito Bauru. As amostras de solo foram submetidas à extração do fósforo por arroz (Oryza sativa L.), usando a técnica de Neubauer, com pequenas modificações. Ao mesmo tempo o fósforo foi extraído das referidas amostras com os seguintes extratores : água distilada; solução de ácido acético 0,25 normal; solução de ácido sulfúrico 0,05 normal; solução 0,025 ncrmal de fluoreto de amônio e 0,05 normal de ácido sulfúrico ; solução 0,25 normal de ácido oxálico e 0,75 normal de oxalato de potássio.

SUMMARY

The present work is an attempt to correlate the results obtained in the extraction of soil phosphorus by various chemical methods with those obtained by the biological seedling method of Neubauer. The soil samples investigated represent three of the main soil types of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Physico-chemical properties of these soils are given in the Portuguese text.

Two samples of each soil type were prepared. To one of the samples superphosphate was added at the rate of 115 kg of P₂O₅ per hectare before being tested. Aliquots of the two samples were then extracted with the following extractors : distilled water ; 0.25 normal acetic acid ; 0.05 normal sulfuric acid ; 0.025 normai ammonium fluoride and 0.05 normal sulfuric acid ; 0.25 normal oxalic acid and 0.75 normal potassium oxalate.

Rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) were used for the Neubauer test instead of rye (Secale cereale L.) because they had been found to be more satisfactory in previous tests.

The results, representing the average of three replications, are summarized in table 1. Figures in column 4 represent the differences between the phosphorus absorbed from 100 g of soil and from the blank (sand). The phosphorus content of 100 rice plants that grew in sand (blank) for 17 days was 24.5 mg of P₂O₅.

The rice plants did not take any phosphorus from the samples of the three soil types to which no superphosphate had been added. On the contrary, in two of the three soils, the plants lost some of their phosphorus, that is, phosphorus migrated from the plant to the soil colloids and became unavailable. This fact was observed for the first time in an experiment carried out in 1945/1946 in which, using the Neubauer technique with rye and rice to study 35 soil samples from the State of São Paulo, more than 70 per cent of the data obtained was negative. Figures in the other columns represent miligrams of P₂O₅extracted from 100 g of soil with the solutions already mentioned.

The data obtained for the samples to which no superphosphate had been added indicate that the Neubauer method gave lower results than any of the chemical methods. The results for the samples mixed with superphosphate show that extraction of phosphorus from the soil was effected in the following order : distilled water <0.25 normal acetic acid < rice < 0.05 normal sulfuric acid < 0.025 normal ammonium fluoride and 0.05 normal sulfuric acid < 0.25 normal oxalic acid and 0.75 normal potassium oxalate.

The Neubauer method gives results that may be regarded as low because the amount of P₂O₅ contained in 100 seeds of rice or rye is high (between 18 to 25 mg of P₂O₅). Being this amount enough for 100 seedlings during their first 17 to 18 days, they do not need to draw P₂O₅ from the soil. It seems, therefore, that neither rice nor rye are adequate plants to be used in the study of phosphorus intake from the soil when the Neubauer technique is employed.

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LITERATURA CITADA

Recebido para publicação em 10 de dezembro de 1953.

1. CATANI, R. A. Contribuição ao estudo dos fosfatos, sua dosagem, extração e distribuição nos solos do Estado de São Paulo. Piracicaba, Escola Superior de Agricultura, 1947. 65 p. (Tese)
2. ________ & PAIVA, J. E. (neto). O método Neubauer aplicado ao estudo do potássio nos solos do Estado de São Paulo. Bragantia 10:27-32. 1950.
3. GROHMANN, F., MEDINA, H. P., KÜPPER, A., [e outros]. Novo tipo de lisímetro monolítico. Bragantia 11:333-334. 1951.
4. JENNY, H. Contact phenomena between adsorbents and their significance in plant nutrition. In Truog, Emil, ed. Mineral nutrition of plants. Wisconsin, University press, 1951. p. [107]-132.
5. KÜPPER, A., GROHMANN, F. & GARGANTINI, H. Movimento de ions NO₃^-, NH4+ K⁺ e PO₄ em solos massapé, roxa misturada e arenito Baurú. Campinas, Instituto Agronômico, 1953. 9 p. (Boletim N.° 34)
6. MOTZKOK, I. Fundamental studies of the Neubauer plant seedling method for the determination of the root-soluble phosphorus in soils. Sci. Agric. 19:221-232. 1938-39.
7. NELSON, W. L., FITTS, J. W., KARDOS, L. T., [e outros]. Report of the Soil test work group of the Natural science and fertilizers research committee : soil testing in the United States. Washington, 1951. 117 p.
8. NEUBAUER, H. & SCHNEIDER, W. Die Nährstoffaufnahme der Keimpflanzen und ihre Anwendung auf die Bestimmung des Nährstoffgehalts der Boden. Z. PflErnährung Düng. (A) 2:239-362. 1923.
9. RIVAZ, C. P. Applications of the Neubauer rve seedling method of soil analysis to fertility studies in Ontario. Sci. Agric. 19:210-220. 1938-39.
10. RUHNKE, G. N., RIVAZ, C. P. & EWEN W. T. A comparative study of rapid chemical tests and Neubauer analysis on some typical southern Ontario soils. Sci. Agric. 19:199-209. 1938-39.
11. SARAIVA, M., CRUZ, A. L. & DEL NEGRO, C. Contribuição para o estudo dos métodos de Mitscherlich, Wiessmann e Neubauer. Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química Agrícola, 1937. 62 p. (Memória N.° 5)
12. THORNTON, S. F. The available phosphorus and potassium contents of surface soil and subsoil as shown by the Neubauer method and by chemical tests. J. Amer. Soc. Agron. 27:46-51. 1935.
13. VANDECAVEYE, S. C. Biological methods of determining nutrients in soil. In Kitchen, H. B., ed. Diagnostic techniques for soils and crops. Washington, American potash institute, 1948. p. 199-230.

(*

) Trabalho apresentado à IV Reunião Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, realizada em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, em Julho de 1953.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
19 Maio 2010
Data do Fascículo
1954

Histórico

Recebido
10 Dez 1953

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] 1. CATANI, R. A. Contribuição ao estudo dos fosfatos, sua dosagem, extração e distribuição nos solos do Estado de São Paulo. Piracicaba, Escola Superior de Agricultura, 1947. 65 p. (Tese)

[2] 2. ________ & PAIVA, J. E. (neto). O método Neubauer aplicado ao estudo do potássio nos solos do Estado de São Paulo. Bragantia 10:27-32. 1950.

[3] 3. GROHMANN, F., MEDINA, H. P., KÜPPER, A., [e outros]. Novo tipo de lisímetro monolítico. Bragantia 11:333-334. 1951.

[4] 4. JENNY, H. Contact phenomena between adsorbents and their significance in plant nutrition. In Truog, Emil, ed. Mineral nutrition of plants. Wisconsin, University press, 1951. p. [107]-132.

[5] 5. KÜPPER, A., GROHMANN, F. & GARGANTINI, H. Movimento de ions NO₃^-, NH4+ K⁺ e PO₄ em solos massapé, roxa misturada e arenito Baurú. Campinas, Instituto Agronômico, 1953. 9 p. (Boletim N.° 34)

[6] 6. MOTZKOK, I. Fundamental studies of the Neubauer plant seedling method for the determination of the root-soluble phosphorus in soils. Sci. Agric. 19:221-232. 1938-39.

[7] 7. NELSON, W. L., FITTS, J. W., KARDOS, L. T., [e outros]. Report of the Soil test work group of the Natural science and fertilizers research committee : soil testing in the United States. Washington, 1951. 117 p.

[8] 8. NEUBAUER, H. & SCHNEIDER, W. Die Nährstoffaufnahme der Keimpflanzen und ihre Anwendung auf die Bestimmung des Nährstoffgehalts der Boden. Z. PflErnährung Düng. (A) 2:239-362. 1923.

[9] 9. RIVAZ, C. P. Applications of the Neubauer rve seedling method of soil analysis to fertility studies in Ontario. Sci. Agric. 19:210-220. 1938-39.

[10] 10. RUHNKE, G. N., RIVAZ, C. P. & EWEN W. T. A comparative study of rapid chemical tests and Neubauer analysis on some typical southern Ontario soils. Sci. Agric. 19:199-209. 1938-39.

[11] 11. SARAIVA, M., CRUZ, A. L. & DEL NEGRO, C. Contribuição para o estudo dos métodos de Mitscherlich, Wiessmann e Neubauer. Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química Agrícola, 1937. 62 p. (Memória N.° 5)

[12] 12. THORNTON, S. F. The available phosphorus and potassium contents of surface soil and subsoil as shown by the Neubauer method and by chemical tests. J. Amer. Soc. Agron. 27:46-51. 1935.

[13] 13. VANDECAVEYE, S. C. Biological methods of determining nutrients in soil. In Kitchen, H. B., ed. Diagnostic techniques for soils and crops. Washington, American potash institute, 1948. p. 199-230.