The Importance of Oral Health during Pregnancy: A review

Marla, Vinay; Srii, Ritesh; Roy, Deepak Kumar; Ajmera, Hardik

doi:10.5935/MedicalExpress.2018.mr.002

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Sumário

REVIEW • MedicalExpress (São Paulo, online) 5 • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.5935/MedicalExpress.2018.mr.002 copy

The Importance of Oral Health during Pregnancy: A review

A IMPORTÂNCIA DE SAÚDE ORAL DURANTE A GRAVIDEZ

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Pregnancy is a transient physiological state which brings about different hormonal changes in a woman's body. These effects are generalized and there are various oral changes as well. There are a number of especially important alterations in the periodontal conditions within the oral cavity. These changes have important implications as they have been known to cause adverse pregnancy outcomes. Better knowledge about these scenarios among health care professionals and women would go a long way toward avoiding or minimizing these adverse outcomes. Health education is an important tool in creating awareness among pregnant women regarding improvement of their oral health. Awareness among the health professionals and good inter-departmental collaboration would help toward a more efficient treatment of these pregnancy related conditions.

KEYWORDS:
oral health; oral health education; pregnancy

Author Country^ref	Objective	Results
Vasiliauskiene et al.Lithuania²⁷27 Vasiliauskiene I. Oral Health Status of Pregnant Women. Stomatologija. Baltic Dental and Maxillofacial Journal 2003;5:57-61.	Study of oral health status in pregnant women	99.9% (n=1070) of pregnant women had dental caries. Mean DMFT: 12.065
Ji et al.Japan²⁸28 Ji Y, Nakai Y, Rodis OMM, Kariya N, Matsumura S, Shimono T. Relationship between caries risk and presence of cariogenic bacteria among Japanese pregnant women. Pediatric Dental J. 2005;15(2):203-6. DOI:10.1016/S0917-2394(05)70054-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0917-2394(05)70...	To analyse relationship between caries risk and presence of cariogenic bacteria among pregnant women.	Positive correlation between S. mutans, and Caries risk (p<0.05) among pregnant women.
Rakchanok et al.Thailand²⁹29 Rakchanok N., Amporn D., Yoshida Y., Harun-Or-Rashid M., Sakamoto J. Dental caries and gingivitis among pregnant and non-pregnant women in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Nagoya J of Med Sci. 2010;72(1-2):43-50.	Identification of common dental problems among a group of pregnant & non-pregnant women.	74% (n=94) of pregnant women had dental caries. Significant difference (p=<0.001) vs. non-pregnant women.
Bressane et al.Brazil³⁰30 Bressane LB, da Silva Costa LNB, Vieira JMR, Rebelo MAB. Oral health conditions among pregnant women attended to at a health care center in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Rev Odonto Cienc 2011;26(4):291-6. DOI:10.1590/S1980-65232011000400003 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-6523201100...	To evaluate oral health condition of pregnant women.	100% (n=50) of pregnant women had dental caries. Mean DMFT: 10.
Molnar-Varlam et al.Romania³¹31 Molnar-Varlam C, Molnar-Varlam C, Gabriela B, Tohati A. Risk assessment of caries in pregnancy. Acta Medica Marisiensis. 2011;57(6):685-9.	Risk assessment of caries in pregnancy.	Increase in S mutans & Lactobacilli during 2^nd trimester resulting in high caries risk
Merglova et al.Czech Republic³²32 Merglova V, Hecovaa H, Stehlikovaa J, Chaloupka P. Oral health status of women with high-risk pregnancies. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2012;156(4):337-41.	Investigation of oral health status in women with high risk pregnancies.	Mean DMF scores in high risk pregnant women: 12.8 Mean DMF scores in low risk pregnant women: 11.5. No significant difference.
Vergnes et al.France³³33 Vergnes J-N, Kaminski M, Lelong N, Musset A-M, Sixou M, Nabet C. Frequency and Risk Indicators of Tooth Decay among Pregnant Women in France: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. PLoS ONE 2012;7(5):e33296. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0033296. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.003...	To determine frequency to tooth decay among pregnant women.	51.6% (n=1094) of the pregnant women had dental caries.
Öztürk et al.Turkey³⁴34 Öztürk LK, Akyüz S, Garan A, Yarat A. Salivary and Dental - Oral Hygiene Parameters in 3rd Trimester of Pregnancy and Early Lactation: The Effect of Education. Marmara Dental J. 2013;1:1-8. DOI:10.12990/MDJ2013127. https://doi.org/10.12990/MDJ2013127...	To investigate the effect of 3^rd trimester of pregnancy & lactation on dental, oral hygiene & salivary parameters.	DMFT significantly increased in pregnant & lactating women. Mean DMFT: Pregnant women: 6.6; Lactating women: 7.9
Rahman et al.Bangladesh³⁵35 Rahman MM, Hassan MR, Islam MZ, Ahmad MS, Alam MM, Islam KM. Oral Health Status of Pregnant Women attended the Mothers and Children Welfare Center (MCWC) in Bangladesh. City Dent Coll J. 2013;10(2):1-4. DOI:10.3329/cdcj.v10i2.16312 https://doi.org/10.3329/cdcj.v10i2.16312...	To assess the oral health status of pregnant women.	87.3% (n=102) had caries affected tooth.
Amin & Shetty India³⁶36 Amin R and Shetty P. Oral health status during pregnancy in Mangalore. Nitte University J of Health Sci. 2014;4 (2):114-7.	To assess the oral health status of pregnant and non-pregnant women.	No significant difference in frequency of caries (p=659)
Karnik et al.India³⁷37 Karnik AA, Pagare SS, Krishnamurthy V, Vahanwala SP, Waghmare M. Determination of salivary flow rate, pH, and dental caries during pregnancy: A study. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol 2015;27:372-6.	To evaluate salivary flow rate, pH and prevalence of dental caries in pregnant & non-pregnant women.	Pregnant women had lower salivary flow rate (0.63ml/min) & (pH 6.56) vs. non-pregnant women.
Azofeifa et al. USA³⁸38 Azofeifa A, Yeung LF, Alverson CJ, Beltrán-Aguilar E. Dental caries and periodontal disease among U.S. pregnant women and nonpregnant women of reproductive age, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2004. J Public Health Dent. 2016;76(4):320-9. DOI:10.1111/jphd.12159. https://doi.org/10.1111/jphd.12159...	To assess and compare the prevalence & severity of dental caries among pregnant & non pregnant women.	Prevalence of untreated dental caries among 15-24 year old pregnant women was significantly higher (p=0.001).
Gupta & Acharya India⁹9 Gupta R, Acharya AK. Oral health status and treatment needs among pregnant women of Raichur District, India: A population based cross-sectional study. Scientifica 2016;Article ID 9860. DOI:10.1155/2016/9860387 https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9860387...	To assess the oral health status and treatment need among pregnant women.	Prevalence of dental caries: 62.7% (n=300)
Kamate et al. India³⁹39 Kamate WI, Vibhute NA, Baad RK. Estimation of DMFT, Salivary Streptococcus Mutans Count, Flow Rate, Ph, and Salivary Total Calcium Content in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women: A Prospective Study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017;11(4):ZC147-51. DOI:10.7860/JCDR/2017/24965.9516. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2017/24965....	To assess the severity of dental caries in pregnant women vs non pregnant women.	Significant increase of mean DMFT (p<0.05) in third trimester and post-partum period.
Shaghaghian et al. Iran⁴⁰40 Shaghaghian S, Malekmakan L, Rahimian V, Savadi N. Dental caries status and its associated factors in pregnant women, Shiraz, Iran, 2014. J Oral Health Oral Epidemiol 2017;6(3):165-72.	To evaluate pregnant women's dental caries status and its associate risk factors.	Mean DMFT = 5.8 ±3.6

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