Governance: concepts and emergence in Brazilian education

The text discusses the polysemy of the term governance in different fields of knowledge, with a particular emphasis on the field of Education. Then, it discusses the state-of-the-art of governance in the education area, from an analytical-descriptive literature review based on content analysis. This paper analyzes governance in specialized literature by conducting a survey of the papers found in the databases of the Scientific Electronic Library Online and the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations during the period 2004–2015. The results indicate that the term governance has been increasingly used in discussions about changes in the state’s role and the phases of educational public policies, by force of the public-private partnerships. However, there is also a need to broaden the debate on educational governance in Brazilian academic circles, in view of the limited number of studies identified.

Governance; Educational governance; Education research

Uses	Concepts
Minimal State	This is a general term that redefines the extent and form of public intervention in public service-providing markets and quasi-markets.
Corporate Governance	Despite the restricted use of the word, corporate governance concerns are echoed when the accountability of new public management and governance are discussed. It highlights that the management practices of the private sector have an important influence on the public sector.
New Public Management	It has two meanings: managerialism that refers to the introduction of private sector management methods in the public sector; and the new institutional economics that relates to incentive structures (such as market competition) within the provision of a public service. Therefore, such use is relevant for discussions relating to competition, markets, clients and results.
Good governance	This use emphasizes the formal processes of governments and private enterprises, in a way that guarantees transparency and the dissemination of information. Government reform is a global trend. Therefore, good governance is a World Bank management reference that shapes loan policies with respect to third world countries.
Social-cybernetic system	The socio-cybernetic approach highlights: the limits of ruling by a central actor, claiming that there is no longer a sovereign authority, since there is a multiplicity of actors for each policy area; the interdependence between these socio-political-administrative actors; the murky borders between the public, private and cooperative sectors; and new forms of action, intervention and control.
Networks of self-organization	This use conceives governance as a term that is broader than government, with services provided through bargains between the government, private and cooperative sectors. Inter-organizational agreements are defining characteristics of service provisions.

Year	Author	Title	Journal
2004	Roger Dale	Globalization and Education: demonstrating the existence of a “common global educational culture” or tracking a “globally structured agenda for education?”	Education & Society
2010	Roger Dale	A post-global Sociology of Education and the State	Education & Society
2010	Karin Amos	Governance and governmentality: relevance and relationship of two prominent socio-scientific concepts in comparative education	Education and Research
2012	Susan Robertson and Antoni Verger	The origins of public/private partnerships in the global governance of education	Education & Society
2012	Janet Newman and John Clarke	Managerialism	Real Education
2013	Susan Robertson	The social justice implications of privatization on the modes of educational governance: a relational story	Education & Society
2014	Elaine Fernandes Mateus	A critical sketch of “partnerships” on the training of teachers	Education in Review

Year	Type of Work	Author	Title	HEI
2012	Dissertation	Aline Veiga dos Santos	The governance of private higher education: over-implications of oligopoly formation in the teaching profession	UCB
2012	Dissertation	Sonia de Pontes Leandro	Education ombudsman: the daily construction of conflict mediation spaces in a school of Nova Iguaçu	UERJ
2013	Dissertation	Sandra Paula da Silva Batistão	Inclusive education or education for all? Contributions from historical/cultural theory for a critical analysis of reality at school	USP
2013	Dissertation	João Ferreira de Araújo Júnior	The education worker and the accumulation of flexible capital: a study on the positioning of Sintego in the educational policy of Goiás	UFG
2013	Thesis	Taís Schmitz	Reconfiguration of management in education: a case study on the Regional Coordinator for Education in São Leopoldo/RS	UCRS
2013	Thesis	Isabel C. A. Lima e Silva	National child education policy: the participation of non-state actors in the elaboration of public policies	UEC
2013	Dissertation	Maria da Glória dos Santos Laia	The Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (Federal Institute) as a new Professional and Technological education institute: an analysis under the perspective of public policies network	UNB
2014	Thesis	Jorge Luis Inzunza Higueras	The Chilean education reform in Latin America (1900–2000): circulation and policy regulations through knowledge	UEC
2014	Dissertation	Adelmo Germano Etges	The manager and the newbie educator as supporters of the Marist educational proposal in RS: from the efforts of its original founder, Marcelino Champagnat, to the challenges of the 21st century	UCRS
2014	Thesis	Maria do Rosário F. Tripodi	The institution of contractual agenda in the education of Minas Gerais: the arquitecture of a reform	USP
2014	Dissertation	Xavier Carvalho de Sousa Neto	National Education Plan – PNE 2001–2010: an analysis of the factors that influence its implementation in the realm of the Union	UNB
2014	Dissertation	Cleber Sardinha Ribeiro	Governance and teacher training: the presence of the World Bank in the Gestar program	UCB
2015	Thesis	Guilherme Andolfatto Libanori	Better policies for better lives: a critical study of conceptions that underlie the Programme for International Student Assessment (Pisa) during the period 1997 to 2012	UFSC

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