| Shaw et al.,4 2005, USA |
To identify the frequency and pattern of potentially prodromal symptoms/behaviors for BDI |
Cohort, 10 years of follow-up |
The sample consisted of 14 families having a BDI parent (numbering 100 children) and 13 matched control families with 110 children. The current bipolar (52 males/58 females) and control (56 each) samples have essentially equal sex distribution and mean ages of 17-18 years |
All offspring had no history of BD before selection and no information about depressive symptoms was reported |
No explicit information |
CARE. The CARE interview schedule was developed by experts in child and adolescent psychiatry and growth and development because the existing standardized interview guides for children were culturally inappropriate for the Amish, having been designed for diagnosis and not fully applicable to well youngsters |
CARE |
As the BO aged there was a shift from more internalizing symptoms to those that are most often seen as manic behaviors, including decreased sleep and difficulty falling asleep when waking up early in the morning, when compared to the control group |
Yes |
5/9 |
| Jones et al.,5 2006, UK |
To study disorders of cognition, affect, sleep and activity in the development of BD in a sample of high-risk families |
Cross-sectional |
25 children (13-19 years) of bipolar parents were compared with 22 similar aged children of age and sex matched healthy controls |
14 BO had current or lifetime mood diagnoses compared with 2 CO |
SCID was administered to the parents to confirm diagnosis according to DSM-IV criteria |
SADS – Lifetime version (SADS-L) |
|
This study analyzed results of symptomatic and asymptomatic BO between each other and in comparison with the CO. Objective measurements showed that BO went to sleep more quickly and with less fragmentation of sleep. Subjective measurements found more sleep disturbance in BO with the clearest disturbances observed in the affected BO. |
Yes |
7/9 |
| Singh et al.,24 2008, USA |
To examine the relationship between temperament and psychopathology in child offspring of parents with BD |
Cross-sectional |
Offspring (8-18 years) of parents with bipolar I disorder (BO, n = 31) and demographically similar healthy offspring of parents without any DSM-IV diagnosis (CO, n = 21) |
Among the BO, 19 (61%) had at least one mood disorder |
SCID – Patient edition (SCID-P) |
The Washington University in St. Louis Kiddie SADS (WASH UK-SADS) was administered to BO.26 Symptom severity was assessed by the YMRS27 and the self-report IDS.28
|
The self-report instrument DOTS-R - including Activity Level–Sleep |
BO who do not have a mood disorder have a greater ability to follow the same daily sleep patterns |
No. The study compared BO to CO but only found significant differences regarding sleep between BO without mood disorder and BO with mood disorder |
7/9 |
| Egeland et al.,6 2012, USA |
To identify the pattern and frequency of prodromal symptoms/behaviors associated with onset of BDI disorder during childhood or adolescence |
Cohort - 16 years’ follow up |
The bipolar sample had 115 children with a BDI parent. The control sample had 106 children of well parents, with and without a positive family history for mood disorders. At the time of recruitment, all children in 10 of the 14 CARE families were pre-school or in school (age 14 and younger) |
All offspring had no history of BD before selection and no information about depressive symptoms was reported |
No explicit information |
CARE |
CARE |
Decreased sleep, difficulty falling asleep, and early morning awakening emerged as significantly more frequent in children who developed BDI as compared to children who did not develop BDI (prior to age 19) and decreased sleep was included among the best-ranked predictors for children with onset of BDI |
Yes |
5/9 |
| Levenson et al.,15 2015, USA |
To compared sleep and circadian phenotypes among three groups: BO diagnosed with BD, BO without BD at intake and offspring of matched control parents who did not have BD |
Cohort |
BO diagnosed with BD (BD/BO; n = 47) and without BD (non-BD/BO; n = 386) at intake and CO who did not have BD (n = 301) |
Study declared no information about depressive symptoms in BO without BD diagnosis |
SCID29
|
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K-SADS – Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL30): offspring lifetime psychiatric disorders
-
The SCID was used for diagnosis of non-mood psychiatric disorders among offspring aged 18 or older
-
The K-DRS and the K-MRS were used to evaluate mood disorder diagnosis
-
COBY study.31 A diagnosis of BD-NOS was made using operationalized criteria
|
SSHS |
Frequent nighttime awakenings, inadequate sleep, longer time to fall asleep on weekends significantly predict conversion to BD |
Yes |
7/9 |
| Soehner et al.,25 2016, USA |
This study tested associations between sleep duration, reward circuitry function, and mood dysregulation in BO |
Cross-sectional |
Two groups of participants (9-17 years old) who were not affected by BD were included in this study: 25 BO and 21 age, sex, and IQ-matched CO with non-BD psychopathology |
Relative to CO, BO exhibited greater symptoms of positive mood/energy dysregulation (PGBI-10M) and mood lability (CALS-P) |
SCID-I29
|
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Offspring Axis I psychopathology was assessed using K-SADS – Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL32).
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To evaluate aspects of mood dysregulation in their children, parents also completed the PGBI-10M to assess positive mood and energy dysregulation in the past six months33 and the CALS-P to assess severity of mood lability.34
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Elevated scores on these mood dysregulation measures (PGBI-10M, CALS-P) have been linked to a BD diagnosis in youth.34,35
|
Modified version of the self-report PSQI - sleep patterns and quality in the prior week |
In BO, sleep duration was negatively correlated with PGBI-10M and CALS-P (p = 0.049). In CO, sleep duration did not correlate with CALS-P and there was not a sufficient range of PGBI-10M scores in this group to perform a correlation analysis. |
Yes |
8/9 |
| Levenson et al.,16 2017, USA |
To extend the results of the cross-sectional study by Levenson et al.15 (2015) showing that sleep disturbance at baseline can be a prognostic indicator of BD development in high-risk youth using data from baseline and follow-up BIOS assessments, characterizing longitudinal sleep phenotypes in BOP and CO during middle and high school years |
Cohort, evaluations every two years |
335 BO, 277 CO. Offspring ages 6-18 from each family were included. Community control parents were healthy or diagnosed with non-BD psychiatric disorders, group matched by age, sex, and neighborhood. Half were female (50.2%), mean age at their first sleep assessment was 12.81 years (standard deviation = 2.25) and nearly 36% were at advanced pubertal status |
Participants in each sleep group differed only on likelihood of being diagnosed with MDD, with youth in the poor sleep group significantly more likely to have MDD and have a parent with BD |
SCID29
|
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K-SADS – Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): offspring lifetime psychiatric disorders
-
The SCID was used for diagnosis of non-mood psychiatric disorders among offspring aged 18 or older
-
The depression section of the KSADS-P (K-SADS Depression Rating Scale (K-DRS) and the K-SADS Mania Rating Scale (K-MRS) were used to evaluate mood disorder diagnosis
-
COBY study31,35: a diagnosis of BD-NOS was made using operationalized criteria
|
SSHS37: 1) good sleepers: very low incidence of sleep deficiencies over the six sleep domains; 2) poor sleepers: moderate to high incidence of sleep deficiencies in nearly all of the sleep domains; 3) variable sleepers: high incidence of weekend-to-weekday sleep variability and low incidence of sleep deficiencies over all other sleep domains |
The poor sleep group had more than four times the odds of developing BD as those in the good sleep group. However, differences were not statistically significant. |
No. The authors speculated that this was probably due to the small sample size that converted to BD |
7/9 |
| Sebela et al.,11 2017, Czech Republic |
To extend the knowledge of sleep characteristics in offspring at risk for BD |
Cross-sectional |
42 BO (mean age 12.5±3.2) and 42 sex and age matched comparison CO |
-
5 cases of bipolar spectrum disorders and 6 cases of depressive spectrum disorders were found in the BO group
-
No cases of bipolar spectrum disorders or depressive spectrum disorders were found in the control group
|
SADS – Lifetime version (SADS-L) |
Kiddie SADS – Present and Lifetime version (KSADS-PL) |
-
Actigraphic device (MotionWatch8, CamNTech, Cambridge, UK) for 14 days
-
MEQ to assess circadian preference
-
PSQ for investigation of childhood sleep related breathing disorders and prominent symptom complexes
-
GBI – Sleep Subscale was used to assess sleep disturbances typical for BD
|
The subjective BO assessment found increased sleep and average insomnia, regardless of mood and energy levels, and depressed mood with insomnia at the beginning of sleep. In the analysis of the separate items, the BO reported significant worsening in the item depressed mood with insomnia at the beginning. The actigraphic results found a longer sleep latency among BO compared to CO |
Yes |
8/9 |
| Duffy et al.,7 2019, Canada |
To describe the emergent course of BD in BO subgrouped by parental response to lithium prophylaxis |
Cohort study, annual evaluations - beginning in 1996 |
This study included 116 high-risk and 55 control families, contributing a total of 279 high-risk offspring and 87 control subjects. Eligible offspring from identified high-risk and control families were in the age range of 5-25 years at baseline |
The study did not report any information about depressive symptoms at baseline, only that BO started showing depressive disorders earlier than the controls. |
SADS – Lifetime version (SADS-L) |
Kiddie SADS – Present and Lifetime version or the SADS – Lifetime version |
Kiddie SADS – Present and Lifetime version or the SADS – Lifetime version |
Subliminal sleep symptoms were associated with an increased risk of transition from stage 0, where all offspring are fine but at family risk, to stage 1, where non-mood disorders start to emerge and sleep disorders are present in BO that developed BD |
Yes |
6/9 |
| Sebela et al.,17 2019, Czech Republic |
To evaluate the circadian rhythm of rest activity and the macrostructure of sleep using actigraphy in a sample of unaffected children and adolescent children of bipolar and control parents |
Cross-sectional |
Child and adolescent BO (n = 43; 21 females; 11.0±3.2 years) and CO (n = 42; 17 females; 11.1±3.4 years) comparable in sex and age |
The BO had higher GBI scores for depression and mania |
SADS |
-
Kiddie SADS – Present and Lifetime Version
-
Psychometric scales were administered to obtain information on subsyndromal mood dysregulation, anxiety symptoms and the presence of sleep disturbances
|
-
Motion Watch 8 (Camntech, Cambridge, UK) actigraph on their nondominant wrist for ≥14 days
-
GBI – Parent Version - the sleep subscale was used to assess sleep disturbances
|
Through objective measurement, the BO had shorter sleep time, lower sleep efficiency and lower prolongation of time in bed on free days. Through subjective measurement, the BO had higher GBI scores (depression;10-item mania; sleep) than the CO and a significant negative association between the GBI sleep score and sleep efficiency on free days in the child subgroup. |
Yes |
6/9 |
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