Asia (n = 5) |
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Southern Asia |
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India |
Age: 18-75 years CU (lifetime): 3.3%3434. Ambekar A, Agrawal A, Rao R, Mishra AK, Khandelwal SK, Chadda RK, on behalf of the group of investigators for the National Survey on Extent and Pattern of Substance Use in India. Magnitude of substance use in India. New Delhi: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India; 2019. CD: 0.25%3434. Ambekar A, Agrawal A, Rao R, Mishra AK, Khandelwal SK, Chadda RK, on behalf of the group of investigators for the National Survey on Extent and Pattern of Substance Use in India. Magnitude of substance use in India. New Delhi: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India; 2019. |
Age: 10-17 years CU (lifetime): 0.9%3434. Ambekar A, Agrawal A, Rao R, Mishra AK, Khandelwal SK, Chadda RK, on behalf of the group of investigators for the National Survey on Extent and Pattern of Substance Use in India. Magnitude of substance use in India. New Delhi: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India; 2019. |
Clinical population: 11.6%3434. Ambekar A, Agrawal A, Rao R, Mishra AK, Khandelwal SK, Chadda RK, on behalf of the group of investigators for the National Survey on Extent and Pattern of Substance Use in India. Magnitude of substance use in India. New Delhi: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India; 2019. |
Nepal |
Age: 15-64 years CU (last 12 month): 3.2%1818. United Natiosn (UN), Office of Drugs and Crime. World Drug Report. Nova Iorque: UN; 2008. |
NA |
Medical students CU (NA): 12.8-18.5%3535. Budhathoki N, Shrestha MK, Acharya N, Manandhar A. Substance use among third year medical students of Nepal. J Nepal Health Res Counc. 2010;8:15-8.,3636. Khanal P, Ghimire RH, Gautam B, Dhungana SK, Parajuli P, Jaiswal AK, et al. Substance use among medical students in Kathmandu valley. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2010;50:267-72. |
Thailand |
Age: 12-65 years CU (lifetime): 5.05% CU (last 12 months): 0.2%3737. Angkurawaranon C, Jiraporncharoen W, Likhitsathian S, Thaikla K, Kanato M, Perngparn U, et al. Trends in the use of illicit substances in Thailand: Results from national household surveys. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2018;37:658-63. |
Age: 15-24 years CU (last 3 month): 2.1%3838. Angsukiattitavorn S, Seeherunwong A, Panitrat R, Tipayamongkholgul M. Prevalence and distribution pattern of mood swings in Thai adolescents: a school-based survey in the central region of Thailand. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20:191. |
Clinical population Age: 18-60 years CD (last 3 months): 6.5%2929. Jatchavala C, Vittayanont A. Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among patients with substance-related disorders in the restive areas of south Thailand insurgency. Songklanagarind Med J. 2017;35:121-32. |
Malaysia |
NA |
Age:12-15 years CU (lifetime): 1.5% CU (last 30 days): 1.2%22. Carvalho AF, Stubbs B, Vancampfort D, Kloiber S, Maes M, Firth J, et al. Cannabis use and suicide attempts among 86,254 adolescents aged 12-15 years from 21 low- and middle-income countries. Eur Psychiatry J Assoc Eur Psychiatr. 2019;56:8-13. Age: 13-17 years CU (lifetime): 4.4%2828. Rodzlan Hasani WS, Miaw Yn JL, Saminathan TA, Robert Lourdes TG, Ramly R, Abd Hamid HA, et al. Risk factors for illicit drug use among Malaysian male adolescents. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2019;31:48S-56S. |
Drug users CU (last 12 months); 3%3939. National Anti-drugs Agency, Ministry of Home Affairs. Laman Web Rasmi Agensi Anti Dadah Kebangsaan [Internet]. [cited 2021 May 28]. www.adk.gov.my/en/ www.adk.gov.my/en/...
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Central and Eastern Asia |
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Iran |
Age: 15-64 years CU (last 12 months): 0.56%4040. Amin-Esmaeili M, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Sharifi V, Hajebi A, Radgoodarzi R, Mojtabai R, et al. Epidemiology of illicit drug use disorders in Iran: prevalence, correlates, comorbidity and service utilization results from the Iranian Mental Health Survey. Addict Abingdon Engl. 2016;111:1836-47. |
High school students Age: 15-18 years CU (lifetime): 5%2525. Nazarzadeh M, Bidel Z, Mosavi Jarahi A, Esmaeelpour K, Menati W, Shakeri AA, et al. Prevalence of cannabis lifetime use in Iranian high school and college students: a systematic review, meta-analyses, and meta-regression. Am J Mens Health. 2015;9:397-409. |
Young people Age: 15 to 29 years CU (lifetime): 4%4141. Rahimi-Movaghar A, Amin-Esmaeili M, Sharifi V, Hajebi A, Radgoodarzi R, Hefazi M, et al. Iranian mental health survey: design and field proced. Iran J Psychiatry. 2014;9:96-109. College students Age: 19-23 years CU (lifetime): 2%2525. Nazarzadeh M, Bidel Z, Mosavi Jarahi A, Esmaeelpour K, Menati W, Shakeri AA, et al. Prevalence of cannabis lifetime use in Iranian high school and college students: a systematic review, meta-analyses, and meta-regression. Am J Mens Health. 2015;9:397-409. |
Europe (n = 6) |
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Central Europe |
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Serbia |
Age: 15-64 years CU (lifetime): 7.7% CU (last 12 months):1.6%4242. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). National report: Serbia 2014 [Internet]. 2014 Apr [cited 2020 Oct 25]. www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/805/National_Report_Serbia_2014_EN_483880.pdf www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/public...
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Age: 14-18 years CU (last 12 months): 5%1616. The European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD). 2019 [cited 2020 Oct 31]. http://www.espad.org/ http://www.espad.org/...
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Cannabis use (0.5%) among the adult population.4242. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). National report: Serbia 2014 [Internet]. 2014 Apr [cited 2020 Oct 25]. www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/805/National_Report_Serbia_2014_EN_483880.pdf www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/public...
,4343. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). European Drug Report 2020 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Oct 31]. www.emcdda.europa.eu n.d. https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/edr2020 https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/edr2020...
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Germany |
Age: 18-64 years CU (lifetime): 1.2%4343. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). European Drug Report 2020 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Oct 31]. www.emcdda.europa.eu n.d. https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/edr2020 https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/edr2020...
CU (last 12 months): 6.9%4444. Orth B, Merkel C. Der Cannabiskonsum Jugendlicher und junger Erwachsener in Deutschland. Ergebnisse des Alkoholsurveys 2018 und Trends. BZgA-Forschungsbericht 2019. |
Age: 14-18 years CU (lifetime): 10%4444. Orth B, Merkel C. Der Cannabiskonsum Jugendlicher und junger Erwachsener in Deutschland. Ergebnisse des Alkoholsurveys 2018 und Trends. BZgA-Forschungsbericht 2019. CU (last 12 months): 8%4444. Orth B, Merkel C. Der Cannabiskonsum Jugendlicher und junger Erwachsener in Deutschland. Ergebnisse des Alkoholsurveys 2018 und Trends. BZgA-Forschungsbericht 2019. CU (last 30 days): 2.9%4444. Orth B, Merkel C. Der Cannabiskonsum Jugendlicher und junger Erwachsener in Deutschland. Ergebnisse des Alkoholsurveys 2018 und Trends. BZgA-Forschungsbericht 2019. CD: 3.9%4444. Orth B, Merkel C. Der Cannabiskonsum Jugendlicher und junger Erwachsener in Deutschland. Ergebnisse des Alkoholsurveys 2018 und Trends. BZgA-Forschungsbericht 2019. Age: 12-13 years CU (last 12 months): 1.9%4444. Orth B, Merkel C. Der Cannabiskonsum Jugendlicher und junger Erwachsener in Deutschland. Ergebnisse des Alkoholsurveys 2018 und Trends. BZgA-Forschungsbericht 2019. |
Younger adult Age: 18-34 years CU (lifetime): 13.3%4545. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). Germany Country Drug Report 2019 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Oct 25]. www.emcdda.europa.eu n.d. https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/countries/drug-reports/2019/germany_en https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/countries/d...
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Southern Europe |
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Turkey |
Age: 15-64 years CU (lifetime): 2.7% CU (last 12 months): 1.1%4646. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes (UNODOC). DATAUNODC 2020 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Oct 31]. dataunodc.un.org/ dataunodc.un.org/...
CU (last 30 days): 0.8%4747. National Drug Report Ankara, Ministry of Interior General Directorate of Security; 2019. 2019.,4848. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). Turkey Country Drug Report 2019 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Oct 31]. www.emcdda.europa.eu/countries/drug-reports/2019/turkey_en www.emcdda.europa.eu/countries/drug-repo...
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Age: 14-18 years CU (last 30 days): 2.3%4949. Sönmez Güngör E, Tunca D, Çelebi C, Gündüz A, Karaer G, Kandemir G, et al. Descriptive norms influence alcohol use among high-school students: a social norms study from Istanbul. J Subst Use. 2021 Mar 11 Epub ahead of print. |
Young adults Age: 18-34 years CU (last 12 months): 1.8%4343. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). European Drug Report 2020 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Oct 31]. www.emcdda.europa.eu n.d. https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/edr2020 https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/edr2020...
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Spain |
Age: 15-64 years CU (lifetime): 35.2%4343. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). European Drug Report 2020 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Oct 31]. www.emcdda.europa.eu n.d. https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/edr2020 https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/edr2020...
CU (last 12 months): 11% CU (last 30 days): 9.1%4343. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). European Drug Report 2020 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Oct 31]. www.emcdda.europa.eu n.d. https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/edr2020 https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/edr2020...
CD (CASTS): 1.6%5050. Ministerio de sanidad. Observatorio Español de las Drogas y las Adicciones INFORME 2020: alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilegales en España [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Dec 3] pnsd.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/sistemasInformacion/informesEstadisticas/pdf/2020_Informe_Resumen_ejecutivo.pdf ] pnsd.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/sist...
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Age: 14-18 years CU (lifetime): 33%5050. Ministerio de sanidad. Observatorio Español de las Drogas y las Adicciones INFORME 2020: alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilegales en España [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Dec 3] pnsd.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/sistemasInformacion/informesEstadisticas/pdf/2020_Informe_Resumen_ejecutivo.pdf ] pnsd.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/sist...
CU (last 12 months): 27.5%5050. Ministerio de sanidad. Observatorio Español de las Drogas y las Adicciones INFORME 2020: alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilegales en España [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Dec 3] pnsd.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/sistemasInformacion/informesEstadisticas/pdf/2020_Informe_Resumen_ejecutivo.pdf ] pnsd.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/sist...
CU (last 30 days): 19.3%5050. Ministerio de sanidad. Observatorio Español de las Drogas y las Adicciones INFORME 2020: alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilegales en España [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Dec 3] pnsd.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/sistemasInformacion/informesEstadisticas/pdf/2020_Informe_Resumen_ejecutivo.pdf ] pnsd.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/sist...
CD (CASTS): 2.3%5050. Ministerio de sanidad. Observatorio Español de las Drogas y las Adicciones INFORME 2020: alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilegales en España [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Dec 3] pnsd.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/sistemasInformacion/informesEstadisticas/pdf/2020_Informe_Resumen_ejecutivo.pdf ] pnsd.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/sist...
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In 2018, Cannabis (38.5%) was found to be the second-most frequently reported substance used during first admission for any substance use treatment, after cocaine.5050. Ministerio de sanidad. Observatorio Español de las Drogas y las Adicciones INFORME 2020: alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilegales en España [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Dec 3] pnsd.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/sistemasInformacion/informesEstadisticas/pdf/2020_Informe_Resumen_ejecutivo.pdf ] pnsd.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/sist...
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Italy |
Age: 15-64 years4343. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). European Drug Report 2020 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Oct 31]. www.emcdda.europa.eu n.d. https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/edr2020 https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/edr2020...
CU (lifetime): 32% CU (last 12 months): 14.3% CU (last 30 days): 6.9% |
Age: 15-24 years4343. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). European Drug Report 2020 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Oct 31]. www.emcdda.europa.eu n.d. https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/edr2020 https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/edr2020...
CU (lifetime): 34.2% CU (last 12 months): 22.3% CU (last 30 days): 11% |
Young adults Age: 15-34 years4343. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). European Drug Report 2020 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Oct 31]. www.emcdda.europa.eu n.d. https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/edr2020 https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/edr2020...
CU (lifetime): 37.5% CU (last 12 months): 20.3% CU (last 30 days): 9.9% |
Western Europe |
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France |
Age: 18-64 years CU (last 12 months): 11% |
Age: 15-16 years CU (lifetime): 31% CU (last 30 days): 17%5151. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). France country drug report 2019 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Oct 31]. www.emcdda.europa.eu/countries/drug-reports/2019/france_en www.emcdda.europa.eu/countries/drug-repo...
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Cannabis experimentation: 32.8%5252. Legleye S, Piontek D, Pampel F, Goffette C, Khlat M, Kraus L. Is there a cannabis epidemic model? Evidence from France, Germany and USA. Int J Drug Policy. 2014;25:1103-12. |
Americas (n = 1) |
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South America |
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Brazil |
Age: 12-65 years CU (lifetime): 7.7% Age:15-64 years CD (last 12 months): 2.5%5353. Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde (ICICT/Fiocruz). 3rd National Survey on Drug use by the Brazilian population [Internet]. [cited 2021 Dec 3]. www.arca.fiocruz.br/bitstream/icict/34614/2/III%20LNUD_ENGLISH.pdf www.arca.fiocruz.br/bitstream/icict/3461...
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Age: 14-17 years CU (lifetime): 4.3% CU (last 12 months): 3.4%5454. Unidade de Pesquisas em Álcool e Drogas (UNIAD), Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia para Políticas (INPAD). Lenad-II: Levantamento nacional de álcool e drogas [Internet]. [cited 2021 May 31]. inpad.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Lenad-II-Relat%C3%B3rio.pdf inpad.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/...
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College students (Age: 18-35 years CU (lifetime): 26.1% CU (last 12 months): 13.8% CU (last 30 days): 9.1%5454. Unidade de Pesquisas em Álcool e Drogas (UNIAD), Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia para Políticas (INPAD). Lenad-II: Levantamento nacional de álcool e drogas [Internet]. [cited 2021 May 31]. inpad.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Lenad-II-Relat%C3%B3rio.pdf inpad.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/...
Street children (Age: 10-18 years) CU (lifetime): 40.4% CU (last 12 months): 32.1% CU (last 30 days): 25.4%5555. Centro Brasileiro de Informações sobre Drogas Psicotrópicas (CEBRID). Levantamento nacional sobre o uso de drogas entre crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua nas 27 capitais brasileiras 2003 [Internet]. [cited 2021 Jun2]. www.cebrid.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Levantamento-Nacional-sobre-o-Uso-de-Drogas-entre-Crian%C3%A7as-e-Adolescentes-em-Situa%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-Rua-nas-27-Capitais-Brasileiras-2003.pdf www.cebrid.com.br/wp-content/uploads/201...
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Africa and the middle west (n = 4) |
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Northern Africa |
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Morocco |
Age: 15-64 years CU (lifetime): 5% CU (last 12 months): 3.94%4646. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes (UNODOC). DATAUNODC 2020 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Oct 31]. dataunodc.un.org/ dataunodc.un.org/...
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Age: < 18 years CU (lifetime): 4.1% CU (last 12 months): 3.1% CU (last 30 days): 2%1919. Benedetti E, Resce G, Molinaro S. MedSPAD Committee: an insight into alcohol, tobacco and other drugs in the Mediterranean Region: socio-economic, policy context and patterns of use among adolescents [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Oct 31]. rm.coe.int/2019-ppg-medspad-committee-report/1680992c0e rm.coe.int/2019-ppg-medspad-committee-re...
,4646. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes (UNODOC). DATAUNODC 2020 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Oct 31]. dataunodc.un.org/ dataunodc.un.org/...
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Female Age: 15-17 years CU (lifetime): 2.1% CU (last 12 months): 0.7% CU (last 30 days): 0.6% |
Eastern and Southern Africa |
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South Africa |
Age: 15-64 years CU (lifetime) 10.8%5656. Saban A, Flisher AJ, Grimsrud A, Morojele N, London L, Williams DR, et al. The association between substance use and common mental disorders in young adults: results from the South African Stress and Health (SASH) Survey. Pan Afr Med J. 2014;17 Suppl 1:11. CU (last 12 months): 3.65% CU (last 3 months): 4%5757. Herman AA, Stein DJ, Seedat S, Heeringa SG, Moomal H, Williams DR. The South African Stress and Health (SASH) study: 12-month and lifetime prevalence of common mental disorders. S Afr Med J. 2009;99:339-44. |
No country-wide epidemiological data for age group (12-18 years)1717. International Society of Substance use Professionals (ISSUP). South African Community Epidemiology Network on Drug Use (SACENDU) alcohol use and other drug trends 2018 update [Internet] 2017 [cited 2020 Oct 25]. www.issup.net/knowledge-share/resources/2018-07/south-african-community-epidemiology-network-drug-use-sacendu www.issup.net/knowledge-share/resources/...
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Cannabis is most common primary drug used among the people in the age group (< 20 years).5858. South African Community Epidemiology Network on Drug Use (SACENDU). South African medical research council. [cited 2021 Mar 31]. www.samrc.ac.za/intramural-research-units/atod-sacendu www.samrc.ac.za/intramural-research-unit...
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Kenya |
Age: 15-65 years CU (lifetime): 4.5%4646. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes (UNODOC). DATAUNODC 2020 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Oct 31]. dataunodc.un.org/ dataunodc.un.org/...
CD: 1.2% |
Adolescents and college students CU (lifetime): 1.7-8.1%5959. Ndetei DM, Khasakhala LI, Mutiso V, Ongecha-Owuor FA, Kokonya DA. Drug use in a rural secondary school in Kenya. Subst Abuse. 2010;31:170-3.,6060. Musyoka CM, Mbwayo A, Donovan D, Mathai M. Alcohol and substance use among first-year students at the University of Nairobi, Kenya: Prevalence and patterns. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0238170. |
Household heads CU (lifetime): 0.6%6161. Some ES. Misuse of drugs: perceptions of household heads in Kisumu district, Kenya. East Afr Med J. 1994;71:93-97. Inpatient rehabilitation CU (lifetime): 64%6262. Kiburi SK, Molebatsi K, Obondo A, Kuria MW. Adverse childhood experiences among patients with substance use disorders at a referral psychiatric hospital in Kenya. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18:197. |
Ethiopia |
Age: not specified CU (lifetime): 42.2%2626. Tullu M, Azale T, Abebaw D, Solomon H, Habtamu Y. Prevalence of cannabis use disorder and associated factors among cannabis young adult users at Shashemene Town, Oromia Region, Ethiopia, 2016. Psychiatry J. 2018;2018:6731341.,4646. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes (UNODOC). DATAUNODC 2020 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Oct 31]. dataunodc.un.org/ dataunodc.un.org/...
CU (last 12 months): 11%6363. Intersoft Consulting. General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): official legal text [Internet]. [cited 2020 Oct 31]. gdpr-info.eu/ gdpr-info.eu/...
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NA |
Prison population CU (lifetime): 3.6%6464. Yitayih Y, Abera M, Tesfaye E, Mamaru A, Soboka M, Adorjan K. Substance use disorder and associated factors among prisoners in a correctional institution in Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18:314. |