Psychometric properties and factor structure of the Repetitive Thinking Questionnaire: Persian versions of the RTQ-31 and RTQ-10

Hasani, Mohsen; Ahmadi, Reza; Saed, Omid

doi:10.47626/2237-6089-2020-0058

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Original Article • Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 44 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.47626/2237-6089-2020-0058 copy

Psychometric properties and factor structure of the Repetitive Thinking Questionnaire: Persian versions of the RTQ-31 and RTQ-10

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Introduction:

Repetitive thinking as a transdiagnostic factor plays an essential role in the development and maintenance of emotional disorders. Two versions of the Repetitive Thinking Questionnaire (RTQ-31 and RTQ-10) are the best-known measures used for assessing repetitive thinking in clinical and non-clinical samples. The present study was conducted to evaluate the psychometric properties and factor structure of Persian versions of them.

Methods:

Participants were 592 students assessed with the RTQ-31, the RTQ-10, the Ruminative Response Scale, the Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory-second edition, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale-21. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used to determine construct validity.

Results:

The findings showed that the RTQ-31 and the RTQ-10 demonstrated excellent internal consistency and good test-retest reliability (α = 0.946: r = 0.844) and (α = 0.903: r = 0.776) respectively. Also, five items from the original version were omitted due to inadequate factor loadings. This study showed that the resulting 26-item version has a two-factor structure, while the short version has a one-dimensional structure. Finally, it was found that repetitive thinking has a positive and powerful relationship with other measures of rumination and with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress.

Conclusion:

Persian versions of the RTQ have good factor structures and psychometric properties and can be used in clinical populations and related studies.

Keywords:
Repetitive Thinking Questionnaire; rumination; psychometric properties; factor structure; depression; anxiety

Factor 1: Repetitive Negative Thinking (RNT)		Components		Mean (SD)	Cronbach’s alpha if item deleted
Factor 1: Repetitive Negative Thinking (RNT)		RNT	ART	Mean (SD)	Cronbach’s alpha if item deleted
1	You had thoughts or images about the situation that occurred over and over again, that resulted in your feelings getting worse and worse.	0.639	-0.127	2.481 (1.283)	0.923
5	You had thoughts or images about all your shortcomings, failings, faults, mistakes.	0.634	-0.038	2.895 (1.272)	0.923
7	Your thoughts overwhelmed you	0.706	-0.118	2.873 (1.375)	0.922
8	You had thoughts or images like “Why do I have problems other people don’t have?”	0.560	0.030	2.694 (1.451)	0.924
10	You had thoughts or images about a past event that came into your head even when you did not wish to think about it again.	0.690	0.017	2.944 (1.310)	0.922
11	You had thoughts or images that “I won’t be able to do my job/work because I feel so badly.”	0.665	-0.038	2.478 (1.282)	0.923
12	You went away by yourself and thought about why you felt this way.	0.706	-0.079	2.724 (1.282)	0.922
13	You had thoughts or images about the situation that resulted in you avoiding similar situations and that reinforced a decision to avoid similar situations.	0.544	0.238	2.665 (1.300)	0.924
15	You had thoughts or images like “Why can’t I get going?”	0.640	0.101	2.236 (1.290)	0.923
16	You had thoughts or images of the situation that were difficult to forget.	0.761	-0.021	2.807 (1.303)	0.921
17	I was always thinking about something.	0.573	0.064	3.070 (1.285)	0.924
19	Once I started thinking about the situation, I couldn’t stop.	0.757	-0.056	2.751 (1.354)	0.921
21	You had thoughts or images about how alone you felt.	0.709	-0.073	2.743 (1.405)	0.922
22	You had a lot of thoughts or images of the situation after it was over.	0.751	-0.088	2.893 (1.315)	0.921
23	I noticed that I had been thinking about the situation.	0.723	-0.007	3.047 (1.276)	0.922
24	You had thoughts or images of the situation that you tried to resist thinking about.	0.722	0.130	2.555 (1.324)	0.921
25	You had thoughts or images about how angry you were with yourself.	0.625	0.133	2.582 (1.286)	0.923
26	I thought about the situation all the time.	0.680	-0.055	2.302 (1.268)	0.926
28	I knew I shouldn’t have thought about the situation, but I couldn’t help it.	0.773	-0.041	2.549 (1.316)	0.921
29	You had thoughts or images asking “Why do I always react this way?”	0.708	0.064	2.565 (1.264)	0.922
30	You had thoughts or images about the situation and wishing it had gone better.	0.701	0.085	3.118 (1.342)	0.922
31	The situation really made you think	0.758	0.001	3.006 (1.274)	0.921
Factor 2: Absence of Repetitive Thinking (ART)
2	There was nothing more I could do about the situation, so I didn’t think about it anymore.	-0.153	0.633	2.44 (1.23)	0.933
14	I found it easy to dismiss distressing thoughts about the situation.	-0.164	0.629	2.24 (1.15)	0.932
18	I didn’t tend to think about it (the situation).	0.191	0.659	2.57 (1.26)	0.928
20	I didn’t have enough time to do everything, so I didn’t think about it	0.085	0.613	1.91 (1.01)	0.929
	Eigenvalues	10.449	1.786
	% of variance	40.187	6.871
	Internal consistency	0.946	0.535

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1. RTQ-26	-
2. PTQ	0.735 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	-
3. RRS	0.663 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.709 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	-
4. BDI-II	0.560 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.590 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.614 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	-
5. BAI	0.568 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.585 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.596 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.651 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	-
6. DASS-D	0.533 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.644 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.711 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.702 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.599 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	-
7. DASS-A	0.533 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.609 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.583 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.601 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.738 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.685 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	-
8. DASS-S	0.668 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.687 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.724 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.645 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.635 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.745 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.729 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	-
M	69.268	22.845	45.090	13.054	13.326	5.932	4.767	7.453
SD	19.925	14.244	13.924	9.402	10.578	5.035	4.311	5.148

Items		Components	Mean (SD)	Cronbach’s alpha if item deleted
5	You had thoughts or images about all your shortcomings, failings, faults, mistakes.	0.634	2.895 (1.272)	0.900
10	You had thoughts or images about a past event that came into your head even when you did not wish to think about it again.	0.719	2.944 (1.310)	0.894
11	You had thoughts or images that “I won’t be able to do my job/work because I feel so badly.”	0.701	2.478 (1.282)	0.895
16	You had thoughts or images of the situation that were difficult to forget.	0.786	2.807 (1.303)	0.889
19	Once I started thinking about the situation, I couldn’t stop.	0.788	2.751 (1.354)	0.889
23	I noticed that I had been thinking about the situation.	0.735	3.047 (1.276)	0.893
24	You had thoughts or images of the situation that you tried to resist thinking about.	0.730	2.555(1.324)	0.893
26	I thought about the situation all the time.	0.716	2.305 (1.268)	0.895
28	I knew I shouldn’t have thought about the situation, but I couldn’t help it.	0.798	2.549 (1.316)	0.888
30	You had thoughts or images about the situation and wishing it had gone better.	0.695	3.118 (1.342)	0.896
	Eigenvalues	5.356
	% of variance	53.558
	Internal consistency	.903

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1. RTQ-10	-
2. PTQ	0.745 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	-
3. RRS	0.674 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.709 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	-
4. BDI-II	0.551 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.590 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.614 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	-
5. BAI	0.558 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.585 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.596 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.651 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	-
6. DASS-D	0.531 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.644 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.711 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.702 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.599 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	-
7. DASS-A	0.525 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.609 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.583 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.601 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.738 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.685 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	-
8. DASS-S	0.616 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.687 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.724 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.645 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.635 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.754 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	0.729 ^* * Correlation is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed).	-
Mean	27.534	22.845	45.090	13.054	13.326	5.932	4.767	7.453
SD	9.644	14.244	13.924	9.402	10.578	5.035	4.311	5.148

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[1] Correspondence: Omid Saed, Professor Dr. Yousef Sobouti Blvd Zanjan University of Medical Sciences 4513956184 - Zanjan, IR - Iran, Tel.: +00982433420651 E-mail: o.saed@zums.ac.ir