Development and Psychometric Analysis of the Brief Inventory of Academic Procrastination

Geara, Gabriela Ballardin; Nunes, Cristina Aparecida Medeiros; Hauck-Filho, Nelson; Teixeira, Marco Antônio Pereira

doi:10.9788/TP2019.3-07

Gabriela Ballardin Geara

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4966-6183

Cristina Aparecida Medeiros Nunes ^** Mailing address: Universidade São Francisco, Câmpus de Itatiba, Alexandre Rodrigues Barbosa, 45, Centro, Itatiba, SP - Brazil 13251900. Phone: (11) 4534-8046. E-mail: gearagabi@gmail.com, cristina_medeiros@hotmail.com, hauck.nf@gmail.com and mapteixeira.psi@gmail.com

Universidade São Francisco, Itatiba, SP, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5223-7462

Nelson Hauck-Filho

Universidade São Francisco, Itatiba, SP, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0121-7079

Marco Antônio Pereira Teixeira

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7981-9788

* Mailing address: Universidade São Francisco, Câmpus de Itatiba, Alexandre Rodrigues Barbosa, 45, Centro, Itatiba, SP - Brazil 13251900. Phone: (11) 4534-8046. E-mail: gearagabi@gmail.com, cristina_medeiros@hotmail.com, hauck.nf@gmail.com and mapteixeira.psi@gmail.com

Authors’ Contributions

Substantial contribution in the concept and design of the study: Gabriela Ballardin Geara.

Contribution to data collection: Cristina Aparecida Medeiros Nunes.

Contribution to data analysis and interpre-tation: Nelson Hauck Filho.

Contribution to manuscript preparation: Cristina Aparecida Medeiros Nunes, Gabriela Ballardin Geara, Marco Antônio Pereira Teixeira, Nelson Hauck Filho.

Contribution to critical revision, adding intelectual content: Cristina Aparecida Medeiros Nunes, Gabriela Ballardin Geara, Marco Antônio Pereira Teixeira, Nelson Hauck Filho.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest related to the publication of this manuscript.

Aspects	Description	N
Delaying an action	An action/behavior or an action/thought is delayed. Organizing yourself mentally and planning something are examples of covert actions that we often procrastinate. So, procrastination is not always a phenomenon observable by outsiders. The focus here is that something was left for later. It is purely the question of putting off, doing later or doing after something that could be done now.	13
Intension to perform an action	The procrastinator wants to start or finish the task. He plans this in the sense that he intends to accomplish the task, but that does not mean that he has adequate or detailed planning for the execution of the task. It is worth remembering that procrastination can happen before the task starts, during the task or before finishing it. It is important to show that the person intends/planned/thinks that this task should be completed or at least initiated.	9
Importance of the action	The procrastinator realizes that the task needs to be performed or gives personal importance to the task. This does not entail willingness or motivation to start or finish the task, but the procrastinator perceives this task as something that needs to be accomplished. The person expects to get the action/task done. This aspect emphasizes that procrastinated tasks are important in some way: either they are necessary because of the context or they are important for the person because of a value/importance assigned to the task.	8
Voluntary delay	The postponement occurs without external pressure that justifies this postponement. The procrastinator is not being forced to postpone the action because something out of his/her control happened. The task is no longer accomplished, in such a way that it can be said that postponement is voluntary, since it is something that starts from the subject - it is a decision taken freely'.	12
Unnecessary delay	The postponement occurs without a rationality/logic or an understandable/justifiable need. The procrastinator does not reflect much on his real motives for procrastinating, acting this way without realizing exactly what is happening. The person understands that delaying is unnecessary considering the circumstances or context, but ends up procrastinating precisely because this understanding does not affect his procrastinatory behavior which is based on an irrational process of postponing tasks.	6
Awareness of possible negative consequences (risk)	Delaying the task accomplishment occurs even when the procrastinator is aware of the possible negative consequences of doing that. The person realizes that procrastinating the task represents a risk of having some loss or disadvantage, however, being aware of this risk does not "prevent" him or her from actually procrastinating. Here the focus is to assess the perception of the possible negative consequences of procrastination.	7
Presence of negative consequences	Postponement of the task is accompanied by some form of subjective discomfort (guilt, regret, stress, anxiety, etc.) or other negative consequences (low grades, failure in disciplines, etc.). These negative consequences that the subject perceived (previous facet) or even other unexpected consequences that could happen are in fact something bad in the person's life. This discomfort resulting from procrastination is an essential part of the definition of procrastination. There is no procrastination in the absence of negative consequences or subjective discomfort (in this case it would be a strategic postponement).	5

Item		One Factor	MIMIC
Item		One Factor	Factor	Aqu
1	Escolho deixar minhas tarefas para depois quando tenho algo mais interessante para fazer.	0.65	0.66	0.25
2	Tento me concentrar para realizar alguma atividade necessária, mas acabo desviando meu pensamento para coisas de menor importância.	0.63	0.63	0.35
3	Adio, por conta própria, a realização das minhas tarefas da universidade.	0.69	0.68	0.29
4	Mesmo que eu possa me arrepender, acabo atrasando meus trabalhos da faculdade.	0.83	0.83	0.26
5	Mesmo que eu me organize antes, muitas vezes, não consigo terminar meus deveres acadêmicos.	0.56	0.57	0.25
6	Adio meus compromissos acadêmicos mesmo estando ciente das possíveis consequências negativas.	0.81	0.81	0.21
7	Eu adio tomar decisões sobre minhas atividades acadêmicas até ser obrigado a fazer isso.	0.63	0.64	0.23
8	Mesmo que eu tenha a intenção de terminar uma tarefa, acabo deixando para depois.	0.64	0.64	0.29
9	Quando tenho muitas tarefas a terminar, acabo não dando conta de nenhuma delas.	0.54	0.55	0.36
10	Costumo estar com meus estudos atrasados em disciplinas que não despertam o meu interesse.	0.51	0.52	0.34
11	Eu me organizo para ter tempo suficiente para fazer até as atividades mais chatas.	-0.68	-0.65	0.33
12	Costumo terminar meus trabalhos antes da data prevista para a entrega.	-0.56	-0.52	0.49
13	Sempre me programo para estudar com antecedência na busca por ter melhores resultados.	-0.70	-0.67	0.34
14	Busco sempre terminar os trabalhos acadêmicos que são fundamentais para o meu futuro.	-0.57	-0.57	0.28
15	Sempre cumpro meu planejamento de estudos antes de uma prova importante.	-0.56	-0.51	0.41
16	Preparo-me com antecedência se sei que terei consequências ruins caso não me empenhe na tarefa.	-0.70	-0.66	0.32
17	Quando estou envolvido em um projeto em grupo, sempre preparo minha parte com antecedência.	-0.67	-0.64	0.39
18	Eu insisto/persevero até ver minha meta atingida.	-0.51	-0.48	0.39
19	Mantenho meus trabalhos em dia mesmo estando com minha agenda lotada.	-0.69	-0.69	0.25
20	Eu faço todas as tarefas que eu considero que deveriam ser feitas.	-0.69	-0.68	0.20

[1] * Mailing address: Universidade São Francisco, Câmpus de Itatiba, Alexandre Rodrigues Barbosa, 45, Centro, Itatiba, SP - Brazil 13251900. Phone: (11) 4534-8046. E-mail: gearagabi@gmail.com, cristina_medeiros@hotmail.com, hauck.nf@gmail.com and mapteixeira.psi@gmail.com

Brasil

Brasil

Development and Psychometric Analysis of the Brief Inventory of Academic Procrastination

Construção e Análise Psicométrica de um Inventário Breve de Procrastinação Acadêmica

Desarollo y Análisis Psicométrico del Inventario Breve de la Procrastinación Académica

Abstract