Early selection for resistance to cacao witches’ broom in new parental combinations

Pires, José Luis; Luz, Edna Dora Martins Newman; Pimenta, Antônio Alves

doi:10.1590/0100-5405/244673

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ARTICLES • Summa Phytopathol. 47 (2) • Apr-Jun 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/244673 copy

Early selection for resistance to cacao witches’ broom in new parental combinations

Seleção precoce para resistência à vassoura-de-bruxa do cacaueiro em novas combinações parentais

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Progenies from 69 crosses between parents obtained by recurrent selection for resistance and yield were inoculated with Moniliophthora perniciosa basidiospores. The symptoms were evaluated and compared with those in the equally inoculated progenies of Catongo, SIC 23 and SCA 6. Forty-three of the new progenies did not differ statistically from SCA 6, while 10 new progenies were statistically better than this control. The female parents that can be highlighted are (P4B x SCA 6), (MA 16 x SCA 6), (CEPEC 86 x SCA 6), and the EET 75 clone. The best male parents were (CAB 214), (CAB 208) and (P4B x OC 67), which did not differ from each other. This study proved the existence of gene combinations between fathers and mothers, the occurrence of additive effects and the dominant inheritance of these factors, which should allow the selection of clones with higher resistance levels and durability.

Keywords
Theobroma cacao ; plant breeding; Moniliophthora perniciosa ; genetic control

CLONES F1	ACRONYM	ORIGIN	REASONS FOR SELECTION
CAB 208	Cacau da Amazônia Brasileira	Brazil, Amazonas	Resistance to witches’ broom, productivity
CAB 214	Cacau da Amazônia Brasileira	Brazil, Amazonas	Resistance to witches’ broom, productivity
CAB 270	Cacau da Amazônia Brasileira	Brazil, Amazonas	Resistance to witches’ broom, productivity
CEPEC 86	Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau	Brazil, Bahia	Resistance to witches’ broom, pod characteristics
CEPEC 90	Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau	unknown origin	Resistance to witches’ broom
CHUAO 120	Chuao - village	Venezuela	Resistance to witches’ broom, productivity, pod characteristics, quality
CSUL 3	Cruzeiro do Sul - municipality	Brazil, Acre	Resistance to witches’ broom
CSUL 7	Cruzeiro do Sul - municipality	Brazil, Acre	Resistance to witches’ broom
EET 233	Estacion Experimental Tropical	Ecuador, Pichilingue	Resistance to frosty pod rot, productivity, pod characteristics
EET 392	Estacion Experimental Tropical	Ecuador, Pichilingue	Resistance to witches’ broom, productivity, pod characteristics
EET 75	Estacion Experimental Tropical	Ecuador, Pichilingue	Resistance to frosty pod rot, productivity, pod characteristics
ICS 95	Imperial College Selections	Trinidad	Resistance to frosty pod rot, productivity, pod characteristics
MA 16	Manaus - municipality	Brazil, Amazonas	Resistance to witches’ broom
NA 33	Nanay - river	Peru	Resistance to witches’ broom, productivity
OC 67	Ocumare - municipality	Venezuela	Resistance to witches’ broom, pod characteristics, quality
P 4B	Pound (collector)	Peru, Iquitos	Resistance to witches’ broom
RB 36	Rio Branco - municipality	Brazil, Acre	Resistance to witches’ broom
RB 39	Rio Branco - municipality	Brazil, Acre	Resistance to witches’ broom, canopy structure
SCA 6	Escavino - family	Peru	Resistance to witches’ broom
SGU 26	Selecciones Guatemaltecas	Guatemala, Los brillantes	Resistance to witches’ broom, pod characteristics, quality
UF 273	United Fruit selections	Costa Rica	Resistance to frost pod rot, productivity, pod characteristics, quality

CROSSES PROGENIES	DI LSmeans¹ 1 DI LSmeans - disease index obtained through the quantification and measurement of symptoms: TB - Presence of terminal broom; LTB - Length of the terminal broom; AB - Presence of axillary broom; NAB - Number of axillary brooms greater than 1cm; CB - Presence of cotyledonary broom, and DB - Presence of dry broom, were used in the formula: DI = TB + (0.01 * TBL) + AB + (0.1 * NAB) + CB + (4.0 * DB) (Rodrigues et al. 2019), correcting the DIs of each plant for the effect of trial by LSmeans - statistical software SAS.	No.	CONTROLS
CROSSES PROGENIES		No.	CATONGO	SIC 23	SCA 6
(CEPEC 86 x SCA 6) X (CAB 270)	0.604	1	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
(CEPEC 86 x SCA 6) X (CAB 208)	0.282	2	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
(CEPEC 86 x SCA 6) X (CAB 214)	0.283	3	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
(CEPEC 86 x SCA 6) X (CEPEC 90 x CHUAO 120)	0.221	4	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
(CEPEC 86 x SCA 6) X (CEPEC 86 x RB 39)	0.305	5	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
(CEPEC 86 X SCA 6) X EET 75	0.084	6	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^* * Significant effects at 0.05%, according to T test.
(RB 36 x SCA 6) X (CAB 270)	0.748	7	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
(RB 36 x SCA 6) X (CAB 208)	0.450	8	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
(RB 36 x SCA 6) X (CAB 214)	0.388	9	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
(RB 36 x SCA 6) X (CEPEC 90 x CHUAO 120)	0.030	10	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
(RB 36 x SCA 6) X (CEPEC 86 x RB 39)	0.492	11	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
(RB 36 x SCA 6) X EET 75	-0.083	12	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
(SGU 26 x SCA 6) X (CAB 270)	0.570	13	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
(SGU 26 x SCA 6) X (CAB 208)	0.306	14	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
(SGU 26 x SCA 6) X (CAB 214)	0.353	15	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
(SGU 26 x SCA 6) X (CEPEC 90 x CHUAO 120)	0.647	16	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns	^* * Significant effects at 0.05%, according to T test.
(SGU 26 x SCA 6) X (P4B x OC 67)	0.312	17	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
(SGU 26 x SCA 6) X (CEPEC 86 x RB 39)	0.508	18	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
(CSUL 3 x SCA 6) X (CAB 270)	0.323	19	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
(CSUL 3 x SCA 6) X (CAB 208)	0.392	20	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
(CSUL 3 x SCA 6) X (CAB 214)	0.302	21	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
(CSUL 3 x SCA 6) X (NA 33 x RB 39)	0.166	22	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
(CSUL 3 x SCA 6) X (P4B x OC 67)	0.432	23	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
(CSUL 3 x SCA 6) X (CEPEC 86 x RB 39)	0.766	24	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
(CSUL 3 x SCA 6) X ICS 95	0.826	25	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
(NA 33 x CSUL 7) X (CAB 270)	0.446	26	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
(NA 33 x CSUL 7) X (CAB 208)	0.312	27	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
(NA 33 x CSUL 7) X (CAB 214)	0.218	28	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
(NA 33 x CSUL 7) X (CEPEC 90 x CHUAO 120)	0.558	29	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
(NA 33 x CSUL 7) X (P4B x OC 67)	-0.026	30	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
(NA 33 x CSUL 7) X (CEPEC 86 x RB 39)	0.122	31	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
(NA 33 x CSUL 7) X EET 75	0.203	32	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
(MA 16 x SCA 6) X (CAB 270)	0.125	33	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
(MA 16 x SCA 6) X (CAB 208)	0.388	34	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
(MA 16 x SCA 6) X (CAB 214)	-0.199	35	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^* * Significant effects at 0.05%, according to T test.
(MA 16 x SCA 6) X (NA 33 x RB 39)	0.706	36	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns	^* * Significant effects at 0.05%, according to T test.
(MA 16 x SCA 6) X (CEPEC 90 x CHUAO 120)	0.189	37	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
(MA 16 x SCA 6) X (CEPEC 86 x RB 39)	-0.027	38	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
(MA 16 x SCA 6) X ICS 95	0.367	39	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
(P4B x SCA 6) X (CAB 270)	0.229	40	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
(P4B x SCA 6) X (CAB 208)	0.085	41	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
(P4B x SCA 6) X (CAB 214)	0.174	42	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
(P4B x SCA 6) X (NA 33 x RB 39)	0.232	43	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
(P4B x SCA 6) X (CEPEC 86 x RB 39)	0.367	44	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
(P4B x SCA 6) X EET 233	0.247	45	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
(P4B x SCA 6) X EET 75	0.351	46	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
(P4B x SCA 6) X ICS 95	-0.059	47	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
(P4B x SCA 6) X UF 273	0.222	48	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
EET 233 X (CAB 214)	-0.202	49	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
EET 233 X (CEPEC 90 x CHUAO 120)	0.958	50	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
EET 233 X ICS 95	0.539	51	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^* * Significant effects at 0.05%, according to T test.	ns
EET 392 X CAB 270	0.733	52	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
EET 392 X (CEPEC 90 x CHUAO 120)	0.693	56	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns	^* * Significant effects at 0.05%, according to T test.
EET 392 X (CEPEC 86 x RB 39)	0.494	57	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
EET 392 X EET 75	0.555	58	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
EET 392 X ICS 95	0.980	59	^* * Significant effects at 0.05%, according to T test.	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
EET 75 X CAB 270	0.279	60	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
EET 75 X CAB 214	0.221	61	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
EET 75 X (NA 33 x RB 39)	0.166	62	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
EET 75 X (CEPEC 90 x CHUAO 120)	0.324	63	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
ICS 95 X (CEPEC 90 x CHUAO 120)	0.522	64	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
UF 273 X CAB 208	0.812	68	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
UF 273 X CAB 214	0.138	69	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
UF 273 X (NA 33 x RB 39)	1.413	70	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
UF 273 X (CEPEC 90 x CHUAO 120)	0.123	71	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^* * Significant effects at 0.05%, according to T test.
UF 273 X ICS 95	0.691	72	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^* * Significant effects at 0.05%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
CATONGO	1.385	65	.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
SIC 23	0.935	67	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
SCA 6	0.301	66	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	.

MOTHER	DI	No.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
(CEPEC 86 x SCA 6)	0.277	1	.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns	ns	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
(RB 36 x SCA 6)	0.471	2	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	.	ns	ns	^* * Significant effects at 0.05%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
(SGU 26 x SCA 6)	0.430	3	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns	.	ns	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
(CSUL 3 x SCA 6)	0.378	4	ns	ns	ns	.	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
(NA 33 x CSUL 7)	0.340	5	ns	^* * Significant effects at 0.05%, according to T test.	ns	ns	.	^* * Significant effects at 0.05%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns	^* * Significant effects at 0.05%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
(MA 13 x SCA 6)	0.221	6	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^* * Significant effects at 0.05%, according to T test.	.	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
(P4B x SCA 6)	0.145	7	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns	.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
EET 233	0.755	8	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns
EET 392	0.285	9	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns	ns	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	.	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
EET 75	0.215	10	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^* * Significant effects at 0.05%, according to T test.	ns	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns	.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
UF 273	0.705	11	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	.

FATHER	DI	No.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
(CAB 270)	0.425	1	.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns	ns	ns
(CAB 208)	0.231	2	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	.	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
(CAB 214)	0.155	3	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns	.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
(NA 33 x RB 39)	0.605	4	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^* * Significant effects at 0.05%, according to T test.	ns
(CEPEC 90 x CHUAO 120)	0.433	5	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns	ns	ns
(P4B x OC 67)	0.233	6	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	.	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.
(CEPEC 86 x RB 39)	0.358	7	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns	ns	.	^* * Significant effects at 0.05%, according to T test.	^* * Significant effects at 0.05%, according to T test.
EET 75	0.474	8	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^* * Significant effects at 0.05%, according to T test.	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^* * Significant effects at 0.05%, according to T test.	.	ns
ICS 95	0.537	9	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	ns	ns	^ Significant effects at 0.01%, according to T test.	^* * Significant effects at 0.05%, according to T test.	ns	.

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