General |
Specifics |
Freeze-thaw cycles (n); Exposure time
|
k Virgin (m/s) [σ' (kPa)] |
k Exhumed (m/s) [σ' (kPa)] |
Fuel type |
Freeze-thaw cycles (n); Exposure time
|
k Virgin (m/s) [σ' (kPa)] |
k Exhumed (m/s) [σ' (kPa)] |
Petrov et al., 1997Petrov, R.J., Rowe, R.K., & Quigley, R.M. (1997). Selected factors influencing GCL hydraulic conductivity. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 123(8), 683-695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:8(683). http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-024...
|
Ethanol/water mixtures |
Fixed-WP |
|
6.0 x 10-11 [4] |
|
100% ethanol |
|
2.0 x 10-9 [35] |
|
|
1.3 x 10-11 [35] |
|
75% ethanol |
|
4.1 x 10-11 [35] |
|
|
7.5 x 10-12 [114] |
|
50% ethanol |
|
6.0 x 10-12 [35] |
|
|
1.6 x 10-11 [35]
|
|
25% ethanol |
|
7.3 x 10-12 [35] |
|
Mazzieri et al., 2000Mazzieri, F., Pasqualini, E., & Van Impe, W.F. (November 19-24, 2000). Compatibility of GCLs with organic solutions. In International Society for Rock Mechanics (Ed.), ISRM International Symposium (pp. ISRM-IS-2000-001). Lisbon: International Society for Rock Mechanics.
|
Ethanol/water mixtures |
Water-hydrated GCL |
FWP |
|
1.0 x 10-11 [50] |
|
100% ethanol |
|
1.0 x 10-10 [50] |
|
Ethanol-hydrated GCL |
|
|
|
100% ethanol |
|
5.5 x 10-8 [50] |
|
|
|
|
75% ethanol |
|
5.5 x 10-8 [50] |
|
|
|
|
50% ethanol |
|
3.5 x 10-10 [50] |
|
|
|
|
25% ethanol |
|
3.0 x 10-11 [50] |
|
Rowe et al., 2004Rowe, R.K., Mukunoki, T., Li, M.H., & Bathurst, R.J. (2004). Effect of freeze-thaw on the permeation of arctic diesel through a GCL. In R.E. Mackey & K.P. von Maubeuge (Eds.), Advances in geosynthetic clay liner technology (pp. 134-146 ). West Conshohocken: ASTM International. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/STP12203S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/STP12203S...
|
Canadian Arctic; Hydrocarbon spill |
Freeze-thaw cycles |
FWP |
0 |
8.3 x 10-11 [1.4] 4.0 x 10-11 [14] |
|
Jet Fuel A-1 |
0 |
4.3 x 10-12 [14] |
|
5 |
6.3 x 10-11 [1.4] 2.9 x 10-11 [14] |
|
6 |
8.7 x 10-12 [14] |
|
12 |
4.3 x 10-11 [1.4] 2.3 x 10-11 [14] |
|
12 |
2.7 x 10-10 [14] |
|
1 year
|
|
4.0 x 10-11 [1.4] 2.0 x 10-11 [14] |
13 |
5.6 x 10-12 [14] |
|
Mukunoki et al., 2005Mukunoki, T., Rowe, R.K., Hurst, P., & Bathurst, R.J. (2005). Application of geosynthetic barrier wall to containment of hydrocarbons in the Arctic. In Organizing Committee of the 16th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (Ed.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering: Geotechnology in Harmony with the Global Environment (pp. 2415-2418). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS Press. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-656-9-2415. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-656-...
|
Canadian Arctic; Hydrocarbon spill |
Freeze-thaw cycles |
RWP |
0 |
2.0 x 10-11 [14] |
|
Jet Fuel A-1 |
0 |
2.0 x 10-11 [14] |
|
5 |
2.0 x 10-11 [14] |
|
5 |
8.0 x 10-11 [14] |
|
3 years
|
|
7.1 x 10-12 [14] |
3 years
|
|
3.6 x 10-11 [14] |
Rowe et al., 2005aRowe, R.K., Hurst, P., & Mukunoki, T. (2005a). Permeating partially hydrated GCLs with jet fuel at temperatures from -20 °C and 20 °C. Geosynthetics International, 12(6), 333-343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/gein.2005.12.6.333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/gein.2005.12.6...
|
Canadian Arctic; Laboratory investigation |
5°C |
Fixed-WP |
|
1.0 x 10-11 [14] |
|
Jet Fuel A-1 |
|
4.1 x 10-11 [14] |
|
5°C; wc=60% |
|
|
|
|
1.6 x 10-9 [14] |
|
5°C; wc=90% |
|
|
|
|
1.7 x 10-9 [14] |
|
5°C; wc=120% |
|
|
|
|
1.2 x 10-9 [14] |
|
-5°C; wc=60% |
|
|
|
|
1.3 x 10-9 [14] |
|
-5°C; wc=90% |
|
|
|
|
0.4 x 10-9 [14] |
|
-5°C; wc=120% |
|
|
|
|
0.4 x 10-9 [14] |
|
-5°C |
|
|
|
|
< 1.3 x 10-12 [14] |
|
5°C; 1 freeze |
|
|
|
|
4.1 x 10-10 [14] |
|
0 < T < 20°C; Sr=77% |
|
|
|
|
≤ 3.0 x 10-10 [14] |
|
0 > T > -20°C; Sr=70% |
|
|
|
|
≤ 2.5 x 10-10 [14] |
|
Rowe et al., 2006Rowe, R.K., Mukunoki, T., & Bathurst, R.J. (2006). Compatibility with Jet A-1 of a GCL subjected to freeze thaw cycles. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132(12), 1526-1537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:12(1526). http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-024...
|
Canadian Arctic; Hydrocarbon spill |
RWP |
0 |
2.0 x 10-11 [15] |
|
Jet Fuel A-1 |
0 |
2.0 x 10-11 [15] |
|
5 |
2.0 x 10-11 [15] |
|
5 |
8.0 x 10-11 [15] |
|
12 |
2.6 x 10-11 [15] |
|
12 |
1.5 x 10-10 [15] |
|
1 year
|
|
1.2 x 10-11 [15] |
1 year
|
|
7.1 x 10-11 [15] |
3 years
|
|
0.7 x 10-11 [15] |
3 years
|
|
5.3 x 10-11 [15] |
Rowe et al., 2005bRowe, R.K., Mukunoki, T., Bathurst, R.J., Rimal, S., Hurst, P., & Hansen, S. (January 24-26, 2005b). The performance of a composite liner for retaining hydrocarbons under extreme environmental conditions. In M. Gabr, J. J. Bowders, D. Elton & J. G. Zornberg (Eds.), Geo-Frontiers Congress 2005 (pp. 2795-2811). Reston, USA: American Society of Civil Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1061/40787(166)16. https://doi.org/10.1061/40787(166)16...
; Rowe et al., 2007Rowe, R.K., Mukunoki, T., Bathurst, R.J., Rimal, S., Hurst, P., & Hansen, S. (2007). Performance of a geocomposite liner for containing Jet A-1 spill in an extreme environment. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 25(2), 68-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2006.10.003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.20...
|
Canadian Arctic; Laboratory investigation |
|
RWP |
0 |
2.0 x 10-11 [14] |
|
Jet Fuel A-1 |
0 |
2.0 x 10-11 [14] |
|
5 |
2.0 x 10-11 [14] |
|
5 |
8.0 x 10-11 [14] |
|
FWP |
0 |
3.4 x 10-11 [14] |
|
0 |
4.0 x 10-11 [14] |
|
12 |
3.4 x 10-11 [14] |
|
12 |
6.0 x 10-11 [14] |
|
20°C; Sr=60% |
RWP |
|
|
|
|
1.6 x 10-8 [14] |
|
5°C; Sr=60% |
|
|
|
|
1.6 x 10-9 [14] |
|
-5°C; Sr=60% |
|
|
|
|
2.4 x 10-10 [14] |
|
-20°C; Sr=60% |
|
|
|
|
2.8 x 10-11 [14] |
|
20°C; Sr=90% |
|
|
|
|
3.4 x 10-10 [14] |
|
5°C; Sr=90% |
|
|
|
|
1.4 x 10-9 [14] |
|
-5°C; Sr=90% |
|
|
|
|
9.0 x 10-11 [14] |
|
-20°C; Sr=90% |
|
|
|
|
1.8 x 10-11 [14] |
|
Rowe et al., 2008Rowe, R.K., Mukunoki, T., & Bathurst, R.J. (2008). Hydraulic conductivity to Jet-Al of GCLs after up to 100 freeze-thaw cycles. Geotechnique, 58(6), 503-511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.2008.58.6.503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.2008.58.6...
|
Canadian Arctic; Hydrocarbon spill |
Contrast with Rowe et al. (2006)Rowe, R.K., Mukunoki, T., & Bathurst, R.J. (2006). Compatibility with Jet A-1 of a GCL subjected to freeze thaw cycles. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132(12), 1526-1537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:12(1526). http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-024...
|
FWP |
0 |
3.3 x 10-11 [13] |
|
Jet Fuel A-1 |
0 |
< 7.8 x 10-11 [23-41] |
|
5 |
4.3 x 10-11 [13] |
|
5 |
< 2.6 x 10-11 [17-20] |
|
12 |
3.1 x 10-11 [13] |
|
12 |
< 7.9 x 10-11 [20-30] |
|
50 |
5.3 x 10-11 [13] |
|
50 |
< 1.5 x 10-10 [17-27] |
|
100 |
3.6 x 10-11 [13] |
|
100 |
< 3.4 x 10-10 [13-20] |
|
3 years
|
|
2.3 x 10-11 [13] |
3 years
|
|
< 3.3 x 10-11 [17-27] |
Hosney & Rowe, 2014Hosney, M.S., & Rowe, R.K. (2014). Performance of GCL after 10 years in service in the Arctic. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 140(10), 04014056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-...
|
Canadian Arctic; Hydrocarbon spill |
|
FWP |
|
3.8 x 10-11 [15]
|
|
Jet Fuel A-1 |
|
6.2 x 10-12 [15] |
|
Trench; Depth: 0.8 m |
1 year
|
|
2.6 x 10-11 [15]
|
1 year
|
|
3.3 x 10-12 [15] |
Trench; Depth: 0.8 m |
4 years
|
|
4.0 x 10-11 [15]
|
4 years
|
|
2.7 x 10-11 [15] |
Frame; Depth: 1.5-2.3 m |
6 years
|
|
3.1 x 10-10 [15]
|
6 years
|
|
1.4 x 10-9 [15] |
Frame; Depth: 0-0.5 m |
7 years
|
|
3.0 x 10-11 [15]
|
7 years
|
|
3.5 x 10-11 [15] |
Frame; Depth: 0.8-1.3 m |
10 years
|
|
3.9 x 10-10 [15]
|
10 years
|
|
3.2 x 10-10 [15] |
Gitipour et al., 2015Gitipour, S., Hosseinpour, M.A., Heidarzadeh, N., Yousefi, P., & Fathollahi, A. (2015). Application of modified clays in geosynthetic clay liners for containment of petroleum contaminated sites. International Journal of Environmental Research, 9(1), 317-322. http://dx.doi.org/10.22059/IJER.2015.903. http://dx.doi.org/10.22059/IJER.2015.903...
|
Simulated GCL; GTX + Bentonite + GTX |
RWP |
|
9.6 x 10-13 - |
|
Crude oil |
|
1.2 x 10-8 - |
|
McWatters et al., 2016McWatters, R.S., Rowe, R.K., Wilkins, D., Spedding, T., Jones, D., Wise, L., Mets, J., Terry, D., Hince, G., Gates, W.P., Di Battista, V., Shoaib, M., Bouazza, A., & Snape, I. (2016). Geosynthetics in Antarctica: performance of a composite barrier system to contain hydrocarbon-contaminated soil after three years in the field. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 44(5), 673-685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2016.06.001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.20...
|
Antarctica; Biopiles; Hydrocarbon spill |
wc=13% |
FWP |
|
4.0 x 10-11 [13]
|
|
|
|
|
|
wc=162% |
3 years
|
|
3.1 x 10-11 [13]
|
|
|
|
|
wc=22% |
3 years
|
|
3.0 x 10-11 [13]
|
|
|
|
|
McWatters et al., 2020McWatters, R.S., Rowe, R.K., Battista, V., Sfiligoj, B., Wilkins, D., & Spedding, T. (2020). Exhumation and performance of an Antarctic composite barrier system after 4 years exposure. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 57(8), 1130-1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2018-0715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2018-0715...
|
Antarctica; Biopiles; Hydrocarbon spill |
wc=12% |
FWP |
|
1.5 x 10-11 [13]
|
|
|
|
|
|
wc=10% |
4 years
|
|
3.6 x 10-11 [13]
|
|
|
|
|
wc=200% |
4 years
|
|
3.9 x 10-11 [13]
|
|
|
|
|