Pesticide exposure and cancer: an integrative literature review

Pluth, Thaís Bremm; Zanini, Lucas Adalberto Geraldi; Battisti, Iara Denise Endruweit

doi:10.1590/0103-1104201912220

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REVIEW • Saúde debate 43 (122) • Jul-Sep 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-1104201912220 copy

Pesticide exposure and cancer: an integrative literature review

Exposição a agrotóxicos e câncer: uma revisão integrativa da literatura

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

We conducted an integrative literature review of published studies on pesticide and cancer exposure, focusing on farmers, rural population, pesticide applicators, and rural workers. The Medline/PubMed was used as searching database. After the retrieval, 74 articles were selected according to pre-established criteria, which design involved 39 case-controls, 32 cohorts, 2 ecological ones, and 1 cross-sectional. Among them, 64 studies showed associations between pesticides and cancer while 10 did not find any significant association. The studies found 53 different types of pesticides significantly associated with at least one type of cancer and 19 different types of cancers linked to at least one type of pesticide. Although few studies presented contradictory results, the sole fact of being a farmer or living near crops or high agricultural areas have also been used as a proxy for pesticide exposure and significantly associated with higher cancer risk. The literature well illustrates the case of prostate cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, multiple myeloma, bladder and colon cancers. Studies are recommended to further investigate the relationship between pesticide and neoplasm of testis, breast, esophagus, kidney, thyroid, lip, head and neck, and bone.

KEYWORDS
Neoplasms; Agrochemicals; Occupational diseases; Review

Cancer type	Study design	Sample size	Place/Country of study	References
Bladder and colon	Cohort	20,646	IA and NC, USA	Koutros et al. (2009)⁷²72 Koutros S, Lynch CF, Ma X, et al. Aromatic amine pesticide use and human cancer risk: results from the U.S. Agricultural Health Study. Int J Cancer. 2009; 124(5):1206-1212.
Bladder	Cohort	54,344	IA and NC, USA	Koutros et al. (2016)⁷³73 Koutros S, Silverman DT, Alavanja MCR, et al. Occupational exposure to pesticides and bladder cancer risk. Int J Epidemiol. 2016; 45(3):792-805.
Bladder^a a Not significantly associated with pesticides;	Cohort	148,051	France	Boulanger et al. (2017)⁷⁴74 Boulanger M, Tual S, Lemarchand C, et al. Agricultural exposure and risk of bladder cancer in the AGRIculture and CANcer cohort. Int Arch Occup Environ Heal. 2017; 90(2):169-178.
Brain	Case-control	2,040 cases + 4,140 controls	RJ, Brazil	Miranda-Filho et al. (2012)⁶⁵65 Miranda Filho AL, Monteiro GTR, Meyer A. Brain cancer mortality among farm workers of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: A population-based case-control study, 1996-2005. Int. j. hyg. environ. health. 2012; 215(5):496-501.
Brain	Cohort	7,734	RJ, Brazil	Miranda Filho et al. (2014)⁶⁶66 Miranda Filho AL, Koifman RJ, Koifman S, et al. Brain cancer mortality in an agricultural and a metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a population-based, age-period-cohort study, 1996-2010. BMC cancer. 2014; 14(320):1-9.
Breast^a a Not significantly associated with pesticides;	Case-control	207 cases + 621 controls	Canada	Ashley-Martin et al. (2012)⁷⁰70 Ashley-Martin J, Vanleeuwen J, Cribb A. Breast cancer risk, fungicide exposure and cyp1a1*2a gene-environment interactions in a province-wide case control study in prince edward island, Canada. Int. j. environ. res. public health. 2012; 9(5):1846-1858.
Cervical	Case-control	33 cases +132 controls	Wuhan, China	Zhang et al. (2013)⁶⁹69 Zhang B, Zhou AF, Zhu C-C, et al. Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer in Rural Areas of Wuhan China: a Matched Case-control Study. Asian pac. j. cancer prev. 2013; 14(12):7595-7600.
Cholangio carcinoma^a a Not significantly associated with pesticides;	Case-control	210 cases + 840 controls	Thailand	Jeephet et al. (2016)⁶³63 Jeephet K, Kamsa-Ard S, Bhudhisawasdi V, et al. Association between pesticide use and cholangiocarcinoma. Asian pac. J. cancer prev. 2016; 17(8):3977-3980.
CNS^b b central nervous system;	Cohort	181,842	France	Piel et al. (2017)⁶⁴64 Piel C, Pouchieu C, Tual S, et al. Central nervous system tumors and agricultural exposures in the prospective cohort AGRICAN. Int. j. cancer. 2017; 141(9):1771-1782.
Colon	Cohort	25,712	IA and NC, USA	Kang et al. (2008)⁵⁷57 Kang D, Park SK, Beane-Freeman L, et al. Cancer incidence among pesticide applicators exposed to trifluralin in the Agricultural Health Study. Environ. res. 2008; 107(2):271-276.
Colon and breast	Cohort	39,628 men + 28,319 women	IA and NC, USA	Andreotti et al. (2010)⁵⁸58 Andreotti G, Hou L, Freeman LEB, et al. Body Mass Index, Agricultural Pesticide Use, and Cancer Incidence in the Agricultural Health Study Cohort. Cancer causes control. 2010; 21(11):1759-1775.
Colorretal	Case-control	421 cases + 439 controls	Egypt	Lo et al. (2010)⁵⁶56 Lo A-C, Soliman AS, Khaled HM, et al. Lifestyle, occupational, and reproductive factors and risk of colorectar cancer. Dis. colon rectum. 2010; 53(5):830-837.
Cutaneous melanoma	Case-control	150 cases + 24,554 controls	IA and NC, USA	Dennis et al. (2010)⁷⁷77 Dennis LK, Lynch CF, Sandler DP, et al. Pesticide use and cutaneous melanoma in pesticide applicators in the agricultural heath study. Environ health perspect. 2010; 118(6):812-817.
Esophagus	Case-control	5,782 cases + 5,782 controls	RS, PR, SC, Brazil	Meyer et al. (2011)⁵⁹59 Meyer A, Alexandre PCB, Chrisman JR, et al. Esophageal cancer among Brazilian agricultural workers: Case-control study based on death certificates. Int. j. hyg. environ. health. 2011; 214(2):151-155.
Glioma	Case-control	798 cases + 1,175 controls	IA, MI, MN, and WI, USA	Ruder et al. (2009)⁶⁷67 Ruder AM, Carreón T, Butler MA, et al. Exposure to farm crops, livestock, and farm tasks and risk of glioma. Am. j. epidemiol. 2009; 169(12):1479-1491.
Glioma^a a Not significantly associated with pesticides;	Case-control	798 cases + 1,175 controls	IA, MI, MN, and WI, USA	Yiin et al. (2012)⁶⁸68 Yiin JH, Ruder AM, Stewart PA, et al. The upper midwest health study: a case-control study of pesticide applicators and risk of glioma. Environ Heal. 2012; 11(39):1-13.
HCC^c c hepatocellular carcinoma;	Case-control	3,034 cases + 14,991 controls	CA, USA	Vopham et al. (2015)⁶¹61 VoPham T, Brooks MM, Yuan JM, et al. Pesticide exposure and hepatocellular carcinoma risk: A case-control study using a geographic information system (GIS) to link SEER-Medicare and California pesticide data. Environ. res. 2015; 143:68-82.
Head and neck	Case-control	7 cases + 5 controls	Oklahoma, USA	Govett et al. (2011)⁸¹81 Govett G, Genuis SJ, Govett HE, et al. Chlorinated pesticides and cancer of the head and neck. Eur. j. cancer prev. 2011; 20(4):320-325.
HL^d d Hodgkin lymphoma;	Case-control	316 cases + 1,506 controls	6 provinces, Canada	Pahwa et al. (2009)³³33 Pahwa P, Karunanayake CP, Spinelli JJ, et al. Ethnicity and incidence of Hodgkin lymphoma in Canadian population. BMC cancer. 2009; 9(141):1-9.
HL^d d Hodgkin lymphoma;	Case-control	316 cases + 1,506 controls	6 provinces, Canada	Karunanayake et al. (2012)³²32 Karunanayake CP, Spinelli JJ, McLaughlin JR, et al. Hodgkin Lymphoma and Pesticides Exposure in Men: A Canadian Case-Control Study. J Agromedicine. 2012; 17(1):30-39.
Leukemia	Case-control	252 cases + 423 controls	13 states, Brazil	Ferreira et al. (2013)²⁶26 Ferreira JD, Couto AC, Pombo-de-Oliveira MS, et al. In utero pesticide exposure and leukemia in Brazilian children <2 years of age. Environ. health perspect. 2013; 121(2):269-275.
Leukemia	Cohort	6,479,406	South Korea	Cha et al. (2014)³⁰30 Cha ES, Hwang S, Lee WJ. Childhood leukemia mortality and farming exposure in South Korea: A national population-based birth cohort study. Cancer epidemiol. 2014; 38(4):401-407.
Leukemia	Case-control	132 cases + 132 controls	Rohtak, India	Kumar et al. (2014)²⁷27 Kumar A, Vashist M, Rathee R. Maternal factors and risk of childhood leukemia. Asian pac. j. cancer prev. 2014; 15(2):781-784.
Leukemia	Ecologic	Not applicable	6 states, USA	Booth et al. (2015)²⁸28 Booth BJ, Ward MH, Turyk ME, et al. Agricultural crop density and risk of childhood cancer in the midwestern United States: an ecologic study. Environ Heal. 2015; 14(82):1-11.
Leukemia^a a Not significantly associated with pesticides;	Case-control	111 casos + 444 controls	2 provinces, Italy	Malagoli et al. (2016)²⁹29 Malagoli C, Costanzini S, Heck JE, et al. Passive exposure to agricultural pesticides and risk of childhood leukemia in an Italian community. Int. j. hyg. environ. health. 2016; 219(8):742-748.
Leukemia (ALL^e e acute lymphoblastic leukemia; )	Case-control	213 cases + 268 controls	CA, USA	Rull et al. (2009)²⁵25 Rull RP, Gunier R, Von Behren J, et al. Residential proximity to agricultural pesticide applications and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Environ Res. 2009; 109(7):891-899.
Leukemia (AML^f f acute myeloid leukemia; )	Case-control	722 cases + 1,444 controls	Shanghai, China	Wong et al. (2009)³¹31 Wong O, Harris F, Yiying W, et al. A hospital-based case-control study of acute myeloid leukemia in Shanghai: Analysis of personal characteristics, lifestyle and environmental risk factors by subtypes of the WHO classification. Regul. Toxiol. pharmacol. 2009; 55(3):340-352.
Liver	Case-control	281 cases + 20 controls	Tanta, Egypt	Azm et al. (2014)⁶⁰60 Azm ARAE, Yousef M, Mansour N, et al. New insights on non-B non-C hepatocellular carcinoma in mid Delta Region, Egypt. J gastrointest cancer. 2014; 45(3):276-283.
Liver and follicular cell lymphoma	Cohort	49,616	IA and NC, USA	Silver et al. (2015)⁶²62 Silver SR, Bertke SJ, Hines CJ, et al. Cancer incidence and metolachlor use in the Agricultural Health Study: An update. Int. j. cancer. 2015; 137(11):2630-2643.
Lung	Cohort	22,830	IA and NC, USA	Jones et al. (2015)²¹21 Jones RR, DellaValle CT, Flory AR, et al. Accuracy of residential geocoding in the Agricultural Health Study. Int. j. health geogr. 2014; 13(37):1-9.
Lung	Case-control	546 cases + 49,266 controls	IA and NC, USA	Bonner et al. (2017)⁷⁶76 Bonner MR, Freeman LEB, Hoppin JA, et al. Occupational Exposure to Pesticides and the Incidence of Lung Cancer in the Agricultural Health Study. Environ. health perspect. 2017; 125(4):544-551.
LHC^g g lymphohematopoietic cancer;	Cohort	23,072	IA and NC, USA	Delancey et al. (2009)²²22 Delancey JOL, Alavanja MCR, Coble J, et al. Occupational Exposure to Metribuzin and the Incidence of Cancer in the Agricultural Health Study. Ann. epidemiol. 2009; 19(6):388-395.
LHC^g g lymphohematopoietic cancer;	Case-control	354 cases + 455 controls	Tessalia, Greece	Kokouva et al. (2011)²³23 Kokouva M, Bitsolas N, Hadjigeorgiou GM, et al. Pesticide exposure and lymphohaematopoietic cancers: a case-control study in an agricultural region (Larissa, Thessaly, Greece). BMC public health. 2011; 11(1):1-5.
LHC^g g lymphohematopoietic cancer;	Cohort	37,099	IA, USA	Jones et al. (2014)²¹21 Jones RR, DellaValle CT, Flory AR, et al. Accuracy of residential geocoding in the Agricultural Health Study. Int. j. health geogr. 2014; 13(37):1-9.
LHC^g g lymphohematopoietic cancer;	Cohort	76,493	USA	Schinasi et al. (2015)²⁴24 Schinasi LH, De Roos AJ, Ray RM, et al. Insecticide exposure and farm history in relation to risk of lymphomas and leukemias in the Women's Health Initiative observational study cohort. Ann. epidemiol. 2015; 25(11):803-810.
Melanoma	Cohort	21,416	IA and NC, USA	Mahajan et al. (2007)⁷⁸78 Mahajan R, Blair A, Coble J, et al. Carbaryl exposure and incident cancer in the Agricultural Health Study. Int j. cancer. 2007; 121(8):1799-1805.
MDS^h h myelodysplastic syndromes;	Case-control	126 cases + 102 controls	Greece	Avgerinou et al. (2017)⁸³83 Avgerinou C, Giannezi I, Theodoropoulou S, et al. Occupational, dietary, and other risk factors for myelodysplastic syndromes in Western Greece. Hematology. 2017; 22(7):419-429.
MMⁱ i multiple myeloma;	Cohort	2,992,166	Sweden	Lope et al. (2008)⁴⁷47 Lope V, Pérez-Gómez B, Aragonés N, et al. Occupation, exposure to chemicals, sensitizing agents, and risk of multiple myeloma in Sweden. Cancer epidemiol. biomark. prev. 2008; 17(11):3123-3127.
MMⁱ i multiple myeloma;	Cohort	49,093	IA and NC, USA	Rusiecki et al. (2009)⁴⁶46 Rusiecki JA, Patel R, Koutros S, et al. Cancer incidence among pesticide applicators exposed to permethrin in the Agricultural Health Study. Environ. health perspect. 2009; 117(4):581-586.
MMⁱ i multiple myeloma;	Case-control	342 cases + 1,506 controls	6 provinces, Canada	Pahwa et al. (2012)⁴⁴44 Pahwa P, Karunanayake CP, Dosman JA, et al. Multiple Myeloma and Exposure to Pesticides: A Canadian Case-Control Study. J Agromedicine. 2012; 17(1):40-50.
MMⁱ i multiple myeloma;	Case-control	342 cases + 1,357 controls	6 provinces, Canada	Kachuri et al. (2013)⁴³43 Kachuri L, Demers PA, Blair A, et al. Multiple pesticide exposures and the risk of multiple myeloma in Canadian men. Int. j. cancer. 2013; 133(8):1846-1858.
MMⁱ i multiple myeloma;	Case-control	547 cases + 2,700 controls	USA, Canada	Presutti et al. (2016)⁴⁵45 Presutti R, Harris SA, Kachuri L, et al. Pesticide exposures and the risk of multiple myeloma in men: an analysis of the North American Pooled Project (NAPP). Int. j. cancer. 2016; 139(8):1703-1714.
NHL^j j non-Hodgkin lymphoma;	Case-control	858 cases + 1,821 controls	Germany	Richardson et al. (2008)³⁵35 Richardson DB, Terschüren C, Hoffmann W. Occupational Risk Factors for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?: A Population-Based Case - Control Study in Northern Germany. Am J Ind Med. 2008; 51:258-268.
NHL^j j non-Hodgkin lymphoma;	Cohort	56,222	IA and NC, USA	Park et al. (2009)⁴²42 Park SK, Kang D, Beane-freeman L, et al. Cancer incidence among paraquat-exposed pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study. Int J Occup Env Heal. 2009; 15(3):274-281.
NHL^j j non-Hodgkin lymphoma;	Case-control	649 cases + 1,298 controls	Shanghai, China	Wong et al. (2010)³¹31 Wong O, Harris F, Yiying W, et al. A hospital-based case-control study of acute myeloid leukemia in Shanghai: Analysis of personal characteristics, lifestyle and environmental risk factors by subtypes of the WHO classification. Regul. Toxiol. pharmacol. 2009; 55(3):340-352.
NHL^j j non-Hodgkin lymphoma;	Case-control	513 cases + 1,506 controls	6 provinces, Canada	Hohenadel et al. (2011)⁴⁰40 Hohenadel K, Harris SA, McLaughlin JR, et al. Exposure to multiple pesticides and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in men from six Canadian provinces. Int. j. environ. res. public health. 2011; 8(6):2320-2330.
NHL^j j non-Hodgkin lymphoma;	Case-control	75 cases + 321 controls	Saskatchewan, Canada	Karunanayake et al. (2013)³⁹39 Karunanayake CP, Dosman JA, Pahwa P. Non-hodgkin's lymphoma and work in agriculture: Results of a two case-control studies in Saskatchewan, Canada. Indian j. occup. environ. med. 2013; 17(3):114-121.
NHL^j j non-Hodgkin lymphoma;	Cohort	54,306	IA and NC, USA	Alavanja et al. (2014)⁴¹41 Alavanja MCR, Hofmann JN, Lynch CF, et al. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk and insecticide, fungicide and fumigant use in the agricultural health study. PLoS One. 2014; 9(10):1-17.
NHL^j j non-Hodgkin lymphoma;	Case-control	1,317 cases + 2,634 controls	Brazil	Boccolini et al. (2016)³⁶36 Boccolini PMM, Boccolini CS, Chrisman JR, et al. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma among Brazilian agricultural workers: A death certificate case-control study. Environ Occup Heal. 2016; 72(3):139-144.
Pancreatic	Case-control	93 cases + 82,503 controls	IA and NC, USA	Andreotti et al. (2009)⁵⁴54 Andreotti G, Freeman LEB, Hou L, et al. Agricultural Pesticide Use and Pancreatic Cancer Risk in the Agricultural Health Study Cohort Gabriella. Int. j. cancer. 2009; 124(10):2495-2500.
Prostate	Cohort	47,822	IA and NC, USA	Christensen et al. (2010)⁵²52 Christensen CH, Platz EA, Andreotti G, et al. Coumaphos exposure and incident cancer among male participants in the Agricultural Health Study (AHS). Environ. health perspect. 2010; 118(1):92-96.
Prostate	Case-control	1,153 cases + 3,999 controls	Canada	Band et al. (2011)⁵⁰50 Band PR, Abanto Z, Bert J, et al. Prostate cancer risk and exposure to pesticides in British Columbia Farmers. Prostate. 2011; 71(2):168-183.
Prostate	Case-control	173 cases + 162 controls	CA, USA	Cockburn et al. (2011)⁴⁹49 Cockburn M, Mills P, Zhang X, et al. Prostate cancer and ambient pesticide exposure in agriculturally intensive areas in California. Am j. epidemiol. 2011; 173(11):1280-1288.
Prostate	Cross-sectional	2,938	Saskatchewan, Canada	Sharma et al. (2016)⁵¹51 Sharma M, Lawson JA, Kanthan R, et al. Factors Associated With the Prevalence of Prostate Cancer in Rural Saskatchewan: The Saskatchewan Rural Health Study. J Rural Heal. 2016; 32(2):125-135.
Several types^a a Not significantly associated with pesticides;	Cohort	19,717	IA and NC, USA	Bonner et al. (2007)¹⁴14 Bonner MR, Coble J, Blair A, et al. Malathion exposure and the incidence of cancer in the agricultural health study. Am J Epidemiol. 2007; 166(9):1023-1034.
Several types	Ecologic	25,110,289	USA	Carozza et al. (2008)¹⁷17 Carozza SE, Li B, Elgethun K, et al. Risk of childhood cancers associated with residence in agriculturally intense areas in the United States. Environ Health Perspect. 2008; 116(4):559-565.
Several types^a a Not significantly associated with pesticides;	Cohort	49,762	IA and NC, USA	Koutros et al. (2008)¹⁵15 Koutros S, Mahajan R, Zheng T, et al. Dichlorvos Exposure and Human Cancer Risk: Results from the Agricultural Health Study. Cancer Causes Control. 2008; 19(1):59-65.
Several types^a a Not significantly associated with pesticides;	Cohort	47,625	IA and NC, USA	Mozzachio et al. (2008)¹²12 Mozzachio AM, Rusiecki JA, Hoppin JA, et al. Chlorothalonil exposure and cancer incidence among pesticide applicator participants in the agricultural health study. Environ Res. 2008; 108(3):400-403.
Several types^a a Not significantly associated with pesticides;	Cohort	48,986	IA and NC, USA	Greenburg et al. (2008)¹³13 Greenburg DL, Rusiecki J, Koutros S, et al. Cancer incidence among pesticide applicators exposed to captan in the Agricultural Health Study. Cancer Causes Control. 2008; 19(10):1401-1407.
Several types	Cohort	48,378	IA and NC, USA	Van Bemmel et al. (2008)⁹9 Van Bemmel DM, Visvanathan K, Beane Freeman LE, et al. S-ethyl-N,N-dipropylthiocarbamate exposure and cancer incidence among male pesticide applicators in the agricultural health study: A prospective cohort. Environ Health Perspect. 2008; 116(11):1541-1546.
Several types	Case-control	1,778 cases + 1,802 controls	TX, USA	Carozza et al. (2009)¹⁸18 Carozza SE, Li B, Wang Q, et al. Agricultural pesticides and risk of childhood cancers. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2009; 212(2):186-195.
Several types	Cohort	19,655	IA and NC, USA	Lynch et al. (2009)¹⁰10 Lynch SM, Mahajan R, Beane Freeman LE, et al. Cancer incidence among pesticide applicators exposed to butylate in the Agricultural Health Study (AHS). Environ Res. 2009; 109(7):860-868.
Several types	Cohort	44,624	IA and NC, USA	Bonner et al. (2010)¹¹11 Bonner MR, Williams BA, Rusiecki JA, et al. Occupational Exposure to Terbufos and the Incidence of Cancer in the Agricultural Health Study. Cancer Causes Control. 2010; 21(6):871-877.
Several types	Cohort	62,960	Great Britain	Frost el al. (2011)⁴⁸48 Frost G, Brown T, Harding AH. Mortality and cancer incidence among British agricultural pesticide users. Occup Med (Lond). 2011; 61(5):303-310.
Several types	Case-control	34,205 cases + 1,832,969 controls	Andalusia, Spain	Parrón et al. (2014)³⁴34 Parrón T, Requena M, Hernández AF, et al. Environmental exposure to pesticides and cancer risk in multiple human organ systems. Toxicol. lett. 2014; 230(2):157-165.
Several types	Cohort	30,003	IA and NC, USA	Lerro et al. (2015)⁷¹71 Lerro CC, Koutros S, Andreotti G, et al. Organophosphate insecticide use and cancer incidence among spouses of pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study. Occup Environ Med. 2015; 72(10):736-744.
Several types	Case-control	887 cases + 11,491 controls	Italy	Salerno et al. (2016)¹⁹19 Salerno C, Carcagnì A, Sacco S, et al. An Italian population-based case-control study on the association between farming and cancer: are pesticides a plausible risk factor? Arch Environ Occup Heal. 2016; 71(3):147-156.
Several types	Case-control	3,350 cases + 20,365 controls	Spain	Gómez-Barroso et al. (2016)¹⁶16 Gómez-Barroso D, García-Pérez J, López-Abente G, et al. Agricultural crop exposure and risk of childhood cancer: new findings from a case-control study in Spain. Int J Health Geogr. 2016; 15(1):18.
Several types	Cohort	70,570	Canada	Kachuri et al. (2017)³⁷37 Kachuri L, Harris MA, MacLeod JS, et al. Cancer risks in a population-based study of 70,570 agricultural workers: results from the Canadian census health and Environment cohort (CanCHEC). BMC cancer. 2017; 17(343):1-15.
Several types	Cohort	181,842	France	Lemarchand et al. (2017)²⁰20 Lemarchand C, Tual S, Levêque-Morlais N, et al. Cancer incidence in the AGRICAN cohort study (2005-2011). Cancer Epidemiol. 2017; 49:175-185.
Stomach	Cohort	53,588	IA and NC, USA	Barry et al. (2012)⁵⁵55 Barry KH, Koutros S, Lubin JH, et al. Methyl bromide exposure and cancer risk in the Agricultural Health Study. Cancer causes control. 2012; 23(6):807-818.
STSk	Case-control	357 cases + 1,506 controls	6 provinces, Canada	Pahwa et al. (2011)⁸⁰80 Pahwa P, Karunanayake CP, Dosman JA, et al. Soft-Tissue Sarcoma and Pesticides Exposure in Men. J. occup environ. med. 2011; 53(11):1279-1286.
Thyroid	Cohort	36,357	IA and NC, USA	Freeman et al., (2011)⁸²82 Freeman LEB, Rusiecki JA, Hoppin JA, et al. Atrazine and cancer incidence among pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study (1994-2007). Environ health perspect. 2011; 119(9):1253-1259.
Uveal melanoma^a a Not significantly associated with pesticides;	Case-control	293 cases + 3,198 controls	9 European countries¹	Behrens et al. (2012)⁷⁹79 Behrens T, Lynge E, Cree I, et al. Pesticide exposure in farming and forestry and the risk of uveal melanoma. Cancer causes control. 2012; 23(1):141-151.

Cancer type associated	Pesticide	Pesticide chemical group^e e According to the Pesticide Management Education Program (http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/index.html).	Pesticide according to the pest it controls	RR, OR, or HR with 95% confidence interval^g g OR= Odd Ratio; RR=Relative Risk; HR= Hazard Ratio.	p-value for linear trend	Comparison groups^h h LD=lifetime days of pesticide use, i.e., the product of years of use of a specific pesticide and the number of days used per year; IWLD= intensity-weighted lifetime days of use, i.e., the product of lifetime days of use and a measure of exposure intensity; T3= third tertile, Q4=fourth quantile.	References
All types	EPTC	Thiocarbamate	Herbicide	RR=1.28 (1.09-1.50)	<0.01	Highly exposed (≥ 50 LD) vs non-exposed	Van Bemmel et al. (2008)
All types	Butylate	Thiocarbamate	Herbicide	RR=1.70 (1.20-2.40)	0.01	Highly exposed (≥ 57 LD) vs low exposed (1-9 LD)	Lynch et al. (2009)
All types	Terbufos	Organophosphate	Insecticide	HR=1.21 (1.06-1.37)	>0.05	Highly exposed (>352 IWLD) vs non-exposed	Bonner et al. (2010)
Bladder	Imazethapyr	Imidazolinone	Herbicide	RR=2.37 (1.20-4.68)	0.01	T3, upper half (≥311.9 IWLD) vs non-exposed	Koutros et al. (2009)
Bladder	Imazaquin	Imidazolinone	Herbicide	RR=1.54 (1.05-2.26)	<0.05	Ever vs never use	Koutros et al. (2016)
Bladder	Bentazon	Thiadiazinol	Herbicide	RR=1.55 (1.10-2.19)	<0.05	Ever vs never use	Koutros et al. (2016)
Bladder	Bromoxynil	Nitrile	Herbicide	RR=1.51 (1.04-2.20)	<0.05	Ever vs never use	Koutros et al. (2016)
Bladder	Chloramben	Benzoic acid	Herbicide	RR=1.56 (1.10-2.22)	<0.05	Ever vs never use	Koutros et al. (2016)
Bladder	Diclofop-methyl	Chlorinated phenol	Herbicide	RR=1.85 (1.01-3.42)	<0.05	Ever vs never use	Koutros et al. (2016)
Bladder	DDT	Organochlorine	Insecticide	RR=1.40 (1.10-1.80)	<0.05	Ever vs never use	Koutros et al. (2016)
Bladder	Imazethapyr	Imidazolinone	Herbicide	RR=3.03 (1.46-6.29)	0.004	Q4 vs non-exposed, among never smokers	Koutros et al. (2016)
Bladder	2,4,5-T	Chlorinated phenol	Herbicide	RR=2.64 (1.23-5.68)	0.02	T3 vs non-exposed, among never smokers	Koutros et al. (2016)
Bladder	2,4-D	Chlorinated phenol	Herbicide	RR=1.88 (0.94-3.77)	0.02	Q4 vs non-exposed, among never smokers	Koutros et al. (2016)
Bladder		Glyphosate	Herbicide	RR=1.93 (0.95-3.91)	0.03	Q4 vs non-exposed, among never smokers	Koutros et al. (2016)
Breast		Organophosphate	Insecticide	RR=1.20 (1.01-1.43)		Ever vs never use	Lerro et al. (2015)
Colon	Trifluralin	Dinitroaniline	Herbicide	RR=1.76 (1.05-2.95)	0.036	T3 (upper half) vs non-exposed	Kang et al. (2008)
Colon	EPTC	Thiocarbamate	Herbicide	RR=2.09 (1.26-3.47)	<0.01	Highly exposed (≥ 50 LD) vs non-exposed	Van Bemmel et al. (2008)
Colon	Imazethapyr	Imidazolinone	Herbicide	RR=1.78 (1.08-2.93)	0.02	T3 (upper half) vs non-exposed	Koutros et al. (2009)
Colon	Carbofuran	Carbamate	Insecticide	HR=1.10 (1.04-1.17)		Ever vs never use among males	Andreotti et al. (2010)
Colon	Metolachlor	Chloroacetanilide	Herbicide	HR=1.09 (1.04-1.15)		Ever vs never use among males	Andreotti et al. (2010)
Colon	Alachlor	Chloroacetanilide	Herbicide	HR=1.08 (1.03-1.13)		Ever vs never use among males	Andreotti et al. (2010)
Cutaneous Melanoma	Carbaryl	Carbamate	Insecticide	OR=1.7 (1.1-2.5)	0.013	Highly exposed (≥ 56 LD) vs non-exposed	Dennis et al. (2010)
Cutaneous Melanoma	Parathion	Organophosphate	Insecticide	OR=2.4 (1.3-4.4)	0.003	Highly exposed (≥ 56 LD) vs non-exposed	Dennis et al. (2010)
Cutaneous Melanoma	Maneb/ mancozeb	Dithiocarbamate	Fungicide	OR=2.4 (1.2-4.9)	0.006	Highly exposed (≥ 63 LD) vs non-exposed	Dennis et al. (2010)
Follicular cell lymphoma	Metolachlor	Chloroacetanilide	Herbicide	RR=2.89 (1.13-7.38)	0.03	Q4 (>108.5 LD) vs non-exposed	Silver et al. (2015)
Hodgkin lymphoma	Chlorpyrifos	Organophosphate	Insecticide	OR=5.26 (1.56-17.79)		Exposed vs non-exposed	Karunanayake et al. (2012)
Hodgkin lymphoma	Dichlorprop	Chlorophenoxy	Herbicide	OR=6.35 (1.56-25.92)		Exposed vs non-exposed	Pahwa et al. (2009)
Hepatocellular carcinoma		Organochlorine	Insecticide	OR=1.87 (1.17-2.99)		Q4 (>14.53 kg km-2) vs others	Vopham et al. (2015)
Leukemia	EPTC	Thiocarbamate	Herbicide	RR=2.36 (1.16-4.84)	0.02	Highly exposed (≥ 50 LD) vs non-exposed	van Bemmel et al. (2008)
Leukemia	Terbufos	Organophosphate	Insecticide	HR=2.38 (1.35-4.21)	>0.05	Moderately exposed (107<IWLD>352) vs non-exposed	Bonner et al. (2010)
Leukemia (ALL^a a Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. )		Organophosphate	Insecticide	OR=1.6 (1.0-2.7)		Moderately exposed (1-79 lb/mi2) vs low exposure (<1 lb/mi2)	Rull et al. (2009)
Leukemia (ALL^a a Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. )		Chlorinated phenol		OR=2.0 (1.0-3.8)		Moderately exposed (1-7 lb/mi2) vs low exposure (<1 lb/mi2)	Rull et al. (2009)
Leukemia (ALL^a a Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. )		Triazine	Herbicide	OR=1.9 (1.0-3.7)		Moderately exposed (1-27 lb/mi2) vs low exposure (<1 lb/mi2)	Rull et al. (2009)
Leukemia (ALL^a a Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. )			Fumigant	OR=1.7 (1.0-3.1)		Moderately exposed (1-549 lb/mi2) vs low exposure (<1 lb/mi2)	Rull et al. (2009)
Leukemia (ALL^a a Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. )	Permethrin	Pyrethroid	Insecticide	OR=2.47 (1.17-5.25)		Children up to 11 months	Ferreira et al. (2013)
Leukemia (ALL^a a Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. )	Imiprothrin	Pyrethroid	Insecticide	OR=2.61 (1.06-6.93)		Children up to 11 months	Ferreira et al. (2013)
Leukemia (ALL^a a Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. )	Esbiothrin	Pyrethroid	Insecticide	OR=3.03 (1.13-8.09)		Children up to 11 months	Ferreira et al. (2013)
Leukemia (AML^b b Acute myeloid leukemia. )	Prallethrin	Pyrethroid	Insecticide	OR=8.06 (1.17-55.65)		Children up to 11 months	Ferreira et al. (2013)
Leukemia (AML^b b Acute myeloid leukemia. )	Permethrin	Pyrethroid	Insecticide	OR=7.28 (2.60-20.38)		Children up to 11 months	Ferreira et al. (2013)
Leukemia (AML^b b Acute myeloid leukemia. )	Tetramethrin	Pyrethroid	Insecticide	OR=6.19 (2.07-18.56)		Children up to 11 months	Ferreira et al. (2013)
Leukemia (AML^b b Acute myeloid leukemia. )	d-Allethrin	Pyrethroid	Insecticide	OR=6.19 (2.07-18.56)		Children up to 11 months	Ferreira et al. (2013)
Leukemia (AML^b b Acute myeloid leukemia. )	Esbiothrin	Pyrethroid	Insecticide	OR=3.71 (1.18-11.62)		Children between 12 and 23 months	Ferreira et al. (2013)
Leukemia (AML^b b Acute myeloid leukemia. )	d-phenothrin	Pyrethroid	Insecticide	OR=8.43 (1.59-44.75)		Children between 12 and 23 months	Ferreira et al. (2013)
LHC^c c Lymphohematopoietic cancer.	Butylate	Thiocarbamate	Herbicide	RR=1.84 (1.14-2.97)	0.01	Highly exposed (≥26 LD) vs non-exposed	Lynch et al. (2009)
LHC^c c Lymphohematopoietic cancer.	Metribuzin	Triazole	Herbicide	RR=2.07 (0.99-4.29)	0.02	Highly exposed (≥174.4 IWLD) vs low exposed	Delancey et al. (2009)
LHCc	Terbufos	Organophosphate	Insecticide	HR=1.85 (1.31-2.62)	>0.05	Moderately exposed (107<IWLD>352) vs non-exposed	Bonner et al. (2010)
Liver	Metolachlor	Chloroacetanilide	Herbicide	RR=3.99 (1.43-11.1)	<0.01	Q4 (>108.5 LD) vs non-exposed	Silver et al. (2015)
Lungs	Diazinon	Organophosphate	Insecticide	RR=1.60 (1.11-2.31)	0.02	Highly exposed (>38.8 LD) vs non-exposed	Jones et al. (2015)
Lungs	Chlorimuron ethyl	Sulfenylurea	Herbicide	HR=1.74 (1.02-2.96)	0.18	Fourth quartile vs non-exposed, based on LD	Bonner et al. (2017)
Melanoma	Carbaryl	Carbamate	Insecticide	RR=3.55 (1.27-9.96)	0.07	Moderately exposed (57-175 LD) vs non-exposed	Mahajan et al. (2007)
Melanoma	Carbaryl	Carbamate	Insecticide	RR=4.11 (1.33-12.75)	0.07	Highly exposed (>175 LD) vs non-exposed	Mahajan et al. (2007)
Myelodysplastic syndromes	Paraquat	Organic	Herbicide	OR=4.90 (1.05-22.75)		Exposed vs non-exposed	Avgerinou et al. (2017)
Multiple Myeloma	Captan	Phentolamine	Fungicide	OR=2.35 (1.03-5.35)		Exposed vs non-exposed	Pahwa et al. (2012)
Multiple Myeloma		Carbamate	Insecticide	OR=1.90 (1.11-3.27)		Exposed vs non-exposed	Pahwa et al. (2012)
Multiple Myeloma	Mecoprop	Phenoxy	Herbicide	OR=1.89 (1.15-3.12)		Exposed vs non-exposed	Pahwa et al. (2012)
Multiple Myeloma	Mecoprop	Phenoxy	Herbicide	OR=1.94 (1.19-3.19)		Exposed vs non-exposed	Kachuri et al. (2013)
Multiple Myeloma	Carbaryl	Carbamate	Insecticide	OR=2.71 (1.47-5.00)		Exposed vs non-exposed	Kachuri et al. (2013)
Multiple Myeloma	Lindane	Organochlorine	Insecticide	OR=2.37 (1.08-5.16)		Exposed vs non-exposed	Kachuri et al. (2013)
Multiple Myeloma	Captan	Phentolamine	Fungicide	OR=2.96 (1.40-6.24)		Exposed vs non-exposed	Kachuri et al. (2013)
Multiple Myeloma	Carbaryl	Carbamate	Insecticide	OR=2.02 (1.28-3.21)		Ever vs never use	Presutti et al. (2016)
Multiple Myeloma	Captan	Phentolamine	Fungicide	OR=1.98 (1.04-3.77)		Ever vs never use	Presutti et al. (2016)
Multiple Myeloma	DDT	Organochlorine	Insecticide	OR=1.44 (1.05-1.97)		Ever vs never use	Presutti et al. (2016)
Multiple Myeloma	Permethrin	Pyrethroid	Insecticide	RR=3.1 (1.5-6.2)	0.002	Highly exposed (>50.75 LD) vs non-exposed	Alavanja et al. (2014)
Multiple Myeloma	Permethrin	Pyrethroid	Insecticide	RR=5.72 (2.76-11.87)	<0.01	Highly exposed (> 50.75 LD) vs non-exposed	Rusiecki et al. (2009)
NHL^d d Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.	Paraquat	Organic	Herbicide	RR=1.51 (1.01-2.26)		Ever vs never used	Park et al. (2009)
NHL^d d Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.	Butylate	Thiocarbamate	Herbicide	RR=2.94 (1.49-5.76)	0.002	Highly exposed (≥ 26 LD) vs non-exposed	Lynch et al. (2009)
NHL^d d Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.	Terbufos	Organophosphate	Insecticide	HR=1.94 (1.16-3.22)	>0.05	Moderately exposed (107<IWLD>352) vs non-exposed	Bonner et al. (2010)
NHL^d d Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.	All pesticides			OR=1.63 (1.20-2.21)	0.01	Highly exposed (≥5 pesticides) vs non-exposed	Hohenadel et al. (2011)
NHL^d d Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.			Herbicide	OR=1.62 (1.18-2.22)	0.02	Moderately exposed (2-4 pesticides) vs non-exposed	Hohenadel et al. (2011)
NHL^d d Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.			Insecticide	OR=1.67 (1.25-2.24)	<0.01	Moderately exposed (2-4 pesticides) vs non-exposed	Hohenadel et al. (2011)
NHL^d d Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.			Fungicide	OR=1.72 (1.07-2.77)	0.04	Highly exposed (≥2 pesticides) vs non-exposed	Hohenadel et al. (2011)
NHL^d d Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.		Phenoxy	Herbicide	OR=1.78 (1.27-2.50)	0.01	Highly exposed (≥2 pesticides) vs non-exposed	Hohenadel et al. (2011)
NHL^d d Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.		Organophosphate	Insecticide	OR=1.69 (1.04-2.74)	<0.01	Highly exposed (≥2 pesticides) vs non-exposed	Hohenadel et al. (2011)
NHL^d d Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.	Potentially carcinogenic			OR=1.94 (1.17-3.23)	0.01	Highly exposed (≥5 pesticides) vs non-exposed	Hohenadel et al. (2011)
NHL^d d Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.	DDT	Organochlorine	Insecticide	RR=1.7 (1.1-2.6)	0.02	Highly exposed (≥56 LD) vs non-exposed	Alavanja et al. (2014)
NHL^d d Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.	Lindane	Organochlorine	Insecticide	RR=2.5 (1.4-4.4)	0.004	Highly exposed (≥56 LD) vs non-exposed	Alavanja et al. (2014)
NHL^d d Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.	Terbufos	Organophosphate	Insecticide	RR = 1.2 (1.0-1.5)		Ever vs never exposure	Alavanja et al. (2014)
Ovary	Diazinon	Organophosphate	Insecticide	RR=1.87 (1.02-3.43)		Ever vs never use	Lerro et al. (2015)
Pancreatic	EPTC	Thiocarbamate	Herbicide	OR=1.8 (1.0-3.3)		Ever vs never exposure	Andreotti et al. (2009)
Pancreatic	EPTC	Thiocarbamate	Herbicide	OR=2.5 (1.1-5.4)	0.01	Highly exposed (≥ 118 IWLD) vs non-exposed	Andreotti et al. (2009)
Pancreatic	Pendimethalin	Dinitroanilines	Herbicide	OR=3.0 (1.3-7.2)	0.01	Highly exposed (≥ 117 IWLD) vs non-exposed	Andreotti et al. (2009)
Prostate	Butylate	Thiocarbamate	Herbicide	RR=1.44 (1.04-2.00)	0.03	Highly exposed (≥ 57 LD) vs non-exposed	Lynch et al. (2009)
Prostate	Coumaphos	Organophosphate	Insecticide	RR=1.91 (1.23-2.95)	0.004	Ever vs never use	Christensen et al. (2010)
Prostate	Methyl bromide	Organobromine	Fungicide	OR=1.62 (1.02-2.59)		Exposed vs non-exposed	Cockburn et al. (2011)
Prostate		Organochlorinef	Insecticide	OR=1.64 (1.02-2.63)		Exposed vs non-exposed	Cockburn et al. (2011)
Prostate	DDT	Organochlorine	Insecticide	OR=1.68 (1.04-2.70)	0.03	Highly exposed vs non-exposed	Band et al. (2011)
Prostate	Lindane	Organochlorine	Insecticide	OR=2.02 (1.15-3.55)	0.03	Highly exposed vs non-exposed	Band et al. (2011)
Prostate	3,5-dinitro-o-cresol	Organic	Insecticide	OR=1.80 (1.05-3.08)	0.03	Highly exposed vs non-exposed	Band et al. (2011)
Prostate	Azinphos-methyl	Organophosphate	Insecticide	OR=1.88 (1.06-3.32)	0.01	Highly exposed vs non-exposed	Band et al. (2011)
Prostate	Carbaryl	Carbamate	Insecticide	OR=1.73 (1.09-2.74)	0.01	Highly exposed vs non-exposed	Band et al. (2011)
Prostate	Diazinon	Organophosphate	Insecticide	OR=1.93 (1.21-3.08)	0.02	Highly exposed vs non-exposed	Band et al. (2011)
Prostate	Malathion	Organophosphate	Insecticide	OR=1.49 (1.02-2.18)	0.03	Highly exposed vs non-exposed	Band et al. (2011)
Prostate	2,4-DB	Chlorinated phenol	Herbicide	OR=2.19 (1.06-4.50)	0.02	Highly exposed vs non-exposed	Band et al. (2011)
Prostate	MCPA	Chlorinated phenol	Herbicide	OR=2.31 (1.09-4.88)	0.02	Highly exposed vs non-exposed	Band et al. (2011)
Prostate	Simazine	Triazine	Herbicide	OR=1.89 (1.08-3.33)	0.01	Highly exposed vs non-exposed	Band et al. (2011)
Prostate	Copper sulfate	Inorganic	Fungicide	OR=1.74 (1.04-2.91)	0.05	Highly exposed vs non-exposed	Band et al. (2011)
Prostate	Dichlone	Napthoquinone	Fungicide	OR=1.88 (1.01-3.52)	0.02	Highly exposed vs non-exposed	Band et al. (2011)
Prostate	Ferbam	Carbamate	Fungicide	OR=1.90 (1.09-3.30)	0.02	Highly exposed vs non-exposed	Band et al. (2011)
Prostate	Maneb	Dithiocarbamate	Fungicide	OR=1.90 (1.09-3.30)	0.02	Highly exposed vs non-exposed	Band et al. (2011)
Prostate	Sulfur		Fungicide	OR=1.81 (1.12-2.92)	0.02	Highly exposed vs non-exposed	Band et al. (2011)
Prostate	Ziram	Carbamate	Fungicide	OR=1.83 (1.08-3.10)	0.03	Highly exposed vs non-exposed	Band et al. (2011)
Prostate	Captan	Phentolamine	Fungicide	OR=1.76 (1.12-2.78)	0.02	Low exposed vs non-exposed	Band et al. (2011)
Prostate	Terbufos	Organophosphate	Insecticide	HR=1.28 (1.06-1.55)	>0.05	Moderately exposed (107<IWLD>352) vs non-exposed	Bonner et al. (2010)
Prostate			Insecticide + fungicide	OR=2.23 (1.15-4.33)		Men exposed vs non-exposed	Sharma et al. (2016)
Stomach	Methyl bromide	Organobromine	Fungicide	RR=3.13 (1.25-7.80)	0.02	Highly exposed (>765 IWLD) vs non-exposed	Barry et al. (2012)
Soft tissue sarcoma	Aldrin	Organochlorine	Insecticide	OR=3.71 (1.00-13.76)		Exposed vs non-exposed	Pahwa et al. (2011)
Soft tissue sarcoma	Diazinon	Organophosphate	Insecticide	OR=3.31(1.78-6.23)		Exposed vs non-exposed	Pahwa et al. (2011)
Thyroid	Atrazine	Organic	Herbicide	RR=4.84 (1.31-17.93)	0.08	Q4 (>178.5 IWLD) vs Q1(≤20 IWLD)	Freeman et al. (2011)
Thyroid	Malathion	Organophosphate	Insecticide	RR=2.04 (1.14-3.63)		Ever vs never use	Lerro et al. (2015)

Pesticide	Registration Status
Pesticide	European Union^a a European Comission. EU Pesticides database [internet]. [accessed 2018 Aug 29]. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/public/?event=activesubstance.selection&language=EN.	United States^b b USEPA. [internet]. [accessed 2018 Aug 29]. Available at: https://iaspub.epa.gov/apex/pesticides/f?p=CHEMICALSEARCH:1: and http://scorecard.goodguide.com/chemical-groups/one-list.tcl?short_list_name=brpest.	Brazil^c c ANVISA. [internet]. [accessed 2018 Aug 29]. Available at: http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/registros-e-autorizacoes/agrotoxicos/produtos/monografia-de-agrotoxicos.
2,4,5-T	Not Approved	Banned or Severely Restricted	Banned
2,4-D	Approved	Banned or Severely Restricted	Approved, but under review
2,4-DB	Approved	Registration Review	Banned
3,5-dinitro-o-cresol	Not registered	Not registered	Not registered
Aldrin	Not Approved	Banned or Severely Restricted	Banned
Alachlor	Not Approved	Reregistration	Approved
Atrazine	Not Approved	Registration Review	Approved
Azinphos-methyl	Not Approved	Banned or Severely Restricted	Not approved
Bentazon	Approved	Registration Review	Approved
Bromoxynil	Approved	Registration Review	Approved
Butylate	Not Approved	Registration Review	Banned
Captan	Approved	Registration Review	Approved
Carbaryl	Not Approved	Registration Review	Approved
Carbofuran	Not Approved	Banned or Severely Restricted	Banned
Chloramben	Not Approved	Approved	Banned
Chlorimuron ethyl	Not Approved	Registration Review	Approved
Chlorpyrifos	Approved	Registration Review	Approved
Copper sulfate	Approved	Registration Review	Approved
Coumaphos	Not Approved	Registration Review	Not registered
d-Allethrin	Not Approved	Registration Review	Approved
DDT	Not Approved	Banned or Severely Restricted	Banned
Diazinon	Not Approved	Registration Review	Approved
Dichlone	Not Approved	Approved	Not registered
Dichlorprop	Not Approved	Approved	Approved
Diclofop-methyl	Approved	Registration Review	Approved
d-phenothrin	Not Approved	Registration Review	Approved
EPTC	Not Approved	Registration Review	Banned
Esbiothrin	Not registered	Registration Review	Approved
Ferbam	Not Approved	Reregistration	Not registered
Glyphosate	Approved	Registration Review	Approved, but under review
Imazaquin	Approved	Registration Review	Approved
Imazethapyr	Not Approved	Registration Review	Approved
Imiprothrin	Not registered	Registration Review	Approved
Lindane	Not Approved	Banned or Severely Restricted	Banned
Malathion	Approved	Registration Review	Approved
Maneb	Not Approved	Registration Review	Banned
Mancozeb	Approved	Reregistration	Approved
MCPA	Approved	Registration Review	Approved
Mecoprop (MCPP)	Not Approved	Reregistration	Not registered
Methyl bromide	Not Approved	Registration Review	Approved
Metolachlor	Not Approved	Registration Review	Approved
Metribuzin	Approved	Registration Review	Approved
Paraquat	Not Approved	Approved	Restricted, but banned starting in 2020
Parathion	Not Approved	Banned or Severely Restricted	Banned
Pendimethalin	Approved	Registration Review	Approved
Permethrin	Not Approved	Registration Review	Approved
Prallethrin	Not registered	Registration Review	Approved
Simazine	Not Approved	Registration Review	Approved
Sulfur	Approved	Registration Review	Approved
Terbufos	Not Approved	Registration Review	Approved
Tetramethrin	Not Approved	Registration Review	Approved
Trifluralin	Not Approved	Registration Review	Approved
Ziram	Approved	Reregistration	Banned

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[1] Collaborators

Pluth TB (0000-0002-5851-9476)* made substantial contribution to the conception, design, drafting of the work, and to the analysis and interpretation of data. Zanini LAG (0000-0002-3849-6211)* contributed to the critical review of the content, and assisted in data interpretation and drafting of the work. Battisti IDE (0000-0001-9740-4199)* made substantial contribution to the conception and design of the work. All authors approved the final version to be published.