Hierarchical pedotransfer functions for predicting bulk density in Brazilian soils

Reis, Aline Mari Huf dos; Teixeira, Wenceslau Geraldes; Fontana, Ademir; Barros, Alexandre Hugo Cezar; Victoria, Daniel de Castro; Vasques, Gustavo Mattos; Samuel-Rosa, Alessandro; Ottoni, Marta Vasconcelos; Monteiro, José Eduardo Boffino de Almeida

doi:10.1590/1678-992X-2022-0255

Aline Mari Huf dos Reis ^**Corresponding author <huf.aline@gmail.com>

Data curation

Formal analysis

Methodology

Project administration

Writing – original draft

Writing – review & editing

Embrapa Solos, R. Jardim Botânico, 1024 – 22460-000 – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0193-2638

Wenceslau Geraldes Teixeira

Conceptualization

Data curation

Formal analysis

Methodology

Project administration

Writing – original draft;

Writing – review & editing

Embrapa Solos, R. Jardim Botânico, 1024 – 22460-000 – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2010-6078

Ademir Fontana

Data curation

Methodology

Embrapa Solos, R. Jardim Botânico, 1024 – 22460-000 – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7624-8676

Alexandre Hugo Cezar Barros

Data curation

Writing – review & editing

Embrapa Solos, R. Jardim Botânico, 1024 – 22460-000 – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7974-4402

Daniel de Castro Victoria

Formal analysis

Writing – review & editing

Embrapa Agricultura Digital, Av. André Tosello, 209 – 13083-886 – Campinas, SP – Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2281-5644

Gustavo Mattos Vasques

Data curation

Formal analysis

Writing – review & editing

Embrapa Solos, R. Jardim Botânico, 1024 – 22460-000 – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9463-1898

Alessandro Samuel-Rosa

Data curation

Formal analysis

Writing – review & editing

Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Prolongamento da Rua Cerejeira, s/n – 85892-000 – Santa Helena, PR – Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0877-1320

Marta Vasconcelos Ottoni

Data curation

Writing – review & editing

Serviço Geológico do Brasil – SGB/CPRM, Av. Pasteur, 404 – 22290-255 – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2259-5848

José Eduardo Boffino de Almeida Monteiro

Writing – review & editing

Funding acquisition

Embrapa Agricultura Digital, Av. André Tosello, 209 – 13083-886 – Campinas, SP – Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1290-6729

*Corresponding author <huf.aline@gmail.com>

Edited by: Gabriel Ramatis Pugliese Andrade

Figure 5 – Observed and predicted bulk density values by eleven BD-PTFs to Brazilian Soils. (A) PTF-A by Tomasella and Hodnett (1998)Tomasella J, Hodnett MG. 1998. Estimating soil water retention characteristics from limited data in Brazilian Amazonia. Soil Science 163: 190-202. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199803000-00003
https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-1998030... , (B) PTF-B by Bernoux et al. (1998)Bernoux M, Cerri C, Arrouays D, Jolivet C, Volkoff B. 1998. Bulk densities of Brazilian Amazon soils related to other soil properties. Soil Science Society of America Journal 62: 743-749. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200030029x
https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1998.036159... , (C) PTF-C by Bernoux et al. (1998)Bernoux M, Cerri C, Arrouays D, Jolivet C, Volkoff B. 1998. Bulk densities of Brazilian Amazon soils related to other soil properties. Soil Science Society of America Journal 62: 743-749. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200030029x
https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1998.036159... , (D) PTF-D by Kaur et al. (2002)Kaur R, Kumar S, Gurung HP. 2002. A pedo-transfer function (PTF) for estimating soil bulk density from basic soil data and its comparison with existing PTFs. Soil Research 40: 847-858. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR01023
https://doi.org/10.1071/SR01023... , (E) PTF-E by Benites et al. (2007)Benites VM, Machado PLOA, Fidalgo ECC, Coelho MR, Madari BE. 2007. Pedotransfer functions for estimating soil bulk density from existing soil survey reports in Brazil. Geoderma 139: 90-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.01.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.... , (F) PTF-F by Benites et al. (2007)Benites VM, Machado PLOA, Fidalgo ECC, Coelho MR, Madari BE. 2007. Pedotransfer functions for estimating soil bulk density from existing soil survey reports in Brazil. Geoderma 139: 90-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.01.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.... , (G) PTF-G by Ruehmann and Körschens (2009), (H) PTF-H by Hollis et al. (2012)Hollis JM, Hannam J, Bellamy PH. 2012. Empirically-derived pedotransfer functions for predicting bulk density in European soils. European Journal of Soil Science 63: 96-109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2011.01412.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2011... , (I) PTF-I by Al-Qinna and Jaber (2013)Al-Qinna MI, Jaber SM. 2013. Predicting soil bulk density using advanced pedotransfer functions in an arid environment. Transactions of the ASABE 56: 963-976. https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.56.9922
https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.56.9922... , (J) PTF-J by Botula et al. (2015)Botula Y-D, Nemes A, Van Ranst E, Mafuka P, De Pue J, Cornelis WM. 2015. Hierarchical pedotransfer functions to predict bulk density of highly weathered soils in central Africa. Soil Science Society of America Journal 79: 476-486. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2014.06.0238
https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2014.06.023... , and (K) PTF-K by Abdelbaki (2016)Abdelbaki AM. 2016. Evaluation of pedotransfer functions for predicting soil bulk density for U.S. soils. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 9: 1611-1619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2016.12.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2016.12.0... .

Summary Statistics	BD	Clay	Silt	Sand	Fine sand	Coarse sand	OC
	g cm^–3	%
Minimum	0.63	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Median	1.39	25.0	17.0	45.6	19.0	14.9	0.6
Mean	1.38	28.8	24.3	46.9	23.0	21.4	1.0
Maximum	1.96	96.0	88.2	98.8	97.2	97	9.8
Standard deviation	0.2	18.8	20.6	29.2	20.3	22.9	1.0
Coefficient of variation (%)	14.5	65.3	84.7	62.3	88.3	107.0	100
Number of samples	3,050	3,050	3,050	3,050	1,081	1,081	2,827

PTF name	Author(s)	PTF	Local
PTF-A	Tomasella and Hodnett (1998)Tomasella J, Hodnett MG. 1998. Estimating soil water retention characteristics from limited data in Brazilian Amazonia. Soil Science 163: 190-202. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199803000-00003 https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-1998030...	$B D = 1.578 - 0.054 (O C) - 0.006 (S i) - 0.004 (C l)$	Brazil
PTF-B	Bernoux et al. (1998)Bernoux M, Cerri C, Arrouays D, Jolivet C, Volkoff B. 1998. Bulk densities of Brazilian Amazon soils related to other soil properties. Soil Science Society of America Journal 62: 743-749. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200030029x https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1998.036159...	$B D = 1.352 - 0.0045 (C l)$	Brazil
PTF-C	Bernoux et al. (1998)Bernoux M, Cerri C, Arrouays D, Jolivet C, Volkoff B. 1998. Bulk densities of Brazilian Amazon soils related to other soil properties. Soil Science Society of America Journal 62: 743-749. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200030029x https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1998.036159...	$B D = 1.398 - 0.0047 (C l) - 0.042 (O C)$	Brazil
PTF-D	Kaur et al. (2002)Kaur R, Kumar S, Gurung HP. 2002. A pedo-transfer function (PTF) for estimating soil bulk density from basic soil data and its comparison with existing PTFs. Soil Research 40: 847-858. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR01023 https://doi.org/10.1071/SR01023...	$B D = \exp {0.313 - 0.191 (O C) + 0.02102 (C l) - 0.000476 (C l^{2}) - 0.00432 (S i)}$	India
PTF-E	Benites et al. (2007)Benites VM, Machado PLOA, Fidalgo ECC, Coelho MR, Madari BE. 2007. Pedotransfer functions for estimating soil bulk density from existing soil survey reports in Brazil. Geoderma 139: 90-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.01.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2007....	$B D = 1.5224 - 0.0005 (C l)$	Brazil
PTF-F	Benites et al. (2007)Benites VM, Machado PLOA, Fidalgo ECC, Coelho MR, Madari BE. 2007. Pedotransfer functions for estimating soil bulk density from existing soil survey reports in Brazil. Geoderma 139: 90-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.01.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2007....	$B D = 1.5688 - 0.0005 (C l) - 0.009 (O C)$	Brazil
PTF-G	Ruehmann and Körschens (2009)	$B D = (2.684 - 140.943 \times 0.006) \times \exp (- 0.006 OC)$	Germany
PTF-H	Hollis et al. (2012)Hollis JM, Hannam J, Bellamy PH. 2012. Empirically-derived pedotransfer functions for predicting bulk density in European soils. European Journal of Soil Science 63: 96-109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2011.01412.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2011...	$B D = 0.69794 + 0.750636 \exp (- 0.230550 OC) + 0.0008687 (S a) - 0.0005164 (C l)$	Europe (various)
PTF-I	Al-Qinna and Jaber (2013)Al-Qinna MI, Jaber SM. 2013. Predicting soil bulk density using advanced pedotransfer functions in an arid environment. Transactions of the ASABE 56: 963-976. https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.56.9922 https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.56.9922...	$B D = 1.228 - 0.155 \times \log (OC) + 0.008 (S a)$	Jordan
PTF-J	Botula et al. (2015)Botula Y-D, Nemes A, Van Ranst E, Mafuka P, De Pue J, Cornelis WM. 2015. Hierarchical pedotransfer functions to predict bulk density of highly weathered soils in central Africa. Soil Science Society of America Journal 79: 476-486. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2014.06.0238 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2014.06.023...	$B D = 1.64581 - 0.00362 (C l) - 0.0016 (S a) - 0.0158 (O C)$	Congo
PTF-K	Abdelbaki (2016)Abdelbaki AM. 2016. Evaluation of pedotransfer functions for predicting soil bulk density for U.S. soils. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 9: 1611-1619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2016.12.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2016.12.0...	$B D = 1.448 \exp (- 0.03 (O C))$	United States of America (various)

BD = bulk density (g cm^–3); Cl = clay content; Si = silt content; Sa = sand content; OC = organic carbon. The PTFs of Tomasella and Hodnett (1998)Tomasella J, Hodnett MG. 1998. Estimating soil water retention characteristics from limited data in Brazilian Amazonia. Soil Science 163: 190-202. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199803000-00003
https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-1998030... , Bernoux et al. (1998)Bernoux M, Cerri C, Arrouays D, Jolivet C, Volkoff B. 1998. Bulk densities of Brazilian Amazon soils related to other soil properties. Soil Science Society of America Journal 62: 743-749. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200030029x
https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1998.036159... , Kaur et al. (2002)Kaur R, Kumar S, Gurung HP. 2002. A pedo-transfer function (PTF) for estimating soil bulk density from basic soil data and its comparison with existing PTFs. Soil Research 40: 847-858. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR01023
https://doi.org/10.1071/SR01023... , Hollis et al. (2012)Hollis JM, Hannam J, Bellamy PH. 2012. Empirically-derived pedotransfer functions for predicting bulk density in European soils. European Journal of Soil Science 63: 96-109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2011.01412.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2011... , Al-Qinna and Jaber (2013)Al-Qinna MI, Jaber SM. 2013. Predicting soil bulk density using advanced pedotransfer functions in an arid environment. Transactions of the ASABE 56: 963-976. https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.56.9922
https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.56.9922... , Botula et al. (2015)Botula Y-D, Nemes A, Van Ranst E, Mafuka P, De Pue J, Cornelis WM. 2015. Hierarchical pedotransfer functions to predict bulk density of highly weathered soils in central Africa. Soil Science Society of America Journal 79: 476-486. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2014.06.0238
https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2014.06.023... , and Abdelbaki (2016)Abdelbaki AM. 2016. Evaluation of pedotransfer functions for predicting soil bulk density for U.S. soils. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 9: 1611-1619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2016.12.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2016.12.0... used percentual information about texture and OC. The PTFs of Benites et al. (2006) and Ruehlmann and Körschens (2009)Ruehlmann J, Körschens M. 2009. Calculating the effect of soil organic matter concentration on soil bulk density. Soil Science Society of America Journal 73: 876-885. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2007.0149
https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2007.0149... used mass value of texture and OC (g kg^–1).

Functions	Number of predictors	Variables used in the hierarchical models	Samples for each set
PTF-1	3	Total sand + silt + clay	3,050
PTF-2	4	Total sand + silt + clay + organic carbon	2,827
PTF-3	4	Fine sand + coarse sand + silt + clay	1,081
PTF-4	5	Fine sand + coarse sand + silt + clay + organic carbon	990

PTF	RMSE	R ²	Number of samples
	g cm^–3
PTF-A	0.20	0.37	2827
PTF-B	0.24	0.23	2955
PTF-C	0.22	0.34	2711
PTF-D	0.27	0.09	1855
PTF-E	0.18	0.25	3050
PTF-F	0.17	0.34	2804
PTF-G	0.42	0.12	3050
PTF-H	0.19	0.22	3039
PTF-I	0.34	0.13	1695
PTF-J	0.21	0.06	2330
PTF-K	0.20	0.12	3050

Functions	Predictors	PTF
PTF-1	Sa, Cl	$B D = 1.286 + 3.208 \times 10^{- 3} (S a) - 2.013 \times 10^{- 3} (C l)$
PTF-2	Sa, Cl, OC	$B D = 1.358 + 2.79 \times 10^{- 3} (S a) - 2.328 \times 10^{- 3} (C l) + 0.052 (O C)$
PTF-3	Sa_f, Sa_c, Cl	$B D = 1.198 + 2.971 \times 10^{- 3} ({S a}_{f}) + 4.472 \times 10^{- 3} ({S a}_{c}) - 8.706 \times 10^{- 4} (C l)$
PTF-4	Sa_f, Sa_c, Cl, OC	$B D = 1.243 + 2.983 \times 10^{- 3} ({S a}_{f}) + 4.187 \times 10^{- 3} ({S a}_{c}) - 6.208 \times 10^{- 2} (O C) - 5.793 \times 10^{- 4} (C l)$

Summary	PTF-1	PTF-2	PTF-3	PTF-4
Number of samples	3,050	2,827	1,081	990
RMSE_calib	0.17	0.16	0.16	0.14
R ² _calib	0.35	0.43	0.44	0.56

Summary	PTF-1	PTF-2	PTF-3	PTF-4
Number of samples	275 × 10	254 × 10	97 × 10	88 × 10
RMSE_validation	0.17	0.16	0.16	0.14
R ² _validation	0.35	0.43	0.45	0.56

[1] *Corresponding author <huf.aline@gmail.com>

Brasil

Brasil

Hierarchical pedotransfer functions for predicting bulk density in Brazilian soils

ABSTRACT