Nutritional quality of wet distillers’ grains co–ensiled with whole–plant maize and its feeding value for lambs

Moyo, Robin; Niekerk, Willem Adriaan van; Hassen, Abubeker; Toit, Cornelius Jacobus Lindeque du; Coertze, Roelf; Adejoro, Festus Adeyemi

doi:10.1590/1678-992X-2020-0122

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Animal Science and Pastures • Sci. agric. (Piracicaba, Braz.) 79 (2) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-992X-2020-0122 copy

Nutritional quality of wet distillers’ grains co–ensiled with whole–plant maize and its feeding value for lambs

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

The high moisture content of wet distillers’ grains with solubles (WDGS) has limited its feeding value despite the relatively high nutritive value. The co–ensiling with whole–plant maize, as a complementary feed, was evaluated for growing lambs by formulating diets whose contents were: whole plant maize silage (WPMS) + sunflower oilcake meal (SOM) (control, WPMS + SOM), whole plant maize silage + dried distillers’ grains (WPMS + DDGS), and whole–plant maize (WPM) co–ensiled with WDGS (WPM – WDGS). Rumen fermentation parameters and in situ degradability of the diets were evaluated using three cannulated Merino wethers in a cross over 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment that lasted 39 days. Concurrently, feed intake and growth performance of South Africa Mutton Merino lambs (29.7 ± 3.6 kg) were evaluated over 45 days. The WPMS + DDGS diet had a lower rate of dry matter degradation (p < 0.05) compared to the WPMS + SOM and WPM–WDGS diets. However, the rapidly fermentable fraction, as well as the progressively fermentable fraction of the diet dry matter, was not different (p > 0.05). No differences in rumen volatile fatty acid, ammonia nitrogen concentration nor rumen pH of the wethers as a result of diet differences were observed. Lambs consuming the WDGS–based diet had a lower average daily intake and average daily gain (p < 0.05) compared to lambs consuming the DDGS and WPMS–based diets. However, the feed conversion ratio was not affected by diet differences (p > 0.05). In conclusion, co–ensiling WDGS with whole–plant maize provides the opportunity for the long–term storage and utilization of WDGS in lamb feeding.

Keywords:
average daily gain; growth performance; silage; rumen fermentation; sheep

Parameter, g kg⁻¹ DM	WDGS	WPM	DDGS	Whole plant maize silage	Sunflower oil cake meal
Dry matter	251	350	909	370	921
Crude protein	334	84.9	348	67.5	419
Neutral detergent fiber	519	533	558	454	347
Ether extract	155	80.9	93	64.1	14.5
Calcium	2.9	4.1	3.6	2.9	5.4
Phosphorus	8.5	2.6	6.8	1.8	11.3

Raw materials, g kg⁻¹	¹ 1 WPMS + SOM, whole plant maize silage + sunflower oil cake meal; WPMS + DDGS, whole plant maize silage mixed with dried distillers’ grains with solubles at feeding (63: 27 wt wt−1 as–fed basis); WPM – WDGS, whole–plant maize co–ensiled with wet distillers’ grain with solubles (63: 27 wt wt−1 as–fed basis). Dietary treatments
Raw materials, g kg⁻¹	WPMS + SOM	WPMS + DDGS	WPM – WDGS
Whole plant maize silage	754	677	–
Maize meal	41	76	25
WPM – WDGS	–	–	911
DDGS	–	238	–
Sunflower oil cake meal	195	–	55
Limestone (36 %)	5	4	4
Monocalcium phosphate	5	5	5
Chemical composition
DM, g kg⁻¹	381	430	337
ME, MJ kg⁻¹ DM	9.2	11.1	10.3
CP, g kg⁻¹ DM	154	144	150
NDF, g kg⁻¹ DM	439	468	466
ADF, g kg⁻¹ DM	251	264	269
EE, g kg⁻¹ DM	38.5	38.7	42.0
Ca, g kg⁻¹ DM	5.76	4.95	5.82
P, g kg⁻¹ DM	4.33	3.16	3.77

Parameter	¹ 1 WPMS + SOM, whole plant maize silage + sunflower oilcake meal; WPMS + DDGS, whole plant maize silage + distillers’ dried grains with solubles DGS (63: 27 wt wt−1 as–fed basis) based diet; WPM–WDGS, whole–plant maize co-ensiled with wet distillers’ grain with solubles (63: 27 wt wt−1 as-fed basis) based diet; Dietary treatments			² 2 SEM, Standard error of the mean. SEM
Parameter	WPMS + SOM	WPMS + DDGS	WPM – WDGS	² 2 SEM, Standard error of the mean. SEM
Average daily intake (ADI), g d⁻¹	1290^a abc Means with different superscripts across a row are significantly different (p < 0.05).	1280^a abc Means with different superscripts across a row are significantly different (p < 0.05).	910^b abc Means with different superscripts across a row are significantly different (p < 0.05).	45.0
ADI, g kg⁻¹ BW^0.75	99.0^a abc Means with different superscripts across a row are significantly different (p < 0.05).	95.7^a abc Means with different superscripts across a row are significantly different (p < 0.05).	73.1^b abc Means with different superscripts across a row are significantly different (p < 0.05).	0.16
Initial bodyweight (kg)	32.4	31.8	31.0	0.69
Final bodyweight (kg)	41.8^a abc Means with different superscripts across a row are significantly different (p < 0.05).	42.2^a abc Means with different superscripts across a row are significantly different (p < 0.05).	39.9^b abc Means with different superscripts across a row are significantly different (p < 0.05).	1.31
Average daily gain, g d⁻¹	209^b abc Means with different superscripts across a row are significantly different (p < 0.05).	231^a abc Means with different superscripts across a row are significantly different (p < 0.05).	198^b abc Means with different superscripts across a row are significantly different (p < 0.05).	13.8
Feed conversion ratio	6.17	5.54	4.60	0.63

² 2 a, b and c, based on the equation y = a + b (1–e−Ct), y = degraded DM at time t (h); ‘a’, rapidly degradable fraction; ‘b’, slowly degradable fraction, and ‘c’, rate of degradation of fraction b. ED, the effective degradability based on equation ED = a + (bc/(c + k)), where k is outflow rate. ED(1) when k = 2 % h−1, and ED(2) when k = 5 % h−1; Parameter	¹ 1 WPMS + SOM, whole plant maize silage + sunflower oil cake–based diet, WPMS + DDGS, whole plant maize silage + distillers’ dried grains with solubles–based diet, WPM – WDGS, whole–plant maize co–ensiled with wet distillers’ grains–based diet; Dietary treatments			³ 3 SEM = Standard error of the mean; SEM
	WPMS + SOM	WPMS + DDGS	WPM – WDGS	³ 3 SEM = Standard error of the mean; SEM
a	287	278	295	0.76
b	475	486	443	0.71
c	0.055^a a,b,c Means across a row with different superscripts differ significantly (p < 0.05).	0.043^b a,b,c Means across a row with different superscripts differ significantly (p < 0.05).	0.057^a a,b,c Means across a row with different superscripts differ significantly (p < 0.05).	0.01
ED₍₁₎	635^a a,b,c Means across a row with different superscripts differ significantly (p < 0.05).	608^c a,b,c Means across a row with different superscripts differ significantly (p < 0.05).	623^b a,b,c Means across a row with different superscripts differ significantly (p < 0.05).	0.08
ED₍₂₎	535	501	531	0.22

Parameter	¹ 1 Diets were based on the NRC (2000) requirements on a DM basis. WPMS + SOM, whole plant maize silage + sunflower meal; WPMS + DDGS, whole plant maize silage + distillers’ dried grains with solubles (63: 27 wt wt−1 as–fed basis) based diet; WPM – WDGS, whole–plant maize co–ensiled with wet distillers’ grain with solubles (63: 27 wt wt−1 as–fed basis) –based diet; Treatments			³ 3 SEM = Standard error of means; SEM
Parameter	WPMS + SOM	WPMS + DDGS	WPM – WDGS	³ 3 SEM = Standard error of means; SEM
pH	6.1	6.3	6.0	0.10
NH_3–N (mg 100 mL⁻¹)	6.24	4.10	4.72	2.63
Total VFA (mmol L⁻¹)	81.9	71.7	71.3	4.43
VFA molar proportion (mol 100 mol⁻¹⁾
Acetate	68.5	66.1	70.5	1.03
Propionate	20.4	20.4	18.7	0.02
Butyrate	8.95^b abc Means with different superscripts across a row are significantly different (p < 0.05).	11.2^a abc Means with different superscripts across a row are significantly different (p < 0.05).	8.18^b abc Means with different superscripts across a row are significantly different (p < 0.05).	0.13
Valerate	0.89	0.96	1.03	0.18
² 2 Isobutyrate + Isovalerate; Branched–chain VFA	1.20	1.44	1.56	0.28
Acetate: propionate ratio	3.35	3.25	3.77	0.25

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[1] *Corresponding author <abubeker.hassen@up.ac.za>