Blot et al., 19835757. Marques LA, Eluf-Neto J, Figueiredo RA, Góis-Filho JF, Kowalski LP, Carvalho MB, et al. Oral health, hygiene practices and oral cancer. Rev Saude Publica. 2008 Jun;42(3):471-9. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102008000300012 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910200800...
|
United States |
1975–1978 |
Hospital |
|
67 |
Years of mouthwash use (0-4, 5-9, 10-24, ≥ 25) and duration of retention in the mouth, frequency of use and concentration |
Female patients with oral and pharyngeal cancer ICD, Rev. 8 (141,143-146,148,149) |
Age, raçe, country, respondent (proxy or not) and tobacco habits |
Low risk |
Mashberg et al., 19855858. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. J Clin Epidemiol. 2021 Jun;134:178-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.03.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021....
|
United States |
1981–1983 |
Hospital |
|
40-70+ |
Mouthwash use (people who used it routinely were those who reported using the mouthwash at least four times a week) |
Oral and pharyngeal cancer |
Tobacco habits |
Moderate risk |
Young et al., 19865959. Brooke BS, Schwartz TA, Pawlik TM. MOOSE Reporting Guidelines for Meta-analyses of Observational Studies. JAMA Surg. 2021 Aug;156(8):787-8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2021.0522 https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2021.05...
|
United States |
Unreported |
Hospital |
-
238 male cases
-
79 female cases
-
230 male controls
-
76 female controls
|
63.2/61.5 |
Mouthwash use |
Oral cavity cancer, oropharyngeal cancer and hypopharyngeal cancer |
Tobacco habits |
Moderate risk |
Winn et al., 19916060. World Health Organization. International classification of diseases for mortality and morbidity statistics (11th Rev). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. |
United States |
1984–1985 |
Community |
-
573 male cases
-
293 female cases
-
821 male controls
-
428 female controls
|
18-79 |
Mouthwash use (people who used mouthwash at least once a week for six months or more). Initial age (years): <20, 20-29, 30-49, 50+, never. Duration (years): 0, 1-19, 20-39, 40+; Frequency (times / month): 0, 1-29, 30-59, 60+. Alcohol content: none, low ‘<25%’, high ‘≥ 25%’, mixed |
Primary incidence of cancer of the oral cavity or pharynx ICD, Rev. 9 (141, 143-146, 148; 149) |
Age, gender, race, education, study center, smoking, drinking, and fruit intake |
Low risk |
Talamini et al., 20006161. Chi AC, Day TA, Neville BW. Oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: an update. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65(5):401-21. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21293 https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21293...
|
Italy |
1996–2000 |
Hospital |
|
27-86 |
Mouthwash use (times a week) |
Cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx |
Gender, age, fruit and vegetable intake and smoking and drinking habits |
Low risk |
D’Souza et al., 20076262. GRADEpro GDT: GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool [Software]. London: Cochrane; 2020. |
United States |
2000–2005 |
Hospital |
|
≤ 50 ≥ 65 |
Mouthwash use (times a day) |
Oropharyngeal SCC |
Age and gender |
Moderate risk |
Marques et al., 20085050. Mascarenhas AK, Allen CM, Moeschberger ML. The association between Viadent use and oral leukoplakia: results of a matched case-control study. J Public Health Dent. 2002;62(3):158-62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-7325.2002.tb03437.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-7325.2002...
|
Brazil |
1998–2002 |
Hospital |
|
40–70+ |
Mouthwash use (never, less than once a day, once or more times a day) |
Mouth cancer and pharynx cancer ICD, Rev. 10 (C00- C06, C02.4 C05.1, C05.2, C09, C10) |
Gender, age, schooling, smoking, alcohol consumption and all other oral health/hygiene variables |
Low risk |
Chang et al., 20136363. Ryan R, Hill S. How to GRADE the quality of the evidence. Cochrane Consumers and Communication Group. 2016;Version 3 :1-24. https://cccrg.cochrane.org/author-resources https://cccrg.cochrane.org/author-resour...
|
China |
2010–2012 |
Hospital |
|
20-80 |
Mouthwash use (without alcohol or containing alcohol) or no use of mouthwash |
Oral SCC located in the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx and larynx; people who has not been previously diagnosed with cancer |
Gender, age, education, cigarette smoking (pack-year categories), betel quid chewing (pack-year categories) and alcohol intake (frequency) |
Low risk |
Eliot et al., 20131919. Lachenmeier DW. Safety evaluation of topical applications of ethanol on the skin and inside the oral cavity. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2008;3:26. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6673-3-26 https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6673-3-26...
|
United States |
2006–2011 |
Community |
|
56/ 60.5 |
Mouthwash use frequency (never; sometimes; at least once a day). Mouthwash use for alcoholic content (rarely or never; non-alcoholic; alcoholic). Rinse use by alcohol content and frequency (low or alcohol-free infrequently; Low or alcohol-free frequently; high with alcohol infrequently; high with alcohol frequently) |
Incident cases of head and neck SCC ICD, Rev. 9 (141–146; 161) |
Age, gender, race, smoking, alcohol consumption, education, annual household income, city, and history of periodontal disease |
Low risk |
Ahrens et al., 20143939. Garrote LF, Herrero R, Reyes RM, Vaccarella S, Anta JL, Ferbeye L, et al. Risk factors for cancer of the oral cavity and oro-pharynx in Cuba. Br J Cancer. 2001 Jul;85(1):46-54. https://doi.org/10.1054/bjoc.2000.1825 https://doi.org/10.1054/bjoc.2000.1825...
|
Multicentric (Spain, Czech Republic, Greece, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Croatia, United Kingdom) |
2002–2005 |
Hospital |
|
59.8 |
Mouthwash use frequency |
ICD Rev. 10 (C00-06), oropharynx (C09, 10), hypopharynx (C12, 13), pharynx (C14), larynx (C32) or esophagus (C15) |
Age, gender, study center, smoking status, a accumulative tobacco consumption, alcohol drinking duration accumulative alcohol consumption, SES/professional education, University degree, consumption of fruits and vegetables |
Low risk |
Alnuaimi et al., 20156464. Blot WJ, Winn DM, Fraumeni JF Jr. Oral cancer and mouthwash. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1983 Feb;70(2):251-3. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/70.2.251 https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/70.2.251...
|
Australia |
2012–2013 |
Hospital |
|
23-88 |
Regular alcohol mouthwash user |
Oral SCC |
Age, gender, and use of dental prothesis |
Moderate risk |
Assunção Junior, 20156565. Mashberg A, Barsa P, Grossman ML. A study of the relationship between mouthwash use and oral and pharyngeal cancer. J Am Dent Assoc. 1985 May;110(5):731-4. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1985.0422 https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.19...
|
Brazil |
Unreported |
Hospital |
|
26-87 |
Mouthwash use, type of mouthwash and weekly frequency |
SCC located in the oral cavity and oropharynx |
Age and gender |
Moderate risk |
Boffetta et al., 20164040. Winn DM, Diehl SR, Brown LM, Harty LC, Bravo-Otero E, Fraumeni JF Jr, et al. Mouthwash in the etiology of oral cancer in Puerto Rico. Cancer Causes Control. 2001 Jun;12(5):419-29. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011291807468 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011291807468...
|
Multicentric (United States, Puerto Rico, Argentina, Brazil and Cuba, Italy, Spain, Poland, Canada and India) |
1981–2012 |
Hospital and Community |
|
15-80 |
Mouthwash use. Duration of use in years: 0 (non-users), 1–15, 16–35 or 36+. Frequency of use per day: 0 (non-users), up to 1 time / day, more than once / day |
Head and neck cancer ICD Rev. 10 (C00.3-C00.9, C02.0-C02.3,C03.0, C03.1,C03.9,C04.0, C04.1,C04.8,C04.9, C05.0,C06.0-C06.2, C06.8,C06.9;C01.9, C02.4,C05.1,C05.2, C09.0,C09.1,C09.8, C09.9,C10.0,C10.4, C10.8,C10.9;C12.9, C13.0–13.2, C13.8, C13.9;C32.0-C32.3, C32.8-C32.9 |
Study center, age, gender, cumulative tobacco smoking (pack-years), average amount of alcohol intake, and education level |
Low risk |
Saira et al., 20194949. Howie NM, Trigkas TK, Cruchley AT, Wertz PW, Squier CA, Williams DM. Short-term exposure to alcohol increases the permeability of human oral mucosa. Oral Dis. 2001 Nov;7(6):349-54. Available from: www.munksgaard.dk https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1601-0825.2001.00731.x https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1601-0825.2001...
|
Pakistan |
2015–2016 |
Hospital |
|
55/52.8 |
Mouthwash use |
Carcinoma in the oral cavity, larynx, hypopharynx, oropharynx and pharynx |
Age, race and language |
Moderate risk |
Sharma et al., 20204848. Marshall JR, Graham S, Haughey BP, Shedd D, O’Shea R, Brasure J, et al. Smoking, alcohol, dentition and diet in the epidemiology of oral cancer. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol. 1992 Jul;28B(1):9-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/0964-1955 (92)90005-L https://doi.org/10.1016/0964-1955 (92)90...
|
India |
Unreported |
Unreported |
|
53.4/ 51.7 |
Mouthwash use daily |
Oral SCC |
Unadjusted for confounding bias |
Moderate risk |