Spatial analysis of viral hepatitis and schistosomiasis coinfection in an endemic area in Northeastern Brazil

Serum samples were collected from patients with Schistosoma mansoni infection. These were tested for serological markers of HBV/HCV infection. The spatial distribution of coinfection was analyzed using intensity kernel estimation.

RESULTS:

Overall, 9.4% of individuals had contact with HBV and 1.7% of samples tested positive for anti-HCV antibodies. We identified clusters of risk located in the central region.

CONCLUSIONS:

Spatial analysis allowed visualization of high-risk areas, leading to a definition of priority areas to be targeted for intensification of control interventions.

Keywords:
Schistosoma mansoni; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis C virus; Distribution mapping

Authorship

Márcio Bezerra Santos

Departamento de Educação em Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus Prof. Antônio Garcia Filho, Lagarto, SE, Brasil. Universidade Federal de SergipeBrazilLagarto, SE, BrazilDepartamento de Educação em Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus Prof. Antônio Garcia Filho, Lagarto, SE, Brasil.

Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus Prof. João Cardoso Nascimento, Aracaju, SE, Brasil. Universidade Federal de SergipeBrazilAracaju, SE, BrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus Prof. João Cardoso Nascimento, Aracaju, SE, Brasil.

Allan Dantas dos Santos

Departamento de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus Prof. Antônio Garcia Filho, Lagarto, SE, Brasil. Universidade Federal de SergipeBrazilLagarto, SE, BrazilDepartamento de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus Prof. Antônio Garcia Filho, Lagarto, SE, Brasil.

Patrícia Pereira da Silva

Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Cidade Universitária Prof. José Aloísio de Campos, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil. Universidade Federal de SergipeBrazilSão Cristóvão, SE, BrazilPrograma de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Cidade Universitária Prof. José Aloísio de Campos, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil.

Aline Silva Barreto

Erlon Oliveira dos Santos

Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Alagoas, Arapiraca, AL, Brasil. Universidade Estadual de AlagoasBrazilArapiraca, AL, BrazilDepartamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Alagoas, Arapiraca, AL, Brasil.

Alex Vianey Callado França

Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus Prof. João Cardoso Nascimento, Aracaju, SE, Brasil. Universidade Federal de SergipeBrazilAracaju, SE, BrazilDepartamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus Prof. João Cardoso Nascimento, Aracaju, SE, Brasil.

Constança Simões Barbosa

Laboratório de Referência em Esquistossomose, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, PE, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo CruzBrazilRecife, PE, BrazilLaboratório de Referência em Esquistossomose, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, PE, Brasil.

Karina Conceição Gomes Machado de Araújo

Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Cidade Universitária Prof. José Aloísio de Campos, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil.Universidade Federal de SergipeBrazilSão Cristóvão, SE, BrazilDepartamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Cidade Universitária Prof. José Aloísio de Campos, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil.

Corresponding author: Dr. Márcio Bezerra Santos. e-mail: bio_marcio2006@hotmail.com

Conflict of interest: The authors declare that have no conflicts of interest.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (2)
Tables (1)

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FIGURE 1
(A): Association between patient age and HBV infection (anti-HBc positive) (*p < 0.0001). (B): Association between years of schooling and HBV infection (anti-HBc positive) (*p < 0.0001). (C): Association between monthly income and HBV infection (anti-HBc positive) (*p = 0.007). (D): Percentage of patients that were anti-HBs positive because of being vaccinated against HBV (*p < 0.0001). HBV: hepatitis B virus; anti-HBc: hepatitis B virus core antigen

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FIGURE 2
Kernel maps of the neighborhood of Santa Maria: (A): Spatial analysis of individuals with schistosomiasis. (B): Spatial analysis of anti-HBc/HBsAg positive individuals. (C): Spatial analysis of individuals positive for anti-HBs alone (indicative of having been vaccinated against HBV). (D): Spatial distribution of place of residence (in red) of anti-HCV positive individuals. anti-HBc: hepatitis B virus core antigen; HBsAg: hepatitis B surface antigen; anti-HBs: hepatitis B surface antibody HBV: hepatitis B virus; HCV: hepatitis C virus.

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TABLE 1
Frequency of HBV and HCV serological markers.

FIGURE 1 (A): Association between patient age and HBV infection (anti-HBc positive) (p < 0.0001). (B): Association between years of schooling and HBV infection (anti-HBc positive) (p < 0.0001). (C): Association between monthly income and HBV infection (anti-HBc positive) (p = 0.007). (D): Percentage of patients that were anti-HBs positive because of being vaccinated against HBV (p < 0.0001). HBV: hepatitis B virus; anti-HBc: hepatitis B virus core antigen

FIGURE 2 Kernel maps of the neighborhood of Santa Maria: (A): Spatial analysis of individuals with schistosomiasis. (B): Spatial analysis of anti-HBc/HBsAg positive individuals. (C): Spatial analysis of individuals positive for anti-HBs alone (indicative of having been vaccinated against HBV). (D): Spatial distribution of place of residence (in red) of anti-HCV positive individuals. anti-HBc: hepatitis B virus core antigen; HBsAg: hepatitis B surface antigen; anti-HBs: hepatitis B surface antibody HBV: hepatitis B virus; HCV: hepatitis C virus.

TABLE 1 Frequency of HBV and HCV serological markers.

Serological marker	Number	Percentage
No markers	120	70.6
Anti-HBc only	1	0.6
HBsAg and anti-HBc	3	1.7
Anti-HBs only	32	18.8
Anti-HBs and anti-HBc	11	6.5
Anti-HCV only	2	1.2
Anti-HCV and anti-HBc	1	0.6

HBV: hepatitis B virus; HCV: hepatitis C virus; Anti-HBc: hepatitis B virus core antigen; HBsAg: hepatitis B surface antigen; Anti-HBs: hepatitis B surface antibody; Anti-HCV: hepatitis C virus antibody.

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Spatial analysis of viral hepatitis and schistosomiasis coinfection in an endemic area in Northeastern Brazil

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[1] Corresponding author: Dr. Márcio Bezerra Santos. e-mail: bio_marcio2006@hotmail.com