Sexual violence against children in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil: characteristics and factors related to repetitive violence

Platt, Vanessa Borges; Coelho, Elza Salema Berger; Bolsoni, Carolina; Honicky, Michele; Bordin, Guilherme Platt; Camargo, Maria Antônia Vicente de

doi:10.1590/1984-0462/2023/41/2022069

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Brasil

Revista Paulista de Pediatria

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Original Article • Rev. paul. pediatr. 41 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-0462/2023/41/2022069 copy

Sexual violence against children in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil: characteristics and factors related to repetitive violence

Violência sexual contra crianças no Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil: características e fatores relacionados à violência de repetição

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Objective:

The aim of this study was to characterize child sexual abuse and investigate the factors related to its repetition in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil.

Methods:

This is a descriptive and analytical study, with data from 2009-2019 SINAN. Sociodemographic variables related to the circumstances of violence were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to test factors related to repetitive violence.

Results:

A total of 3489 cases of child sexual abuse were reported: 73.3% were girls, the most prevalent age ranged from 6 to 10 years, and 51% reported repetitive violence. The majority was perpetrated by one (85.6%) person, and in cases in which two or more perpetrators were involved, the proportion of occurrence was higher for boys (17%) versus girls (13%). Among the risk factors for the repetition of sexual violence are the place of occurrence being the residence, the perpetrator (the stepfather, the brother, and the father) being under the influence of alcohol, and the age of the child between 6 and 10 years.

Conclusion:

The profile and factors that help in the identification of repetitive child sexual abuse were presented, such as the authorship being related to stepfathers, parents, and siblings, the perpetrator being under the influence of alcohol, and the victim’s age between 6 and 10 years.

Keywords:
Sex offenses; Child; Recurrence; Epidemiology; Notification

	Total	Female (n=2,557)		Male (n=932)		p-value*
	n (%)	n (%)	95%CI	n (%)	95%CI	p-value*
Age (years)
<2	317 (9.1)	253 (9.9)	8.8–11.1	64 (6.9)	5.4–8.7	0.008
2–6	1,738 (49.8)	1,280 (50.1)	48.1–52.0	458 (49.1)	45.9–52.4
6–10	1,434 (41.1)	1,024 (40.0)	38.2–42.0	410 (44.0)	40.8–47.2
Race^† (n=3,372)
White	2,825 (83.8)	2,064 (83.4)	81.8–84.8	761 (84.9)	82.4–87.1	0.561^‡
Mixed	353 (10.4)	263 (10.6)	9.5–11.9	90 (10.0)	8.2–12.2
Black	146 (4.3)	111 (4.5)	3.7–5.4	35 (3.9)	2.8–5.4
Indigenous	36 (1.1)	30 (1.2)	0.8–1.7	6 (0.7)	0.3–1.5
Yellow	12 (0.4)	8 (0.3)	0.2–0.6	4 (0.5)	0.2–1.2
Deficiency^† (n=3,341)
No	3,219 (96.3)	2,369 (96.9)	96.1–97.5	850 (94.9)	93.2–96.1	0.006
Yes	122 (3.7)	76 (3.1)	2.5–3.9	46 (5.1)	3.9–6.8	0.006
Number of times^† (n=2,620)
Once	1,287 (49.1)	936 (49.2)	46.9–51.4	351 (49.0)	45.4–52.7	0.950
2 or more	1,333 (50.9)	968 (50.8)	48.6–53.1	365 (51.0)	47.3–54.6	0.950
Sexual harassment^† (n=3,236)
Yes	1,463 (45.2)	1,117 (47.3)	45.3–49.3	346 (39.6)	36.4–42.9	<0.001
No	1,773 (54.8)	1,245 (52.7)	50.7–54.7	528 (60.4)	57.1–63.6	<0.001
Pornography^† (n=3,182)
Yes	125 (3.9)	84 (3.6)	2.9–4.5	41 (4.7)	3.5–6.4	0.150
No	3,057 (96.1)	2,233 (96.4)	95.5–97.0	824 (95.3)	93.6–96.5	0.150
Sexual exploitation^† (n=3,224)
Yes	121 (3.8)	96 (4.1)	3.4–5.0	25 (2.8)	1.9–4.2	0.098
No	3,103 (96.2)	2,250 (95.9)	95.0–96.6	853 (97.2)	95.8–98.1	0.098
Rape^†,§ (n=3,212)
Yes	2,459 (73.9)	1,717 (73.5)	71.7–75.3	656 (74.9)	71.9–77.7	0.633
No	839 (26.1)	619 (26.5)	24.7–28.3	220 (25.1)	22.3–28.1	0.633
Others^†,// (n=3,245)
Yes	1,578 (48.6)	1,199 (49.4)	48.6–52.6	379 (43.2)	39.9–46.4	<0.001
No	1,667 (51.4)	1,168 (50.7)	51.3–51.4	499 (56.8)	53.5–60.0	<0.001
Penetration^† (n=928)
Yes	526 (56.7)	303 (48.6)	44.7–52.6	223 (73.1)	67.8–77.8	<0.001
No	402 (43.3)	320 (51.4)	47.4–55.3	82 (26.9)	22.2–32.2	<0.001
Type of penetration^†
Anal (n=1,031)
Yes	305 (29.6)	75 (10.7)	8.6–12.3	230 (69.3)	64.1–74.0	<0.001
No	736 (70.4)	624 (89.3)	86.7–91.4	102 (30.7)	26.0–35.9	<0.001
Oral (n=1,013)
Yes	107 (10.6)	61 (8.8)	6.9–11.2	46 (14.3)	10.9–18.6	0.008
No	906 (89.4)	631 (91.2)	88.8–93.1	275 (85.7)	81.2–89.1	0.008
Vaginal (n=682)
Yes	281 (24.3)	281 (41.2)	37.6–44.9	NA	–	NA
No	878 (75.7)	401 (58.8)	55.1–62.2			NA

	Total	Female (n=2,557)		Male (n=932)		p-value*
	n (%)	n (%)	95%CI	n (%)	95%CI	p-value*
Gender^†
Male	2,956 (84.7)	2,150 (92.0)	90.8–93.0	806 (91.8)	89.8–93.4	0.408
Female	134 (3.8)	92 (3.9)	3.2–4.8	42 (4.8)	3.6–6.4
Both	125 (3.9)	95 (4.1)	3.3–4.9	30 (3.4)	2.4–4.8
Acquaintance of the victim^‡ (n=3,064)
Yes	2,880 (94.1)	2,085 (93.5)	92.4–94.5	795 (95.2)	93.5–96.5	0.083
No	184 (5.9)	144 (6.5)	5.5–7.6	40 (4.8)	3.5–6.5	0.083
Alcohol use^† (n=2,378)
Yes	378 (15.9)	294 (17.2)	15.5–19.1	84 (12.5)	10.2–15.2	0.004
No	2,000 (84.1)	1,412 (82.8)	80.9–84.5	588 (87.5)	84.8–89.8	0.004
Life cycle^†,§ (n=1,854)
Other ages	688 (37.1)	448 (32.3)	29.9–34.8	240 (51.5)	46.9–56.0	<0.001
20–59 years old	1,166 (62.9)	940 (67.7)	65.2–70.1	226 (48.5)	44.0–53.1	<0.001
Number of involved^† (n=3,158)
1	2,702 (85.6)	1,981 (86.5)	85.1–87.9	721 (83.0)	80.3–85.3	0.011
2 or more	456 (14.4)	308 (13.5)	12.1–14.9	148 (17.0)	14.7–19.7	0.011

	Total	Female (n=2,557)		Male (n=932)		p-value*
	n (%)	n (%)	95%CI	n (%)	95%CI	p-value*
Father^† (n=3244)
Yes	706 (21.8)	554 (23.5)	21.8–25.2	152 (17.2)	14.9–19.9	<0.001
No	2,536 (78.2)	1,807 (76.5)	74.8–78.2	731 (82.8)	80.1–85.1	<0.001
Mother^† (n=3264)
Yes	120 (3.7)	93 (3.9)	3.2–4.8	27 (3.0)	2.1–9.8	0.241
No	3,144 (96.3)	2,284 (96.1)	95.2–96.8	860 (97.0)	95.6–97.9	0.241
Stepfather^† (n=3276)
Yes	400 (12.2)	315 (13.2)	11.9–14.6	85 (9.6)	7.8–11.7	0.005
No	2,876 (88.8)	2,072 (86.8)	85.4–88.1	804 (90.4)	88.3–92.2	0.005
Stepmother^† (n=3287)
Yes	15 (0.5)	13 (0.5)	0.3–0.9	2 (0.2)	0.1–0.8	0.227
No	3,272 (99.5)	2,381 (99.5)	99.1–99.7	891 (99.8)	99.1–99.9	0.227
Brother^† (n=3272)
Yes	156 (4.8)	103 (4.3)	3.6–5.2	53 (6.0)	4.6–7.7	0.050
No	3,116 (95.2)	2,280 (95.7)	94.8–96.4	836 (94.0)	92.3–95.4	0.050
Unknown^† (n=3251)
Yes	210 (6.5)	165 (6.9)	6.0–8.1	45 (5.1)	3.8–6.7	0.051
No	3,041 (93.5)	2,201 (93.1)	91.9–94.0	840 (94.9)	96.2–93.3	0.051
Uncle^† (n=3489)
Yes	300 (8.6)	225 (8.8)	7.8–10.0	75 (8.1)	6.5–10.0	0.483
No	3,189 (91.4)	2,332 (91.2)	90.0–92.2	857 (91.9)	90.0–93.5	0.483
Cousin^† (n=3489)
Yes	146 (4.2)	85 (3.3)	2.7–4.1	61 (6.5)	5.1–8.3	<0.001
No	3,343 (95.8)	2,472 (96.7)	95.9–97.3	871 (93.5)	91.7–94.9	<0.001
Grandmother^† (n=3489)
Yes	114 (3.3)	97 (3.8)	3.1–4.6	17 (1.8)	1.1–2.9	0.004
No	3,375 (96.7)	2,460 (96.2)	95.4–96.9	915 (98.2)	97.1–98.9	0.004
Grandfather^† (n=3489)
Yes	67 (1.9)	51 (2.0)	1.5–2.6	16 (1.7)	1.1–2.8	0.597
No	3,422 (98.1)	2,506 (98.0)	97.4–98.5	916 (98.3)	97.2–98.9	0.597
Grandmother companion (n=3489)
Yes	66 (1.9)	48 (1.9)	1.4–2.5	18 (1.9)	1.2–3.0	0.917
No	3,423 (98.1)	2,509 (98.1)	97.5–98.6	914 (98.1)	97.0–98.8	0.917
Caregiver (n=3257)
Yes	112 (3.4)	78 (3.3)	2.6–4.1	34 (3.8)	2.8–5.3	0.445
No	3,145 (96.6)	2,293 (96.7)	95.9–97.4	852 (96.2)	94.7–97.2	0.445
Institutional relationship^† (n=3282)
Yes	30 (0.9)	25 (1.0)	0.7–1.5	5 (0.6)	0.2–1.3	0.197
No	3,282 (99.1)	2,368 (99.0)	98.5–99.3	884 (99.4)	98.7–99.8	0.197
Neighbor^† (n=3489)
Yes	41 (1.2%)	27 (1.1)	0.7–1.5	14 (1.5)	0.9–2.5	0.279
No	3,448 (98.8)	2,530 (98.9)	98.5–99.3	918 (98.5)	97.5–99.1	0.279

	Not adjusted		Adjustment 1		Adjustment 2
	OR (95%CI)	p-value	OR (95%CI)	p-value	OR (95%CI)	p-value
Author father
No	1		1		1
Yes	1.44 (1.19–1.75)	<0.001	1.68 (1.29–2.17)	<0.001	1.68 (1.29–2.19)	<0.001
Author stepfather
No	1		1		1
Yes	2.97 (2.27–3.88)	<0.001	3.27 (2.35–4.55)	<0.001	3.26 (2.34–4.55)	<0.001
Author unknown
No	1		1		1
Yes	0.21 (0.14–0.30)	<0.001	0.30 (0.18–0.51)	<0.001	0.30 (0.17–0.52)	<0.001
Author brother
No	1		1		1
Yes	1.96 (1.33–2.89)	0.001	2.00 (1.30–3.07)	0.002	1.95 (1.26–3.00)	0.003
Author uncle
No	1		1		1
Yes	1.28 (0.98–1.69)	0.074	1.39 (0.99–1.96)	0.059	1.41 (0.99–2.00)	0.056
Grandmother’s companion
No	1		1		1
Yes	1.66 (0.95–2.90)	0.076	2.06 (1.00–4.23)	0.049	2.04 (0.99–4.20)	0.053
Author cousin
No	1		1		1
Yes	1.32 (0.91–1.92)	0.139	1.41 (0.89–2.24)	0.148	1.47 (0.91–2.35)	0.112
Local
Any place	1		1		1
Residence	2.05 (1.69–2.49)	<0.001	1.39 (1.08–1.79)	0.011	1.44 (1.11–1.87)	0.006
Victim’s age (years old)
<6	1		1		1
6–10	2.03 (1.74–2.38)	<0.001	2.02 (1.66–2.45)	<0.001	2.02 (1.66–2.47)	<0.001
Author – alcohol use
No	1		1		1
Yes	2.02 (1.58–2.59)	<0.001	1.69 (1.28–2.23)	<0.001	1.65 (1.24–2.19)	0.001

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[1] *Corresponding author. E-mail: vanessabplatt@gmail.com, vanessa.platt@ebserh.gov.br (V. B. Platt)