Quantitative measurement of impairment in ADHD:
					perspectives for research and clinical practice

FORTES, DÍDIA; SERRA-PINHEIRO, MARIA ANTÓNIA; COUTINHO, GABRIEL; BERNARDES, CAMILA; REGALLA, MARIA ANGÉLICA; SERGEANT, JOSEPH; MATTOS, PAULO

doi:10.1590/0101-60830000000026

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Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo)

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Original articles • Arch. Clin. Psychiatry (São Saulo) 41 (5) • 2014 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0101-60830000000026 copy

Quantitative measurement of impairment in ADHD: perspectives for research and clinical practice

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Background

Functional impairment is needed to make an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis, but there is a paucity of instruments addressing this issue.

Objective

Perform psychometric analysis of a functional impairment scale (FIE).

Methods

A sample of 320 individuals, including ADHD probands, their siblings and parents, filled the FIE. We analyzed psychometric properties for the entire sample and age groups. Factor structure was determined by a principal component factor analysis, using oblique rotation with Kaiser normalization and Eigenvalues higher than 1. Cronbach’s alpha and Spearman-Brown were calculated.

Results

Family analysis revealed four components: a) “family life”, b) “self-perception”, c) “performance” and d) “social life”. Adults’ analysis revealed two components: a) “family life, social life and self-perception” and b) “performance”. Children showed the domains: a) “performance and social life”, b) “self-perception” and c) “family life” components. Cronbach’s alpha were above 0.9 in all components.

Discussion

Results revealed up to four domains depending on the group considered. Different life demands might explain the variability of domains on the groups.

ADHD; functional impairment; impairment scale; impairment assessment

Total variance explained
	Component	Initial eigenvalues			Extraction sums of squared loadings			Rotation sums of squared loadings^a

		Total	% of variance	Cumulative %	Total	% of variance	Cumulative %	Total
Family	1	4.289	38.989	38.989	4.289	38.989	38.989	3.365
	2	2.843	25.847	64.835	2.843	25.847	64.835	3.125
	3	2.034	18.495	83.330	2.034	18.495	83.330	2.029
	4	1.826	16.604	99.934	1.826	16.604	99.934	3.483
	5	0.005	0.049	99.983
	6	0.001	0.008	99.991
	7	0.001	0.006	99.997
	8	0.000	0.002	99.999
Parents	1	8.714	79.220	79.220	8.714	79.220	79.220	8.712
	2	2.021	18.370	97.590	2.021	18.370	97.590	2.069
	3	0.250	2.277	99.867
	4	0.005	0.048	99.915
	5	0.003	0.024	99.939
	6	0.002	0.016	99.954
	7	0.002	0.015	99.970
	8	0.001	0.013	99.982
	9	0.001	0.010	99.992
	10	0.001	0.007	100.000
Probands	1	5.445	49.501	49.501	5.445	49.501	49.501	5.157
	2	2.944	26.760	76.261	2.944	26.760	76.261	3.091
	3	2.494	22.669	98.930	2.494	22.669	98.930	3.360
	4	0.115	1.047	99.978
	5	0.001	0.010	99.988
	6	0.001	0.006	99.994
	7	0.000	0.004	99.998
	8	0.000	0.001	99.999
	Extraction method: principal component analysis

	Family				Parents		Proband

	Component				Component		Component

	1	2	3	4	1	2	1	2	3
Grades/school or work achievement	0.000	0.000	1.001	0.000	-0.001	0.999	0.985	0.000	-0.011
Attendance at school/work	0.000	0.000	0.999	0.000	-0.000	0.999	0.985	-0.005	-0.007
Day to day family relationship	0.999	0.000	0.011	0.003	0.933	0.123	-0.000	0.000	1.000
Fulfill duty/chores at home	0.999	0.001	0.009	0.002	0.934	0.116	-0.000	0.001	1.000
Family’s ability of have fun together	0.997	-0.002	-0.019	-0.005	0.997	-0.030	0.001	-0.001	1.000
Day to day relationship (social life)	0.000	0.000	-0.001	-0.999	0.998	-0.035	0.990	0.001	0.006
Having friends	0.000	0.001	-0.003	-0.999	0.998	-0.040	0.990	0.003	0.006
Ability to have fun	0.000	-0.001	0.004	-0.999	0.997	-0.030	0.990	0.001	0.006
Your ability to solve things	0.000	0.999	0.000	0.000	0.997	-0.034	-0.000	1.000	-0.000
Make you upset/annoyed with yourself	0.000	0.999	0.000	0.000	0.997	-0.031	-0.000	1.000	0.000
Your life in general	0.000	0.999	0.000	0.000	0.997	-0.035	0.000	1.000	-0.000
Extraction method: principal component analysis. Rotation method: Oblimin with Kaiser normalization


	Grades or work achievement	Attendance	Day to day family relationship	Fulfill duty chores	Family’s fun together	Day to day relationship (social life)	Have friends	Ability to have fun	Ability to solve things	Make you upset or annoyed with yourself	Life in general
	Grades or work achievement	1.000	0.587	0.417	0.382	0.541	0.619	0.593	0.561	0.558	0.581	0.638
P	Attendance	0.488	1.000	0.359	0.385	0.264	0.337	0.290	0.285	0.324	0.305	0.351
r	Day to day family relationship	0.556	0.602	1.000	0.550	0.575	0.454	0.488	0.409	0.450	0.534	0.506
o	Fulfill duty chores	0.682	0.618	0.625	1.000	0.381	0.428	0.435	0.390	0.420	0.407	0.426
b	Family’s fun together	0.372	0.303	0.517	0.469	1.000	0.579	0.687	0.596	0.472	0.568	0.588
a	Day to day relationship (social life)	0.370	0.224	0.488	0.358	0.636	1.000	0.766	0.680	0.586	0.545	0.516
n	Have friends	0.333	0.179	0.459	0.379	0.598	0.768	1.000	0.759	0.525	0.546	0.594
d	Ability to have fun	0.333	0.199	0.444	0.340	0.677	0.722	0.825	1.000	0.486	0.483	0.536
s	Your ability to solve things	0.430	0.154	0.469	0.375	0.460	0.518	0.523	0.418	1.000	0.739	0.774
	Make you upset/ annoyed with yourself	0.367	0.278	0.373	0.292	0.409	0.479	0.483	0.504	0.582	1.000	0.840
	Your life in general	0.367	0.130	0.413	0.339	0.445	0.628	0.617	0.601	0.681	0.669	1.000

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