Oliveira, Patrick de; Benevides, Cristine Rodrigues; Greco, Alexandre Verçosa; Leão, Luciene Campos São; Rodarte, Ana Tereza de Araújo; Lima, Heloisa Alves de

Patrick de Oliveira

Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, Lab. Biologia Reprodutiva de Angiospermas, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5622-1107

Cristine Rodrigues Benevides ⁸8Author for correspondence: cristinebenevides@gmail.com

Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, Lab. Biologia Reprodutiva de Angiospermas, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5198-4201

Alexandre Verçosa Greco

Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, Lab. Biologia Reprodutiva de Angiospermas, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8022-6338

Luciene Campos São Leão

Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, Lab. Biologia Reprodutiva de Angiospermas, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5317-3958

Ana Tereza de Araújo Rodarte

Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, Lab. Biologia Reprodutiva de Angiospermas, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3482-2208

Heloisa Alves de Lima

Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, Lab. Biologia Reprodutiva de Angiospermas, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9298-282X

8Author for correspondence: cristinebenevides@gmail.com

Area Editor: Dr. Leandro Freitas

Figuras (3)
Tabelas (4)

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Figure 1
a-m. Fruits of the restinga of Maricá, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil – a. Protium brasiliense; b. Monteverdia obtusifolia; c. Erythroxylum ovalifolium; d. Garcinia brasiliensis; e. Gaylussacia brasiliensis; f. Ormosia arborea; g. Clusia lanceolata; h. Ouratea cuspidata; i. Myrcia ilheosensis; j. Pilosocereus arrabidae; k. Andira legalis; l. Eugenia astringens; m. Neomitranthes obscura.

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Figure 2
Phenological events of fruit set in plant community of the restinga of Maricá, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil – a. mean temperature (^oC) and total precipitation (mm) for the Maricá (The climatic data of temperature and rainfall were provided by the National Institute of Meteorology INMET/RJ); b. percentage of intensity (Fournier 1974Fournier LA (1974) Un método cuantitativo para la medición de características fenológicas en árboles. Turrialba 24: 422-423.) and activity for the fruit set of all species studied; c. percentage of intensity (Fournier 1974Fournier LA (1974) Un método cuantitativo para la medición de características fenológicas en árboles. Turrialba 24: 422-423.) and activity for the fruit set of zoochoric and zoochoric/self-dispersal plants; d. percentage of intensity (Fournier 1974Fournier LA (1974) Un método cuantitativo para la medición de características fenológicas en árboles. Turrialba 24: 422-423.) and activity for fruit set of anemochoric plants.

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Figure 3
Phenological events of the fruit set separated by colors in the plant community of the restinga of Maricá, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

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Table 1
Fruiting period (only ripe fruit) in restinga of Maricá, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Intensity: 1 (◦), 2 (•), 3 (◊) adapted according to Fournier (1974).

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Table 2
List of species, length fruit (cm), and number of seeds per fruit in restinga of Maricá, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mean (number of fruits), * = numerous seeds.

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Table 3
Monitoring the color along the ripening stages of the fruit species studied in APA of Restinga of Maricá, RJ. GR = green; YE = yellow; OR = orange; RE = red; DR = dark red; BR = brown; DB = dark brown; BL = black; MC = multicolor; CF = Colour fruit; Co = Consistency; De = Dehiscence; I = Indehiscent; D = Dehiscent; ZO = Zoochoric; AN = Anemochoric; SD = Self-dispersal.

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Table 4
Spearman correlation coefficients (p < 0.05), obtained between phenological phases (levels of intensity and activity of fruit set) and abiotic factors [maximum, mean, and minimum temperature (^oC), precipitation (mm), and day length measure (h)] in plant community distributed over the internal sand stream of the restinga of Maricá, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Species / months	a	m	j	j	a	s	o	n	d	j	f	m	a
Agarista revoluta	◦					◦			◦	◦			◦
Alchornea triplinervia		◦	◦	◦		◦		◦		◦	◦	◦
Allagoptera arenaria							◦	◦	◦
Allophylus edulis									◦
Amaioua intermedia												◦
Andira legalis			◦							◦	◦
Aspidosperma pyricollum		◦	◦	◦		◦							◦
Brosimum guianense									◦			◦
Byrsonima sericea	◦									◦	◦	•
Calyptranthes brasiliensis	◦	•	◦
Cathedra rubricaulis										◦
Clusia lanceolata						◦	◦	•	•	•	•	•	◦
Coccoloba arborescens				◦	◦	◦	◦	◦	◦
Couepia ovalifolia	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Cupania emarginata						◦							◦
Erythroxylum ovalifolium		◦	◦							•	◦
Erythroxylum subsessile	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Eugenia astringens	◦
Garcinia brasilensis					◦	◦	◦	◦	◦
Gaylussacia brasilensis			◦	•	•	◦	◦		◦				◦
Guapira opposita		◦				◦	◦			◦		◦
Guapira pernambucensis	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Handroanthus chrysotrichus													◦
Jacaranda jasminoides	◦	◦	◦	◦	◦	◦	◦	◦	◦	◦	◦	◦	◦
Lepidaploa subsquarrosa	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Marcetia taxifolia			•	•						•
Monteverdia obtusifolia	◦								◦	◦	◦	•
Myrcia racemosa	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Myrcia ilheosensis	◦	•	◦
Myrcia multiflora												◦
Myrcia vittoriana												◦
Myrciaria floribunda	◦	◦	◦	◦	◦	◦	◦	◦	◦	◦			◦
Myrrhinium atropurpureum												◦	◦
Myrsine parvifolia	◦		◦	◦	•	◦	◦	◦	◦				◦
Neomitranthes obscura	◦			◦		◦	◦			◦			◦
Ocotea notata	◦					◦							◦
Ormosia arborea				◦						◦	◦	◦
Ouratea cuspidata					◦		◦	◦	•	◦	◦	◦
Philodendron corcovadense	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Pilosocereus arrabidae	◦											◦
Pouteria caimito	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Pleroma gaudichaudianum										◦	•	•
Protium brasiliense								◦	•	•
Senna appendiculata	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Senna pendula	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Schinus terebinthifolia		◦
Swartzia apetala	◦	◦	◦	◦									◦
Tapirira guianensis										◦	◦	◦	◦
Tocoyena bullata								◦
Vitex polygama										◦	•
Ximenia americana	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Xylopia sericea											◦	◦

Family	Species	Length Fruit (cm)	Number of seeds
Anacardiaceae	Tapiriraguianensis Aubl.	0.96 (25)	1 (25)
	Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi	-	1 (25)
Annonaceae	Xylopia sericea A.St.-Hil	-	4.4 (11)
Apocynaceae	Aspidosperma pyricollum Müll.Arg. ¹	5 (10)	6 (10)
Araceae	Philodendron corcovadense Kunth	-	-
Arecaceae	Allagoptera arenaria (Gomes) Kuntze	-	1 (25)
Asteraceae	Lepidaploasubsquarrosa (DC.) H. Robyns	-	-
Bignoniaceae	Jacaranda jasminoides (Thunb.) Sandwith	4.7 (6)	15 (6)
	Handroanthus chrysotrichus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos	9.8 (25)	15 (25)
Burseraceae	Protium brasiliense (Spreng.) Engl.	1.04 (25)	1.32 (25)
Cactaceae	Pilosocereus arrabidae (Lem.) Byles & G. D. Rowley	-	* (25)
Celastraceae	Monteverdia obtusifolia (Mart.) Biral	1.38 (25)	1.42 (25)
Chrysobalanaceae	Couepia ovalifolia (Schott) Benth. ex Hook.f. ²	4.2 (28)	1 (28)
Clusiaceae	Clusia lanceolata Cambess.	2.5 (15)	29 (15)
	Garcinia brasiliensis Mart. ³	3.1 (25)	1.87 (79)
Eriaceae	Agarista revoluta (Spreng.) Hook. ex Nied.	-	* (25)
	Gaylussacia brasiliensis (Spreng.) Meisn.	-	10 (5)
Erythroxylaceae	Erythroxylum ovalifolium Peyr.	0.76 (25)	1 (25)
	Erythroxylum subsessile (Mart.) O.E. Schulz	-	-
Euphorbiaceae	Alchornea triplinervia (Spreng.) Müll. Arg.	-	1 (25)
Leguminosae	Andira legalis (Vell.) Toledo	-	-
	Ormosia arborea (Vell.) Harms⁴	6 (30)	2 (30)
	Senna appendiculata (Vogel) Wiersema	-	-
	Senna pendula (Humb. & Bonpl.ex Willd.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby	-	-
	Swartzia apetala Raddi⁵	2.7 (55)	1.5 (55)
Lauraceae	Ocotea notata (Nees & Mart.) Mez	0.76 (25)	1 (25)
Lamiaceae	Vitex polygama Cham.	0.8 (25)	1 (25)
Malphigiaceae	Byrsonima sericea DC. ⁶	-	1 (25)
Melastomataceae	Marcetia taxifolia (A. St.-Hil.) DC.	-	* (25)
	Pleroma gaudichaudianum (DC.) A. Gray	0.8 (25)	* (25)
Moraceae	Brosimum guianense (Aubl.) Huber	0.7 (25)	* (25)
Myrtaceae	Calyptranthes brasiliensis Spreng.	-	1.3 (25)
	Eugenia astringens Cambess	-	1 (4)
	Myrcia racemosa (O.Berg) Kiaersk.	-	-
	Myrcia ilheosensis Kiaersk.	-	2.28 (25)
	Myrcia multiflora (Lam.) DC.	-	1 (3)
	Myrcia vittoriana Kiaersk.	-	1.6 (25)
	Myrciaria floribunda (H.West ex Willd.) O. Berg.	-	1 (25)
	Myrrhinium atropurpureum Schott	-	-
	Neomitranthes obscura (DC.) N. Silveira	-	1.4 (25)
Nyctaginaceae	Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz	0.7 (25)	1 (25)
	Guapira pernambucensis (Casar.) Lundell.	-	-
Ochnaceae	Ouratea cuspidata (A.St.-Hil.) Engl. ⁷	1.15 (25)	1 (25)
Olacaceae	Cathedra rubricaulis Miers	-	1 (25)
	Ximenia americana L.	-	-
Polygonaceae	Coccoloba arborescens (Vell.) R.A. Howard	0.96 (25)	1 (25)
Primulaceae	Myrsine parvifolia A. DC.	0.45 (25)	1 (25)
Rubiaceae	Amaioua intermedia Mart. ex Schult. & Schult. f.	1.71 (28)	13.6 (25)
	Tocoyena bullata (Vell.) Mart.	-	1 (25)
Sapindaceae	Allophylusedulis (A.St.-Hil., A.Juss. & Cambess.) Radlk.	-	1 (25)
	Cupania emarginata Cambess.	-	2 (25)
Sapotaceae	Pouteria caimito (Ruiz & Pav.) Radlk. ⁸	2.2 (25)	1 a 2 (25)

Species	GR	YE	OR	RE	DR	BR	DB	BL	MC	CF (ripe)	Co	De	Syndrome
Agarista revoluta	x					x				BR	dry	D	AN
Alchornea triplinervia	x			x						RE	fleshy	I	ZO
Allagoptera arenaria	x	x	x							OR	fleshy	I	ZO
Allophylus edulis	x					x	x	x		BL	fleshy	I	ZO
Amaioua intermedia	x					x	x			DB	fleshy	I	ZO
Andira legalis						x				BR	fleshy	I	ZO
Aspidosperma pyricollum ¹	x					x				BR	dry	D	AN
Brosimum guianense	x			x						RE	fleshy	I	ZO
Byrsonima sericea ²	x									GR	fleshy	I	ZO
Calyptranthes brasiliensis	x			x	x			x		BL	fleshy	I	ZO
Cathedra rubricaulis	x	x								YE	fleshy	I	ZO
Clusia lanceolata	x				x				x	MC	fleshy	D	ZO
Coccoloba arborescens	x						x			DB	fleshy	I	ZO
Couepia ovalifolia ³	x									GR	fleshy	I	SD/ZO
Cupania emarginata	x	x								YE	fleshy	D	ZO
Erythroxylum ovalifolium	x			x						RE	fleshy	I	ZO
Eugenia astringens	x	x			x			x		BL	fleshy	I	ZO
Garcinia brasilensis ⁴	x	x								YE	fleshy	I	SD/ZO
Gaylussacia brasilensis	x				x			x		BL	fleshy	I	ZO
Guapira opposita	x			x				x		BL	fleshy	I	ZO
Guapira pernambucensis	x			x				x		BL	fleshy	I	ZO
Handroanthus chrysotrichus	x					x				BR	dry	D	AN
Jacaranda jasminoides	x					x				BR	dry	D	AN
Marcetia taxifolia	x					x				BR	dry	D	AN
Monteverdia obtusifolia	x		x	x					x	MC	fleshy	D	ZO
Myrcia ilheosensis	x				x		x	x		BL	fleshy	I	ZO
Myrcia multiflora	x							x		BL	fleshy	I	ZO
Myrcia vittoriana	x		x							OR	fleshy	I	ZO
Myrciaria floribunda	x		x							OR	fleshy	I	ZO
Myrrhinium atropurpureum	x						x	x		BL	fleshy	I	ZO
Myrsine parvifolia	x							x		BL	fleshy	I	ZO
Neomitranthes obscura	x		x	x	x			x		BL	fleshy	I	ZO
Ocotea notata	x						x	x		BL	fleshy	I	ZO
Ormosia arborea ⁵	x					x			x	MC	dry	D	SD
Ouratea cuspidata ⁶	x			x				x	x	MC	fleshy	I	ZO
Pilosocereus arrabidae	x				x					DR	fleshy	I	ZO
Pouteria caimito ⁷	x	x								YE	fleshy	I	ZO
Pleroma gaudichaudianum	x					x				BR	dry	D	AN
Protium brasiliense	x				x				x	MC	fleshy	D	ZO
Schinus terebinthifolia	x			x						RE	fleshy	I	ZO
Swartzia apetala ⁸	x	x	x						x	MC	dry	D	SD/ZO
Tapirira guianensis	x				x			x		BL	fleshy	I	ZO
Tocoyena bullata	x				x		x	x		BL	fleshy	I	ZO
Vitex polygama	x							x		BL	fleshy	I	ZO
Xylopia sericea	x			x						RE	fleshy	D	ZO

	Total of fruits		Zoochoric		Anemochoric
	Intensity	Activity	Intensity	Activity	Intensity	Activity
Temperature
Maximum	0.48	0.55	0.60	0.53	0.56	0.49
Medium	0.37	0.46	0.55	0.50	0.41	0.33
Minimum	-0.1	-0.05	0.13	0.07	-0.23	-0.28
Precipitation	-0.30	-0.26	-0.23	-0.28	-0.03	-0.14
Day length	0.32	0.40	0.53	0.44	0.19	0.13

[1] 8Author for correspondence: cristinebenevides@gmail.com

Brasil

Brasil

Fruiting phenology and dispersal syndromes in a sandy coastal plain in southeastern Brazil

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