Cross-cultural equivalence and psychometric proprieties of the social support scale for healthy eating habits

Avaliação da equivalência transcultural e de propriedades psicométricas da escala de apoio social para hábitos alimentares saudáveis

ABSTRACT

Objective:

To assess the cross-cultural equivalence and psychometric proprieties of the Brazilian version of the Eating Habits Social Support Scale.

Methods:

The scale was administered to 381 subjects aged 24 to 86 years from Recife and Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Cross-cultural equivalence was evaluated by expert agreement. The psychometric proprieties were assessed by factor validity (factor analysis), internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), and reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient), using a test-retest with an interval of seven days.

Results:

Factor analysis identified two factors for each social support group (friends and family). The questions were clustered by type of social support (positive or negative comments). The eigenvalues for family social support were 3.22 and 3.00, corresponding to 62.2% of the total variance. For friend social support, the eigenvalues were 3.02 and 2.95, explaining 59.7% of the total variance. In the internal consistency analysis, the alpha values ranged from 0.83 to 0.75. The reproducibility intraclass correlation coefficient ranged from 0.676 to 0.873. All these values were acceptable, indicating the validity and reliability of the scale.

Conclusion:

The Brazilian version of the Eating Habits Social Support Scale presented cross-cultural equivalence and psychometric characteristics that were appropriate for Brazilian adults and older adults. This scale is easy to use and obtained high scores for question clarity and answer options.

Keywords:
Food habits; Social support; Validity of tests

RESUMO

Objetivo:

Avaliar a equivalência transcultural e as propriedades psicométricas da versão brasileira da Escala de Apoio Social para Hábitos Alimentares Saudáveis.

Métodos:

A escala foi aplicada em 381 indivíduos com idade entre 24 e 86 anos, residentes em Recife e Belo Horizonte, Brasil. A equivalência transcultural foi avaliada por consenso de especialistas. As propriedades psicométricas foram analisadas pela validade fatorial (análise fatorial exploratória), consistência interna (alfa de Cronbach) e reprodutibilidade (Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse). Para análise de reprodutibilidade, foi utilizado o teste-reteste com intervalo de até sete dias entre as aplicações.

Resultados:

A análise fatorial identificou dois fatores para cada fonte de apoio social (amigos e família). O agrupamento das questões ocorreu de acordo com o tipo de apoio recebido (comentários positivos ou negativos). Os autovalores dos fatores de apoio social da família foram 3,22 e 3,00, correspondentes a 62,2% da variância. Para o apoio social dos amigos, os autovalores foram 3,02 e 2,95, explicando 59,7% da variância. Na avaliação de consistência interna, os valores de alfa variaram de 0,83 a 0,75. A reprodutibilidade resultou em valores de coeficiente de correlação intraclasse de 0,676 a 0,873. Todos os valores foram aceitáveis, indicando validade e confiabilidade do instrumento.

Conclusão:

A versão brasileira da Escala de Apoio Social para Hábitos Alimentares Saudáveis apresentou equivalência transcultural e propriedades psicométricas adequadas para aplicação em adultos e idosos. É um instrumento de fácil aplicação e bem avaliado em relação à clareza das questões e opções de resposta.

Palavras-chave:
Hábitos alimentares; Apoio social; Validades dos testes

INTRODUCTION

The increasing rates of obesity is a reality in Brazil^1,2. Analysis of nutritional status variation in Brazilian adults using data from the Estudo Nacional de Despesa Familiar from 1974-1975 and from the Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares from 2003-2004 and 2008-2009 showed that the prevalence of excess weight increased from 18.5% in 1975-1975 to 50.1% in 2008-2009. In the same period, obesity quadrupled in men, going from 2.8% to 12.4%, and doubled in women, going from 8.0% to 16.9%².

Obesity is a risk factor for other chronic diseases, which are responsible for high health costs and for 72% of the deaths in Brazil in 2007³. Poor eating habits are among the main determinants of this nutritional and epidemiological condition³. Recent studies found higher access of the population to ultra-processed foods with high energy density and fat, sodium, and sugar contents, and low nutrient contents^4,5,6. Given this scenario, encouraging the adoption of healthy food habits is one of the central issues of Brazilian health-promoting policies and actions^7,8.

In this sense the most recent publication of the Brazilian Food Guide⁹ recommends that the base of the Brazilian diet should consist of fresh and minimally processed foods, limiting the intake of processed and ultra-processed foods. The main guiding principle of the Guide is considering food intake an action that goes beyond nutrient intake, an action that is based on the cultural and social dimensions of communal eating practices. Thus, the Guide proposes actions that combine the requirements and potentialities of the personal and family spheres by contemplating these aspects and facilitating adherence to healthy eating habits⁹.

These aspects reinforce the need of understanding and studying factors that mediate adherence to a healthy diet. These factors aim to promote health, and prevent and control obesity. They help to create specific nutritional recommendations for the Brazilian population in order to promote adherence by individuals and communities. Social support is among the factors that mediate behavior changes in food practices because of its potential to help people to adopt healthy eating habits^10,11,12.

Studies have investigated the role of social support on some health outcomes, such as general mortality¹³ and chronic diseases^14,15. Studies that assess the contribution of social support to improving eating habits and physical activity level to treat diabetes¹⁶ and obesity¹⁷ have identified the importance of support in this process. Hence, support provided by the social network seems to have a positive impact on emotional wellbeing and health^18,19. Nevertheless, there is no consensus for the definition of social support²⁰. Some authors^21,22, describe it as a system of formal and informal relationships through which individuals receive emotional, material, or informational help, which may have positive emotional and/or behavioral effects.

Despite the influence of social support on health²⁰ and on diet-related behavioral changes, there is no literature consensus on how to assess it^11,12. Support sources and perspectives vary, and the dimensions can involve emotional (care, appreciation), instrumental (practical, concrete care), informational (advice), and cognitive (encouragement, reinforcement given by someone) support, hindering its assessment^22,23.

Sallis et al.²⁴ developed a social support scale in english for changing eating habits. Nonetheless, the scale has not been validated in other languages, despite its ease of use. Until now, only one Brazilian study has tested the psychometric properties of a social support scale for behavioral changes related to food habits²⁵. Yet, this instrument is specific for the intake of fruits and vegetables, and was tested only in university students²⁵.

Considering the importance of assessing social support for the effectiveness of actions that promote appropriate and healthy diets, and the lack of such instruments in Brazil, the present study aimed to assess the transcultural equivalence and the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the social support scale for healthy eating habits. This scale was initially proposed by Sallis et al.²⁴ for adults and older adults.

METHODS

The study sample consisted of participants of two studies that tested an intervention program to promote healthy eating and physical activity habits. The studies were conducted in the cities of Belo Horizonte (MG) and Recife (PE), and the present study analyzed only baseline assessment data.

In Belo Horizonte the participants were users of two units of the Programa Academia da Saúde aged 20 years or more. In Recife the study participants were hypertensive individuals aged more than 40 years²⁶. These individuals were recruited during socializations and by advertising the study in the local media, distributing pamphlets, and placing posters near the intervention locations.

A total of 381 individuals participated in the study, 76.4% from Belo Horizonte and 23.6% from Recife. In both cities data were collected by interviewers who received training to administer, fill out, and code the questionnaire. The transcultural equivalence of the instrument was assessed as recommended by Vijver & Hambleton²⁷ and Reichenheim & Moraes²⁸.

The first stage consisted of having the scale translated into Brazilian Portuguese by a native Brazilian Portuguese speaker with a bachelor of arts in letters and specialization in English language teaching. Next, the scale was back-translated by a native American English speaker who lives in Brazil. The English versions were compared, and the semantic discrepancies were adjusted.

After the adjustments, the first version of the Brazilian Portuguese scale was submitted to two experts, doctors in the areas of nutrition and physical education, and knowledgeable in psychometric instrument validation, for assessment and consensus on the instrument's theoretical construction and format.

The second version of the scale was administered to a group of 10 people whose characteristics were similar to those of the study sample. The objective was to assess the understanding of the questions, instrument clarity, and answer options. The group was asked to answer the entire questionnaire and assess the clarity of each question and the respective answer options. The participants were instructed to use scores ranging from 0 (zero) to 10 (ten), where 0 meant the item was "not clear at all" and 10 meant the item was "completely clear".

Psychometric analysis: validity and reliability

Social support scale for healthy eating habits was administered by interview and included the 10 original items proposed by Sallis et al.²⁴. Its structure consisted of two blocks with 10 items each, and each block assessed a social support source: family and friends. To facilitate understanding and standardize the directions, the respondents were instructed to consider family the "people they lived with," and friends the people they considered "friends, workmates, and acquaintances".

For each block, the participants classified the frequency with which family members and friends had done or said something described in the scale in the last three months. Items 1 to 5 were inserted in the block of encouragement for eating habit changes, herein denominated "positive comments." Items 6 to 10 were allocated to the block of discouragement for changes, herein denominated "negative comments".

The scale has six answer options: 1) none; 2) rarely; 3) a few times; 4) often; 5) very often; and 8) does not apply. The answer "does not apply" received a score of one, and the social support scores were determined by adding the answers of each block, which could vary from 1 to 25 points. The test-retest method assessed instrument reliability. In all, 18 participants answered the questionnaire twice, with an interval of three to seven days between the first and second administration of the scale.

In addition to EASHAS, the study also collected sociodemographic (age, marital status, and income) and health (presence or absence of diabetes, hypertension, and high cholesterol) data. Body weight and height were measured as recommended by the World Health Organization²⁹, and Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated by dividing body mass by the square of the height. The cut-off points proposed by the World Health Organization were used for classifying individuals as normal weight, overweight, and obese based on their body mass index³⁰. The study protocol was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (Federal University of Santa Catarina) that proposed the studies under Protocol nº 711,420 and by the State Department of Health under Protocol nº 767,704.

The general characteristics of the participants were presented by descriptive measures. The characteristics of the samples used for assessing transcultural equivalence and psychometric properties were compared by the chi-square test for a single group or Fisher's exact test (categorical variables) and Student's t-test for paired samples (continuous variables).

Psychometric property analysis considered scale structure and reliability. Exploratory factor analysis assessed scale structure. Principal component analysis (factors) was done using the Promax rotation. The factors were determined according to Kaiser's criteria, which suggest using factors with eigenvalues ³1.00. Factor loadings >0.5 were accepted³¹.

Sample adequacy to the procedure was verified by the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test, performed separately for each variable and also globally, considering the set of all the scale questions. The results of the KMO test varied from 0 to 1. Sample adequacy improved as the result approached 1. Values >0.6 indicated sample adequacy for factor analysis³².

The internal consistency and reproducibility of the data were assessed to verify EASHAS reliability. Cronbach's alpha assessed the internal consistency of the instrument; alpha values ³0.70 were considered appropriate³³. Reproducibility was analyzed by Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) of the test-retest results. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient values ³0.70 were considered appropriate³³. All analyses were performed by the software Stata^(r) (Stata Corporation, College Station, Texas, United States) version13.0.

RESULTS

Table 1 shows the participants' sociodemographic characteristics and health conditions. The sample consisted of 381 individuals aged 24 to 86 years. Most participants were female, married, overweight or obese, with hypertension, and high cholesterol, and had family income of 1 to 3 minimum salaries.

Table 1
Sociodemographic and health characteristics of the sample. Belo Horizonte (MG) and Recife (PE), Brazil, 2015.

• Note: ^* Body Mass Index (BMI): normal weight ? 24.9kg/m2; ^** Mean and standard deviation; Overweight: 25-29.9kg/m2; Obesity: ³30kg/m2.
• The total sample was compared with the test-retest sample by the statistical chi-square test for a single group or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables, and the Student's t-test for paired samples (continuous variables).
• MS: Minimum Salary (R$ 724.00).

Social support scale for healthy eating habits clarity was assessed by individuals with similar characteristics of those of the sample. They found that all questions and respective answer options were clear. In a scale from 0 to 10 points (0=not clear at all; 10=completely clear), the mean clarity of the questions was 9.7, and the mean clarity of the answers was 8.8. Because of these results, no adjustments were necessary.

Exploratory factor analysis of the family social support for healthy eating habits (Table 2) generated two factors (subscales) with eigenvalues greater than 1.0, corresponding to 62.2% of the total variance. Factor analysis of the friend social support for healthy eating habits (Table 3) also resulted in two factors (subscales) with eigenvalues greater than 1.0, corresponding to 59.7% of the total variance. Social support scale for healthy eating habits question 4, regarding friend social support, had the smallest factor loading. Most factor loadings (60.0%) exceeded 0.70, and only one item had a factor loading below 0.60. The values identified by the KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) statistic were also greater than 0.8, with respect to both family and friends.

Table 2
Factor analysis of family social support scale for healthy food habits (n=381).Belo Horizonte (MG) and Recife (PE), Brazil, 2015.

• Note: Bold: grouping of issues according to the factor loading values.

Table 3
Factor analysis of friend social support scale for healthy food habits (n=381). Belo Horizonte (MG) and Recife (PE), Brazil, 2015.

• Note: Bold: Grouping of issues according to the factor loading values.

Table 4 presents the assessment results of the psychometric properties of the instrument. The Cronbach's alpha values for the scale factors ranged from 0.832 to 0.751. Reproducibility, assessed by test-retest, resulted in ICC scores of 0.873 and 0.676 for family social support, and of 0.860 and 0.825 for friend social support. Only the subscale family's "negative comments" was below the ideal (R<0.70), but the ICC was statistically significant for all factors.

Table 4
Cronbach's alpha and test-retest of the social support scale for healthy food habits. Belo Horizonte (MG) and Recife (PE), Brazil, 2015.

• Note: ^a p?0.001; Cronbach's alpha values considered appropriate >0.70.
• ICC: Intraclass Correlation Coefficient.

DISCUSSION

The study results indicate that the Brazilian version of the social support scale for healthy eating habits had satisfactory transcultural equivalence and psychometric properties, and can be used in similar populations in Brazil. Two factors were identified - "positive comments" and "negative comments" - for each source of social support, friends and family.

The identification of two distinct latent and opposite traits for the family and friend social support scales, called "positive comments" and "negative comments" is similar to the original study of the scale²⁴, in which two subscales were also generated for each social support source. The difference between this study and that of Sallis et al.²⁴ is the nomenclatures of the latent traits, since the original study called them "encouragement" and "sabotage". Moreover, the eigenvalues generated by the study factor analysis were higher than those found by Sallis et al.²⁴, and consequently, the explained variance was also higher.

All factor loading values in both sources of social support were higher (>0.53) than the criterion considered ideal (>0.40)³¹, indicating that all questions of the instrument were pertinent for the assessment of social support for eating habits. Thus, no question of the original scale²⁴ was excluded in the Brazilian version of EASHAS, not affecting the structural validity of the instrument.

The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin values found in the present study (>0.6) for both family and friends indicated that factor analysis was appropriate and that the sample size was adequate for the test³². These data signal the consistency of the results.

Reliability analysis using Cronbach's alpha showed that all factors of the Brazilian version of social support scale for healthy eating habits presented values higher than the adopted criterion (>0.70)³³, like the original study²⁴. However, the subscale identified as friends' "positive comments" presented a lower alpha value, while the same factor presented one of the highest alpha values (0.87) for Sallis et al.²⁴. Meanwhile the family's "positive comments" presented the highest alpha value, similar to the original study (0.87)²⁴.

Regarding reproducibility assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient, the values of the friends' social support and family's "positive comments" subscales were higher than adequate (>0.70)³³. Only the subscale family's "negative comments" had an inadequate ICC value, corroborating the original study of the scale²⁴, which had an ICC value of 0.57. All Intraclass Correlation Coefficient values of this study were higher than those found by Sallis et al.²⁴.

Some limitations should be considered when extrapolating the results. The study sample consisted mostly of women (87.7% and 88.9%, respectively), and the participants recruited in Recife had a specific characteristic (hypertension), which may have carried a bias regarding perceived social support for a healthy diet.

The short interval between test and retest administration may have overestimated the temporal stability results of the instrument. However, the literature is not clear about the adequate interval between the test and retest for assessing the temporal stability of scales, and many studies have used different intervals^34-37.

The study strengths include the methods used for the validation process, from the procedures used for transcultural adaptation^27,28 to the use of exploratory factor analysis^31,32 and other procedures used in the stages of scale reliability assessment³³. The validation of the Brazilian version of social support scale for healthy eating habits should have a positive repercussion on studies in the area, given that, until now in Brazil, there is only one instrument for assessing social support for eating habits, but it focuses exclusively on the intake of fruits and vegetables by university students²⁵.

Another issue worthy of mention is the use of the denomination "unhealthy foods" by the scale to refer to foods with high fat, salt, and sugar contents. This nomenclature is in agreement with the recommendations of the Brazilian Food Guide⁹, which points out that processed and ultra-processed foods should be avoided precisely because of these characteristics⁹. This document also reinforces the importance of the cultural and social contexts for the promotion of healthy eating habits, denoting the need of studying social support as in important component of these contexts.

The possibility of using the Brazilian version of social support scale for healthy eating habits may encourage more studies in Brazil, increasing the understanding of how social support contributes to food behavior, in addition to collaborating to the development of strategies that stimulate the adoption of healthy eating habits.

CONCLUSION

The study results indicate that the Brazilian version of social support scale for healthy eating habits had appropriate transcultural equivalence and psychometric properties for use in similar populations. This instrument is easy to use and inexpensive, and received high scores for question clarity and answer options. Hence, the instrument may be used in other studies, allowing the investigation of different support sources (family and friends) for changing eating habits.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors thank Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and Programa de Pesquisa para o Sistema Único de Saúde: Gestão Compartilhada em Saúde for sponsoring the study. They also thank the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Ensino Superior for the doctorate grants (Graduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina [Federal University of Santa Catarina]) and the professors Dr. Cassiano Ricardo Rech, Dr. Raphael Mendes Ritti-Dias, Dr. Ana Célia Oliveira dos Santos, and Ms. Fernanda Goulart Ritti-Dias for their collaboration in the initial stages of the study.

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• Suport:

  Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Call nº 14/2012 - Process nº 475.075/2012) and Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa Científica e Tecnológica do Estado de Santa Catarina (FAPESC/PPSUS/N.2014TR2263. Public call nº 07/2013).

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Nov-Dec 2016

History

• Received
  29 Nov 2015
• Reviewed
  20 June 2016
• Accepted
  25 July 2016