Self-healing capacity of asphalt mixtures with steel fiber, steel slag and graphite powder, evaluated with microwave induction and fatigue test

Joenck, Felipe Tiago; Joenck, Vanessa Bacca Couto; Carpio, Joe Arnaldo Villena Del; de Melo, João Victor Staub

doi:10.1590/1517-7076-RMAT-2022-0221

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Articles • Matéria (Rio J.) 27 (4) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-7076-RMAT-2022-0221 copy

Self-healing capacity of asphalt mixtures with steel fiber, steel slag and graphite powder, evaluated with microwave induction and fatigue test

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Self-healing in asphalt mixtures can be induced by adding particles that are susceptible to heating by electromagnetic microwaves. This process allows the closure of microcracks caused by the fatigue phenomenon and can extend the service life of the asphalt pavement. In this article, the self-healing index of asphalt mixtures without and with the addition of steel slag (15% and 65.7%), steel fibers, (0.2% and 0.4%), and graphite powder (15% and 65.7%) was evaluated. The index was determined after subjecting the mixtures to fatigue damage, microwave heating, rest, and fatigue damage again. Results showed that all additions led to mixtures susceptible to microwave heating and with healing capacity. A higher self-healing index was observed when the mixture was produced with slag than with graphite powder. It was found that the use of a higher content of steel fibers was more effective for healing, and for successful healing, the mixtures must be heated to temperatures ranging between 50°C and 75°C. The results also showed that it is possible to achieve high healing values without having to subject the mixtures to microwave heating.

Keywords
Self-healing asphalt mixtures; Steel slag; Steel fibers; Graphite powder; Fatigue

PROPERTIES	RESULT	SPECIFICATION LIMITS	TEST METHOD
Penetration (25°C, 100 g, 5s, 0,1 mm)	40.3	50–70	DNIT ME 155/2010 [²⁵[25] DEPARTAMENTO NACIONAL DE INFRAESTRUTURA DE TRANSPORTES, DNIT 155/2010 ME: Material asfáltico – Determinação da penetração – Método de Ensaio, Rio de Janeiro, DNIT, 2010.]
Softening Point, min., (°C)	51.5	46 (min.)	DNIT ME 131/2010 [²⁶[26] DEPARTAMENTO NACIONAL DE INFRAESTRUTURA DE TRANSPORTES, DNIT 131/2010 ME – Materiais Betuminosos Líquidos e Semi-Sólidos – Determinação da Densidade e da Massa Específica – Método de Ensaio, Rio de Janeiro, DNIT, 1996.]
Density (25°C, g/cm³)	0.99	–	DNER-ME 193/96 [²⁷[27] DEPARTAMENTO NACIONAL DE INFRAESTRUTURA DE TRANSPORTES, DNIT 193/1996 ME: Materiais Asfálticos – Determinação do Ponto de Amolecimento – Método do Anel e Bola – Método de Ensaio, Rio de Janeiro, DNIT, 2010.]
Rotational viscosity at 135°C (cP)	317.5	274 (min.)	ABNT NBR 15184/2004 [²⁸[28] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, ABNT NBR 15184: Bituminous Materials – Viscosity Determination of Asphalt at Elevated Temperatures Using a Rotational Viscometer, Rio de Janeiro, ABNT, 2004.]
Rotational viscosity at 150°C (cP)	204.3	112 (min.)	ABNT NBR 15184/2004 [²⁸[28] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, ABNT NBR 15184: Bituminous Materials – Viscosity Determination of Asphalt at Elevated Temperatures Using a Rotational Viscometer, Rio de Janeiro, ABNT, 2004.]
Rotational viscosity at 177°C (cP)	93.5	57–285	ABNT NBR 15184/2004 [²⁸[28] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, ABNT NBR 15184: Bituminous Materials – Viscosity Determination of Asphalt at Elevated Temperatures Using a Rotational Viscometer, Rio de Janeiro, ABNT, 2004.]

MIXTURE	C	SA	SB	GA	GB	FA	FB
Asphalt binder (%)	4.3	4.3	4.3	4.3	4.3	4.3	4.3
Coarse and fine aggregate (%)	90.05	90.05	90.05	90.05	90.05	89.85	89.65
Filer fraction (%)	5.65	5.00	2.82	5.00	2.82	5.65	5.65
Steel slag (%)		0.64	2.82
Graphite powder (%)				0.64	2.82
Steel fiber (%)						0.2	0.4
Total (%)	100	100	100	100	100	100	100

MIXTURE TYPE	RATE (°C/S)	HEATING TIME UP TO THE TEMPERATURE OF^* * The heating time is shown in seconds.
MIXTURE TYPE	RATE (°C/S)	50°C	75°C	100°C
C	0.34	74	147	221
SA	0.40	63	125	188
SB	0.39	65	129	194
FA	0.38	66	131	197
FB	0.35	71	142	212
GA	0.39	65	129	194
GB	0.38	66	133	199

AVERAGE SURFACE TEMPERATURE	TYPE OF ASPHALT MIXTURE
AVERAGE SURFACE TEMPERATURE	C	SA	SB	FA	FB	GA	GB
Without heating	16.75%	49.40%	48.70%	1.5%	42.80%	71.30%	10.60%
Heating up to 50°C	0.02%	23.7%	24.00%	23.7%	39.47%	12.25%	13.90%
Heating up to 75°C	27.30%	31.8%	9.53%	28.7%	8.70%	12.40%	30.11%
Heating up to 100°C	15.90%	4.9%	4.90%	29.0%	22.59%	15.70%	1.50%

MIXTURE TYPE	TEMPERATURE (C°)	AVERAGE (MPA) – 24-HOUR RESTING PERIOD	AVERAGE (MPA) – 3-HOUR RESTING PERIOD
C	75	35.8%	27.3%
SA	75	36.7%	31.8%
SB	50	27.2%	24.0%
FA	75	47.3%	28.7%
FB	50	42.1%	39.5%
GA	50	54.4%	12.3%
GB	75	32.0%	30.1%

Laboratório de Hidrogênio, Coppe - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, em cooperação com a Associação Brasileira do Hidrogênio, ABH2 Av. Moniz Aragão, 207, 21941-594, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, Tel: +55 (21) 3938-8791 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil
E-mail: revmateria@gmail.com

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[1] e-mail: felipe.joenck@gmail.com, bacca@gmail.com, joe.villena@ufpr.br, joao.victor@ufsc.br