Performance of blended concrete with supplementary cementitious materials under sulfuric acid - a systematic review

Carvalho, Yuri Mariano; Pinheiro, Breno Soares; Pinto, Vivian Gemiliano; Brandt, Emanuel Manfred Freire

doi:10.1590/S1517-707620220002.1311

Yuri Mariano Carvalho E-mail: yuri.mariano@engenharia.ufjf.br, bren.pinheiro@engenharia.ufjf.br, vivian.pinto@ifsudestemg.edu.br

Programa de Educação Tutorial da Engenharia Civil da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (PET Civil UFJF), Faculdade de Engenharia, UFJF, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, São Pedro, CEP: 36036-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil.

Autor Responsável: Yuri Mariano Carvalho

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2148-6260

Breno Soares Pinheiro E-mail: yuri.mariano@engenharia.ufjf.br, bren.pinheiro@engenharia.ufjf.br, vivian.pinto@ifsudestemg.edu.br

Programa de Educação Tutorial da Engenharia Civil da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (PET Civil UFJF), Faculdade de Engenharia, UFJF, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, São Pedro, CEP: 36036-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0058-7994

Vivian Gemiliano Pinto E-mail: yuri.mariano@engenharia.ufjf.br, bren.pinheiro@engenharia.ufjf.br, vivian.pinto@ifsudestemg.edu.br

Núcleo da Construção Civil. Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Sudeste de Minas Gerais (IF Sudeste MG), Campus Juiz de Fora. Rua Bernardo Mascarenhas, 1283, Fábrica, CEP: 36080-001, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4089-0661

Emanuel Manfred Freire Brandt E-mail: yuri.mariano@engenharia.ufjf.br, bren.pinheiro@engenharia.ufjf.br, vivian.pinto@ifsudestemg.edu.br

Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (IF Sudeste MG). Faculdade de Engenharia, UFJF, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n – São Pedro, CEP: 36036-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9009-1940

Autor Responsável: Yuri Mariano Carvalho

E-mail: yuri.mariano@engenharia.ufjf.br, bren.pinheiro@engenharia.ufjf.br, vivian.pinto@ifsudestemg.edu.br

CRITERIA	EXCLUDED
Do not have control samples made of Ordinary Portland cement	10
Do not report the behavior of concrete made with SCM	6
Do not evaluate concrete corrosion by chemical H₂SO₄	4
Added fibers or coated the concrete samples	3
Literature review	1
Inaccessible	6

CRITERIA		RATIONALE
I	The study indicated concrete samples dimension and mix proportions	Reproducibility.
II	The study used different mix proportions for the same supplementary cementitious material or evaluated	Comparisons between different replacement/addition rates of the same material to identify the most efficient.
III	The study indicated samples curing conditions before corrosion (e.g., average temperature, relative humidity, curing time)	Reproducibility.
IV	The study declared acid solution exchange/adjustment	Reproducibility and concern regarding the acid attack trustworthiness.
V	The study described the treatment given to concrete after removal from the corrosive medium	Reproducibility.
VI	The study evaluated concrete both compressive strength and mass change	Possibility to conduct statistical analysis that correlates both variables.

CRITERIA	I	II	III	IV	V	VI	OVERALL QUALITY ASSESSMENT
\
REF.
[20AL-TAMIMI, A.K., SONEBI, M., “Assessment of self-compacting concrete immersed in acidic solutions”, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2003)15:4(354). Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, v. 15, n. 4, pp. 354–357, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(... ]	●			●			Weak
[33BASSUONI, M.T., NEHDI, M.L., “Resistance of self-consolidating concrete to sulfuric acid attack with consecutive pH reduction”, DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.04.014. Cem. Concr. Res., v. 37, pp. 1070–1084, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007... ]	●	●	●	●	●	●	Strong
[22GOYAL, S., KUMAR, M., SIDHU, D.S., et al. “Resistance of mineral admixture concrete to acid attack”, DOI: 10.3151/jact.7.273. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, v. 7, n. 2, pp. 273–283, 2009. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.7.273... ]	●	●	●	●	●	●	Strong
[26SIAD, H., MESBAH, H.A., KHELAFI, H., et al. “Effect of mineral admixture on resistance to sulphuric and hydrochloric acid attacks in selfcompacting concrete”, DOI: 10.1139/L09-157. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, v. 37, n. 3, pp. 441–449, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1139/L09-157... , 27SIAD, H., MESBAH, H.A., BERNARD, S.K., et al. “Influence Of Natural Pozzolan On The Behavior Of Self-Compacting Concrete Under Sulphuric And Hydrochloric Acid Attacks, Comparative Study”, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, v. 35, n. 1, pp. 183–195, 2010.]	●	●	●	●	●	●	Strog
[34O’CONNELL, M., MCNALLY, C., RICHARDSON, M.G., “Performance of concrete incorporating GGBS in aggressive wastewater environments”, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.07.036. Construction and Building Materials, v. 27, n. 1, pp. 368–374, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.20... ]	●	●	●	●	●	●	Strong
[25SAPUTRA, A.H., SHOHIBI, M., KUBOUCHI, M., “Effect of Fly Ash Fortification in the Manufacture Process of Making Concrete towards Characteristics of Concrete in Sulfuric Acid Solution”, DOI: 10.7454/mst.v19i3.3045. Makara Journal of Technology, v. 19, n. 3, pp. 133–140, 2015. https://doi.org/10.7454/mst.v19i3.3045... ]	●	●				●	Weak
[30HENDI, A., RAHMANI, H., MOSTOFINEJAD, D., et al. “Simultaneous effects of microsilica and nanosilica on self-consolidating concrete in a sulfuric acid medium”, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.165. Construction and Building Materials, v. 152, pp. 192–205, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.20... ]	●	●			●	●	Moderate
[23BARBHUIYA, S., KUMALA, D., “Behaviour of a Sustainable Concrete in Acidic Environment”, DOI: 10.3390/su9091556. Sustainability, v. 1556, n. 9, p. 13, 2017. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091556... ]	●	●	●	●	●	●	Strong
[16AMIN, M., BASSUONI, M.T., “Response of concrete with blended binders and nanoparticles to sulfuric acid attack”, DOI: 10.1680/jmacr.17.00081. Magazine of Concrete Research., v. 70, n. 12, pp. 617–632, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.17.00081... ]	●	●	●	●	●	●	Strong
[24NARDE, A.R., GAJBHIYE, A.R., “Durability studies on concrete with fly ash, rice husk ash and quarry sand”, International Journal of Civil Engineering, v. 9, n. 2, pp. 587–595, 2018.]				●	●		Weak
[31AJAYI, E.O., BABAFEMI, A.J., “Effects of Pulverized Burnt Clay Waste Fineness on the Compressive Strength and Durability Properties of Concrete”, DOI: 10.4186/ej.2018.22.2.83. Engineering Journal, v. 22, n. 2, pp. 83–99, 2018. https://doi.org/10.4186/ej.2018.22.2.83... ]	●	●	●			●	Moderate
[32MAKUL, N., SOKRAI, P., “Influences of fine waste foundry sand from the automobile engine-part casting process and water-cementitious ratio on the properties of concrete: A new approach to use of a partial cement replacement material”, DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2018.09.004. Journal of Building Engineering, v. 20, n. March, pp. 544–558, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.09.0... ]	●	●				●	Weak
[21KUMAR, V.V.P., PRASAD, D.R., “Influence of supplementary cementitious materials on strength and durability characteristics of concrete”, DOI: 10.12989/acc.2019.7.2.075. Advances in Concrete Construction, v. 7, n. 2, pp. 75–85, 2019. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2019.7.2.07... ]	●					●	Weak
[29WU, L., HU, C., LIU, W.V., “Effects of pozzolans on acid resistance of shotcrete for sewer tunnel rehabilitation”, DOI: 10.1080/21650373.2018.1519645. Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials, v. 8, n. 1, pp. 55–77, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2018.15... ]	●	●	●	●	●	●	Strong
[28VAN NGUYEN, C., LAMBERT, P., TRAN, Q.H., “Effect of Vietnamese Fly Ash on Selected Physical Properties, Durability and Probability of Corrosion of Steel in Concrete”, DOI: 10.3390/ma12040593. Materials (Basel), v. 12, n. 4, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12040593... ]	●	●		●		●	Moderate

REF.	TEST GENERAL DESIGN	SAMPLES DIMENSIONS	CURING BEFORE IMMERSION	ACID CONCENTRATION	ACID ADJUSTMENT
[20AL-TAMIMI, A.K., SONEBI, M., “Assessment of self-compacting concrete immersed in acidic solutions”, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2003)15:4(354). Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, v. 15, n. 4, pp. 354–357, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(... ]	Continuous immersion.	Cylinders (45x90) mm	28 days. Cured in water.	1% H₂SO₄^* * indicates that the paper stated that concentration/pH was kept constant. RH = relative humidity.	Weekly
[33BASSUONI, M.T., NEHDI, M.L., “Resistance of self-consolidating concrete to sulfuric acid attack with consecutive pH reduction”, DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.04.014. Cem. Concr. Res., v. 37, pp. 1070–1084, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007... ]	Continuous immersion. Samples were rinsed to remove loose particles, blotted with a paper towel, and left to dry for 30 min under room temperature before evaluation.	Cylinders (75x150) mm	56 days. Cured at 20 °C and 95% RH.	5% H₂SO₄ (first week = pH 2.5; consecutive weeks = pH 1.0)*	Weekly
[22GOYAL, S., KUMAR, M., SIDHU, D.S., et al. “Resistance of mineral admixture concrete to acid attack”, DOI: 10.3151/jact.7.273. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, v. 7, n. 2, pp. 273–283, 2009. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.7.273... ]	Continuous immersion.	Cubes (150x150x150) mm	90 days. Cured in water tank (27±2 °C) for 7 days followed by water curing in lab environment (27±5 °C, 50±10% RH) until 90 days.	1% H₂SO₄^* * indicates that the paper stated that concentration/pH was kept constant. RH = relative humidity.	Monthly
[26SIAD, H., MESBAH, H.A., KHELAFI, H., et al. “Effect of mineral admixture on resistance to sulphuric and hydrochloric acid attacks in selfcompacting concrete”, DOI: 10.1139/L09-157. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, v. 37, n. 3, pp. 441–449, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1139/L09-157... ] [27SIAD, H., MESBAH, H.A., BERNARD, S.K., et al. “Influence Of Natural Pozzolan On The Behavior Of Self-Compacting Concrete Under Sulphuric And Hydrochloric Acid Attacks, Comparative Study”, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, v. 35, n. 1, pp. 183–195, 2010.]	Continuous immersion. Samples were rinsed with tap water to remove loose particles and left to dry for 30 min under room temperature before evaluation.	Cubes (100x100x100) mm	28 days. Cured at 20 °C and 95% RH.	5% H₂SO₄	Weekly
[47MUHAMMAD, B., ISMAIL, M., “Performance of natural rubber latex modified concrete in acidic and sulfated environments”, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.099. Construction and Building Materials, v. 31, pp. 129–134, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.20... ]	Continuous immersion.	Cubes (100x100x100) mm	Samples were placed into the aggressive curing environment immediately after removal from molds.	5% H₂SO₄	-
[34O’CONNELL, M., MCNALLY, C., RICHARDSON, M.G., “Performance of concrete incorporating GGBS in aggressive wastewater environments”, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.07.036. Construction and Building Materials, v. 27, n. 1, pp. 368–374, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.20... ]	Continuous immersion. Samples were brushed under running water every 7 days and then returned to the solution (brushing was ceased when the runoff color reverted to clear water).	Cubes (100x100x100) mm	28 days. Cured at 20 °C in a water tank.	1% H₂SO₄, pH 1.5^* * indicates that the paper stated that concentration/pH was kept constant. RH = relative humidity.	28 days
[25SAPUTRA, A.H., SHOHIBI, M., KUBOUCHI, M., “Effect of Fly Ash Fortification in the Manufacture Process of Making Concrete towards Characteristics of Concrete in Sulfuric Acid Solution”, DOI: 10.7454/mst.v19i3.3045. Makara Journal of Technology, v. 19, n. 3, pp. 133–140, 2015. https://doi.org/10.7454/mst.v19i3.3045... ]	Continuous immersion.	Cubes (50x50x50) mm	10 days.	H₂SO₄ in three different concentrations: 5%, 10%, and 15%	-
[30HENDI, A., RAHMANI, H., MOSTOFINEJAD, D., et al. “Simultaneous effects of microsilica and nanosilica on self-consolidating concrete in a sulfuric acid medium”, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.165. Construction and Building Materials, v. 152, pp. 192–205, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.20... ]	Continuous immersion. Half the samples were brushed to remove loose particles and left to meet Saturated Surface Dried (SSD) conditions before mass loss evaluation.	Cubes (100x100x100) mm	-	1% H₂SO₄, pH 1.0	-
[23BARBHUIYA, S., KUMALA, D., “Behaviour of a Sustainable Concrete in Acidic Environment”, DOI: 10.3390/su9091556. Sustainability, v. 1556, n. 9, p. 13, 2017. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091556... ]	Continuous immersion. Samples were brushed carefully to remove the loose particles from the surface. They were then left for drying under room temperature for 1 h before evaluation.	Cubes (100x100x100) mm	3 days. Cured in water (20±1 °C) and then sealed in polythene sheets and kept in a storage laboratory until the day of testing (20±1 °C, 65±1% RH).	3% H₂SO₄, pH 3.0^* * indicates that the paper stated that concentration/pH was kept constant. RH = relative humidity.	Weekly or when the pH level went up
[16AMIN, M., BASSUONI, M.T., “Response of concrete with blended binders and nanoparticles to sulfuric acid attack”, DOI: 10.1680/jmacr.17.00081. Magazine of Concrete Research., v. 70, n. 12, pp. 617–632, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.17.00081... ]	Continuous immersion. Samples were rinsed with tap water, brushed carefully to remove loose particles and left to meet Saturated Surface Dried (SSD) conditions before evaluation.	Prisms (50x50x285) mm Cylinders (75x150) mm	28 days. Cured at 22±2 °C and 98% RH.	5% H₂SO₄ (initial pH = 2.0)	45 days
[24NARDE, A.R., GAJBHIYE, A.R., “Durability studies on concrete with fly ash, rice husk ash and quarry sand”, International Journal of Civil Engineering, v. 9, n. 2, pp. 587–595, 2018.]	Continuous immersion. Samples were rinsed with tap water to remove loose particles and left to dry for 30 min under room temperature before evaluation.	Cubes (150x150x150) mm	28 days.	2% H2SO4, pH 6.0^* * indicates that the paper stated that concentration/pH was kept constant. RH = relative humidity.	-
[31AJAYI, E.O., BABAFEMI, A.J., “Effects of Pulverized Burnt Clay Waste Fineness on the Compressive Strength and Durability Properties of Concrete”, DOI: 10.4186/ej.2018.22.2.83. Engineering Journal, v. 22, n. 2, pp. 83–99, 2018. https://doi.org/10.4186/ej.2018.22.2.83... ]	Continuous immersion.	Cubes (100x100x100) mm	28 days. Cured in water.	5% H₂SO₄	-
[32MAKUL, N., SOKRAI, P., “Influences of fine waste foundry sand from the automobile engine-part casting process and water-cementitious ratio on the properties of concrete: A new approach to use of a partial cement replacement material”, DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2018.09.004. Journal of Building Engineering, v. 20, n. March, pp. 544–558, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.09.0... ]	Continuous immersion.	Cubes (100x100x100) mm	Samples were cured in water until testing (25 °C).	1% H₂SO₄, pH 1.0	-
[21KUMAR, V.V.P., PRASAD, D.R., “Influence of supplementary cementitious materials on strength and durability characteristics of concrete”, DOI: 10.12989/acc.2019.7.2.075. Advances in Concrete Construction, v. 7, n. 2, pp. 75–85, 2019. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2019.7.2.07... ]	Continuous immersion.	Cubes (150x150x150) mm	-	5% H2SO4	-
[29WU, L., HU, C., LIU, W.V., “Effects of pozzolans on acid resistance of shotcrete for sewer tunnel rehabilitation”, DOI: 10.1080/21650373.2018.1519645. Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials, v. 8, n. 1, pp. 55–77, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2018.15... ]	Continuous immersion. Samples were air-dried for 2 h under room temperature before evaluation.	Cylinders (55x100) mm	28 days. Cured in a standard moisture room (25±2 °C, 100% RH).	H₂SO₄ in three different pH: 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.5	Weekly
[28VAN NGUYEN, C., LAMBERT, P., TRAN, Q.H., “Effect of Vietnamese Fly Ash on Selected Physical Properties, Durability and Probability of Corrosion of Steel in Concrete”, DOI: 10.3390/ma12040593. Materials (Basel), v. 12, n. 4, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12040593... ]	Continuous immersion. Samples were cleaned to remove loose particles before evaluation.	Cubes (100x100x100) mm	28 days. Cured in water.	10% H₂SO₄	Monthly

REF.	SECONDARY BINDER EVALUATED	QUANTITATIVE RESULTS PRESENTATION	STUDIES CONCLUSIONS
[20AL-TAMIMI, A.K., SONEBI, M., “Assessment of self-compacting concrete immersed in acidic solutions”, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2003)15:4(354). Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, v. 15, n. 4, pp. 354–357, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(... ]	LF	Graph	Self-consolidating concrete (SCC) containing 47% LF lost 40% less mass than the standard concrete. The authors argued that the lower cement content in SCC reduced calcium hydroxide production in concrete, which led to a lesser mass loss.
[29WU, L., HU, C., LIU, W.V., “Effects of pozzolans on acid resistance of shotcrete for sewer tunnel rehabilitation”, DOI: 10.1080/21650373.2018.1519645. Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials, v. 8, n. 1, pp. 55–77, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2018.15... ]	FA, MK, SF	Graph and table	Shotcrete made with MK or SF had the best results for compressive strength, which the authors associated with the permeable voids reduction in the samples. For all concrete mixes, mass loss under pH 1.5 acid ranged between 2.95% and 3.7%; the concrete with 5% of silica fume demonstrated the lesser mass change. The authors identified the optimum replacement for all acid solutions considering compressive strength and mass loss; however, the values differ for each acid concentration. They also identified a lower correlation between mass change and compressive strength.
[31AJAYI, E.O., BABAFEMI, A.J., “Effects of Pulverized Burnt Clay Waste Fineness on the Compressive Strength and Durability Properties of Concrete”, DOI: 10.4186/ej.2018.22.2.83. Engineering Journal, v. 22, n. 2, pp. 83–99, 2018. https://doi.org/10.4186/ej.2018.22.2.83... ]	PBCW	Graph and table	Concrete made with 20% PBCW lost less compressive strength and less mass than the standard concrete (a resistance loss of 23.8% against 46.9% and a mass change of -5.0% against +4.15% in a 5% H₂SO₄ solution before 90 days). The authors argued that replacing cement with PBCW leads to the formation of secondary CSH and CAH, thereby reducing calcium hydroxide (which is susceptible to corrosion) and reducing interconnectivity among concrete pores.
[32MAKUL, N., SOKRAI, P., “Influences of fine waste foundry sand from the automobile engine-part casting process and water-cementitious ratio on the properties of concrete: A new approach to use of a partial cement replacement material”, DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2018.09.004. Journal of Building Engineering, v. 20, n. March, pp. 544–558, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.09.0... ]	FWFS	Graph	Concrete made with 40% FWFS lost less mass than the standard concrete. After 180 days, that mixture showed the lowest mass loss compared with concrete made with distinct FWFS replacements in the same water-cement ratio (w/c). The paper reported that the best w/c was 0.45, followed by 0.35.
[34O’CONNELL, M., MCNALLY, C., RICHARDSON, M.G., “Performance of concrete incorporating GGBS in aggressive wastewater environments”, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.07.036. Construction and Building Materials, v. 27, n. 1, pp. 368–374, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.20... ]	GGBS	Graph and table	Concrete made with 70% GGBS lost less mass and less compressive strength than the standard concrete. The paper presented mass change through g/m² and compressive strength through percentage decay following the corrosion process. However, the authors argued that none of the samples adequately addressed distinct durability for being used in wastewater infrastructure.
[22GOYAL, S., KUMAR, M., SIDHU, D.S., et al. “Resistance of mineral admixture concrete to acid attack”, DOI: 10.3151/jact.7.273. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, v. 7, n. 2, pp. 273–283, 2009. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.7.273... ]	SF	Graph	Concrete made with 5% SF lost nearly 5% less compressive strength and 10% less mass than the standard concrete before 48 days in a 1% H₂SO₄ solution, considering the same w/c (0.25). The study showed that mixtures with w/c 0.25 had a lesser compressive strength loss and a higher mass loss than samples made with a higher w/c ratio. The authors argued that the lower w/c ratio leads to a more intense initial deterioration of the concrete surface; however, the inner matrix was unaffected by the acid attack.
[25SAPUTRA, A.H., SHOHIBI, M., KUBOUCHI, M., “Effect of Fly Ash Fortification in the Manufacture Process of Making Concrete towards Characteristics of Concrete in Sulfuric Acid Solution”, DOI: 10.7454/mst.v19i3.3045. Makara Journal of Technology, v. 19, n. 3, pp. 133–140, 2015. https://doi.org/10.7454/mst.v19i3.3045... ]	FA	Graph	Concrete containing 75% FA lost less compressive strength and mass than the standard concrete in all immersion media (e.g., a resistance loss of 17% against 41% and a mass change of -1.3% against -5.2% in a 15% H₂SO₄ solution before four days). They argued that using FA improves the resistance to sulfuric acid corrosion because it reduces the amount of calcium hydroxide, which minimizes the formation of gypsum and ettringite—both expansive byproducts that reduce the durability and compressive strength of concrete.
[26SIAD, H., MESBAH, H.A., KHELAFI, H., et al. “Effect of mineral admixture on resistance to sulphuric and hydrochloric acid attacks in selfcompacting concrete”, DOI: 10.1139/L09-157. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, v. 37, n. 3, pp. 441–449, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1139/L09-157... ] [27SIAD, H., MESBAH, H.A., BERNARD, S.K., et al. “Influence Of Natural Pozzolan On The Behavior Of Self-Compacting Concrete Under Sulphuric And Hydrochloric Acid Attacks, Comparative Study”, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, v. 35, n. 1, pp. 183–195, 2010.]	FA, PZ, LF	Graph	SCC made with 32.7% FA (strength class = 50 MPa) lost less compressive strength than the standard SCC (loss of 44.5% against 54.8% after 84 days). SCC made with 50% PZ (strength class = 70 MPa) lost less compressive strength than the standard SCC (loss of 31.9% against 35.1% after 84 days). For all strength classes, SCC made with FA or with PZ lost less mass than the standard SCC (while the SCC made with LF had a higher mass loss). The authors identified that change in compressive strength does not properly indicates concrete surface deterioration after exposure to H₂SO₄. They also stated that increasing cement content increases the risk of corrosion, despite improved compressive strength.
[28VAN NGUYEN, C., LAMBERT, P., TRAN, Q.H., “Effect of Vietnamese Fly Ash on Selected Physical Properties, Durability and Probability of Corrosion of Steel in Concrete”, DOI: 10.3390/ma12040593. Materials (Basel), v. 12, n. 4, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12040593... ]	FA	Graph and table	Concrete containing FA, in all percentages, lost less compressive strength and less mass than the standard concrete. The paper reported that concrete made with a w/c ratio of 0.55 showed the highest acid resistance when compared with concrete made with lower w/c and the same FA addition. When comparing only the cement replacement percentage, samples containing 40% fly ash obtained the best durability values. The authors did not discuss the rationale of their results.

REF.	BINDERS with SCM USED
[16AMIN, M., BASSUONI, M.T., “Response of concrete with blended binders and nanoparticles to sulfuric acid attack”, DOI: 10.1680/jmacr.17.00081. Magazine of Concrete Research., v. 70, n. 12, pp. 617–632, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.17.00081... ]	95% OPC + 5% SF^* * indicates approximated values. FA: fly ash; LF: limestone filler; MK: metakaolin; OPC: ordinary Portland cement; SF: silica fume; SLG: slag. 90,5% OPC + 9,5% NS^* * indicates approximated values. FA: fly ash; LF: limestone filler; MK: metakaolin; OPC: ordinary Portland cement; SF: silica fume; SLG: slag. 70% OPC + 30% FA 65% OPC + 30% FA + 5% SF^* * indicates approximated values. FA: fly ash; LF: limestone filler; MK: metakaolin; OPC: ordinary Portland cement; SF: silica fume; SLG: slag. 62% OPC + 28.5% FA + 9,5% NS^* * indicates approximated values. FA: fly ash; LF: limestone filler; MK: metakaolin; OPC: ordinary Portland cement; SF: silica fume; SLG: slag. 57% OPC + 28.5% FA + 5% SF + 9,5% NS^* * indicates approximated values. FA: fly ash; LF: limestone filler; MK: metakaolin; OPC: ordinary Portland cement; SF: silica fume; SLG: slag.
[21KUMAR, V.V.P., PRASAD, D.R., “Influence of supplementary cementitious materials on strength and durability characteristics of concrete”, DOI: 10.12989/acc.2019.7.2.075. Advances in Concrete Construction, v. 7, n. 2, pp. 75–85, 2019. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2019.7.2.07... ]	67% OPC + 15% FA + 8% SF + 10% LS
[22GOYAL, S., KUMAR, M., SIDHU, D.S., et al. “Resistance of mineral admixture concrete to acid attack”, DOI: 10.3151/jact.7.273. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, v. 7, n. 2, pp. 273–283, 2009. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.7.273... ]	95% OPC + 5% sf 80% OPC + 15% FA + 5% sf
[23BARBHUIYA, S., KUMALA, D., “Behaviour of a Sustainable Concrete in Acidic Environment”, DOI: 10.3390/su9091556. Sustainability, v. 1556, n. 9, p. 13, 2017. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091556... ]	80% OPC + 10% FA + 10% UFFA 70% OPC + 20% FA + 10% UFFA 60% OPC + 30% FA + 10% UFFA 50% OPC + 40% FA + 10% UFFA 40% OPC + 50% FA + 10% UFFA
[24NARDE, A.R., GAJBHIYE, A.R., “Durability studies on concrete with fly ash, rice husk ash and quarry sand”, International Journal of Civil Engineering, v. 9, n. 2, pp. 587–595, 2018.]	70% OPC + 22.5% FA + 7.5% RHA
[30HENDI, A., RAHMANI, H., MOSTOFINEJAD, D., et al. “Simultaneous effects of microsilica and nanosilica on self-consolidating concrete in a sulfuric acid medium”, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.165. Construction and Building Materials, v. 152, pp. 192–205, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.20... ]	99.7% OPC + 0.3% NS 99% OPC + 1% NS 98% OPC + 2% NS 93% OPC + 7% 93% OPC + 6.7% SF + 0.3% NS 93% OPC + 5% SF + 2% NS 92% OPC + 7% SF + 1% NS 90% OPC + 9% SF + 1% NS
[33BASSUONI, M.T., NEHDI, M.L., “Resistance of self-consolidating concrete to sulfuric acid attack with consecutive pH reduction”, DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.04.014. Cem. Concr. Res., v. 37, pp. 1070–1084, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007... ]	92% OPC + 8% SF 50% OPC + 5% sf + 45% SlG 50% OPC + 20% FA + 5% sf + 25% Slg 50% OPC + 15% FA + 20% Slg + 15% LF

[1] Autor Responsável: Yuri Mariano Carvalho

Brasil

Brasil

Performance of blended concrete with supplementary cementitious materials under sulfuric acid - a systematic review

Comportamento de concreto misto com materiais cimentícios suplementares sob ácido sulfúrico - uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT