Salud cardiovascular en estudiantes de enfermería y medicina

Estudio transversal, recolección de datos online con 413 estudiantes durante febrero y marzo de 2021, utilizando instrumentos específicos y validados. Para análisis estadísticos se adoptaron Kruskal-Wallis, chi-cuadrado y regresión logística.

Resultados:

El 73,3% autodeclaró estar sano. Se identificó mayor riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades cardiovasculares en estudiantes sedentarios (OR = 38,6, p < 0,001), con adherencia irregular a la actividad física (OR = 16,2, p < 0,001) y con mayor nivel de estrés percibido (OR = 1,12, p < 0,001).

Conclusión:

Los estudiantes que desarrollaban alguna acción para promover la salud cardiovascular presentaron menor riesgo en comparación con los que no lo hacían. En esta situación, el hecho de no valorar su propia salud durante el proceso de formación puede interferir en el desempeño profesional del estudiante después de su formación.

Descriptores:
Promoción de la salud; Factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiaca; Salud del estudiante; Enfermedades cardiovasculares; Prevención de enfermedades; Estudiantes

Variables	Nursing		Medicine		Total (n = 413)	p\|\|
Variables	G1-N* (n = 48)	G2-N† (n = 51)	G1-M‡ (n = 192)	G2-M§ (n = 122)	Total (n = 413)	p\|\|
Sex						0.067
Male	11 (22.9%)	13 (25.5%)	67 (34.9%)	33 (27%)	124 (30%)
Female	36 (75%)	38 (74.5%)	125(65.1%)	89 (73 %)	288 (69.7%)
Not declared	1 (2.1%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (0.2%)
Age						0.004
Mean (SD¶)	24.5 (7.3)	23.7 (5.4)	22.1 (4.6)	22 (4.0)	22.5 (5.0)
Socioeconomic classification						0.007
A¶	5 (10.4%)	7 (13.7%)	67 (34.9%)	35 (28.7%)	114 (27.6%)
B1**-B2††	26 (54.2%)	32 (62.7%)	88 (45.8%)	61 (50.0%)	207 (50.1%)
C1‡‡-C2§§	17 (35.4%)	11 (21.6%)	35 (18.8%)	26 (21.3%)	89 (21.5%)
D\|\|\|\|-E¶¶	0 (0%)	1 (2.0%)	2 (1.0%)	0 (0%)	3 (0.7%)
Course						<0.001
Medicine - Private	145 (60.4%)	109 (63.0%)	254 (61.5%)
Medicine - Public	47 (19.6%)	13 (7.5%)	60 (14.5%)
Nursing - Public	48 (20.0%)	51 (29.5%)	99 (24.0%)
Semester						0.039
1st	47 (19.6%)	47 (27.2%)	94 (22.8%)
2nd	29 (12.1%)	13 (7.5%)	42 (10.2%)
3rd	63 (26.2%)	35 (20.2%)	98 (23.7%)
4th	18 (7.5%)	14 (8.1%)	32 (7.7%)
5th	29 (12.1%)	30 (17.3%)	59 (14.3%)
6th	21 (8.8%)	11 (6.4%)	32 (7.7%)
7º	11 (4.6%)	2 (1.2%)	13 (3.1%)
8º	7 (2.9%)	10 (5.8%)	17 (4.1%)
9º	6 (2.5%)	1 (0.6%)	7 (1.7%)
10º	9 (3.8%)	10 (5.8%)	19 (4.6%)
CVD diagnosis**						0.174
Yes	1 (2.1%)	4 (7.8%)	11 (5.7%)	4 (3.3%)	20 (4.8%)
No	47 (97.9%)	47 (92.2%)	180(93.8%)	114(93.4%)	388 (93.9%)
Did not know	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (0.5%)	4 (3.3%)	5 (1.2%)
Self-reported healthy						<0.001
Yes	39 (81.2%)	31 (60.8%)	167 (87%)	74 (60.7%)	311 (75.3%)
No	9 (18.8%)	20 (39.2%)	25 (13.0%)	48 (39.3%)	102 (24.7%)

Variables	Nursing		Medicine		Total (n = 413)	p^\|\|
Variables	G1-N^* (n = 48)	G2-N^† (n = 51)	G1-M^‡ (n = 192)	G2-M^§ (n = 122)	Total (n = 413)	p^\|\|
IPAQ-C^***						0,007
Very Active	17 (35.4%)	2 (3.9%)	61 (31.8%)	8 (6.6%)	88 (21.3%)
Active	21 (43.8%)	22 (43.1%)	91 (47.4%)	30 (24.6%)	164 (39.7%)
Irregularly Active	9 (18.8%)	17 (33.3%)	29 (15.1%)	52 (42.6%)	107 (25.9%)
Sedentary lifestyle	1 (2.1%)	10 (19.6%)	11 (5.7%)	32 (26.2%)	54 (13.1%)
Time sitting - Week days						0.028
Medium (SD^†††)	457.8 (384.4)	683.3 (1035.5)	669.0 (527.4)	772.4 (520.3)	677.0 (602.5)
Time sitting - Weekends						0.161
Medium (SD^†††)	445.4 (239.8)	493.0 (362.0)	472.4 (244.7)	529.9 (227.5)	488.9 (256.3)
Satisfaction with body weight						<0.001
Yes	22 (45.8%)	15 (29.4%)	111(57.8%)	45 (36.4%)	193 (46.7%)
No	26 (54.2%)	36 (70.6%)	81 (42.2%)	77 (63.1%)	220 (53.3%)
Initiatives to reduce/maintain weight						0.048
Yes	40 (83.3%)	38 (74.5%)	163(84.9%)	89 (73.0%)	330 (79.9%)
No	8 (16.7%)	13 (25.5%)	29 (15.1%)	33 (27%)	83 (20.1%)
Classification of dietary habits						0.461
Adequate consumption	14 (29.2%)	14 (27.5%)	70 (36.5%)	36 (29.5%)	134 (32.4%)
Regular consumption	31 (64.6%)	29 (56.9%)	103(53.6%)	69 (56.6%)	232 (56.2%)
Inadequate consumption	3 (6.2%)	8 (15.7%)	19 (9.9%)	17 (13.9%)	47 (11.4%)
Nicotine used						0.141
Yes	3 (6.2%)	8 (15.7%)	14 (7.3%)	7 (5.7%)	32 (7.7%)
No	45 (93.8%)	43 (84.3%)	178 (92.7%)	115 (94.3%)	381 (92.3%)
Number of cigarettes per day						0.487
Less than 10	3 (100%)	7 (87%)	14 (100%)	6 (85.7%)	30 (93.8%)
From 10 to 20	0 (0%)	1 (12.5%)	0 (0%)	1 (14.3%)	2 (6.2%)
Fagerström Test						0.619
Mild dependence	3 (100%)	5 (62.5%)	13 (92.9%)	5 (71.4%)	26 (81.2%)
Moderate dependence	0 (0%)	2 (25.0%)	1 (7.1%)	2 (28.6%)	5 (15.6%)
Severe dependence	0 (0%)	1 (12.5%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (3.1%)
Drinking						0.238
Yes	34 (70.8%)	29 (56.9%)	137(71.4%)	81 (66.4%)	281 (68.0%)
No	14 (29.2%)	22 (43.1%)	55 (28.6%)	41 (33.6%)	132 (32.0%)
Frequency of drinking						0.253
≤ 1 once a month	11 (32.4%)	6 (20.7%)	33 (24.1%)	21 (25.9%)	71 (25.3%)
2-4 times a week	20 (58.8%)	18 (62.1%)	98 (71.5%)	52 (64.2%)	188 (66.9%)
≥ 4 times a week	3 (8.8%)	5 (17.2%)	6 (4.4%)	8 (9.9%)	22 (7.8%)
Number of drinks						0.436
1 or 2	18 (52.9%)	16 (55.2%)	63 (46.0%)	34 (42.0%)	131 (46.6%)
3 or 4	6 (17.6%)	6 (20.7%)	45 (32.8%)	28 (34.6%)	85 (30.2%)
5 or 6	6 (17.6%)	5 (17.2%)	25 (18.2%)	12 (14.8%)	48 (17.1%)
7 or 8	3 (8.8%)	1 (3.4%)	3 (2.2%)	3 (3.7%)	10 (3.6%)
10 or more	1 (2.9%)	1 (3.4%)	1 (0.7%)	4 (4.9%)	7 (2.5%)
AUDIT^‡‡‡						0,125
Zone I	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Zone II	15 (44.1%)	17 (58.6%)	86 (62.8%)	49 (60.5%)	167 (59.4%)
Zone III	7 (20.6%)	4 (13.8%)	29 (21.2%)	20 (24.7%)	60 (21.4%)
Zone IV	12 (35.3%)	8 (27.6%)	22 (16.1%)	12 (14.8%)	54 (19.2%)
Stress perception						<0.001
Mean (SD^†††)	20.5 (5.3)	23.1 (5.4)	19.3 (5.4)	22.0 (5.5)	20.7 (5.6)

	OR^*	CI95%^†		β^‡	SE^§	Statistic	p^\|\|
Level of physical activity (Active)	2.36	1.00	6.10	0.86	0.46	1.88	0.06
Level of physical activity (Irregularly active)	16.12	6.52	44.38	2.78	0.49	5.73	0.00
Level of physical activity (sedentary lifestyle)	38.02	10.94	156.88	3.64	0.67	5.40	0.00
Dietary habits = regular	1.25	0.64	2.46	0.22	0.34	0.64	0.52
Dietary habits = inadequate	2.71	0.93	8.01	1.00	0.54	1.83	0.07
Tobacco = moderate dependence	0.61	0.23	1.64	-0.50	0.50	-1.01	0.31
AUDIT-C^§§ = Zone III	0.55	0.25	1.18	-0.60	0.39	-1.51	0.13
AUDIT-C^§§ = Zone IV	0.41	0.16	0.95	-0.90	0.45	-2.02	0.04
Stress perception	1.12	1.06	1.19	0.12	0.03	3.90	0.00

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Escola de Enfermagem Rua São Manoel, 963 -Campus da Saúde , 90.620-110 - Porto Alegre - RS - Brasil, Fone: (55 51) 3308-5242 / Fax: (55 51) 3308-5436 - Porto Alegre - RS - Brazil
E-mail: revista@enf.ufrgs.br

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[1] Corresponding author:
Mateus Goulart Alves E-mail: mateusgoulartalves@gmail.com