Analysis of the Resilient Modulus and California Bearing Ratio in mixtures containing slate waste and clayey soil

Santos, Raphael Lucio Reis dos; Rodrigues, Conrado de Souza; Camargo, Vinícius Antônio Florentino; Pereira, Armando Belato; Rabelo, João Marcos Guimarães

doi:10.1590/0370-44672021740028

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Civil Engineering • REM, Int. Eng. J. 74 (4) • Oct-Dec 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672021740028 copy

Analysis of the Resilient Modulus and California Bearing Ratio in mixtures containing slate waste and clayey soil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The use of slate waste can help to reduce the impacts caused to the environment due to the decrease of the appropriate disposal areas and the disordered consumption of raw material. This article presents an analysis of the Resilient Modulus (RM) and the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of this waste in mixtures with clayey soil. To analyze variations in RM and CBR due to the increase in the slate waste content, tests were carried out on reference mixtures (REF) and mixtures containing slate waste (SLT). The tests were carried out for mixtures of granular material (gneiss for REF and slate waste for SLT) and clay soil, containing different levels of granular materials (50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90%) It was observed that the values of Resilient Modulus and California Bearing Ratio of the SLT mixtures increased 62.8% and 127.0% with the addition of the slate waste between the SLT 50/50 and SLT 90/10 mixtures, respectively. This behavior was similar to that presented by the REF mixtures, which increased 125.0% in RM and 60.1% in CBR for the same addition of granular material. The results obtained indicate that the mixtures containing slate waste presented RM and CBR similar to those of conventional materials (such as the REF mixtures) used in layers of sub-base and the base of pavements. Finally, it was concluded that the relationship between RM and CBR is non-linear for both mixtures (REF and SLT) in function of granular material addition.

Keywords:
California Bearing Ratio; geotechnical tests; resilient modulus; pavement; slate waste

Authors	Granular materials	Compaction energy	RM (MPa)
*Nunes et al. (1996)*NUNES, M. C. M.; BRIDGES, M. G.; DAWSON, A. R. Assessment of secondary materials for pavement construction: technical and environmental aspects. Waste Management, v. 16, n. 1-3, p. 87-96, 1996.	Slate waste	Modified	272
*Bennert et al. (2000)*BENNERT, T.; PAPP JR, W. J.; MAHER, A.; GUCUNSKI, N. Utilization of construction and demolition debris under traffic-type loading in base and subbase applications. Transportation Research Record, v. 1714, n. 1, p. 33-39, 2000.	Recycled concrete aggregate	Normal	378
Nataatmadja and Tan (2001)NATAATMADJA, A.; TAN, Y. L. Resilient response of recycled concrete road aggregates. Journal of Transportation Engineering, v. 127, n. 5, p. 450-453, 2001.	Recycled concrete aggregate	Modified	337
Neto (2004)BEZERRA NETO, R. S. Análise comparativa de pavimentos dimensionados através dos métodos empírico do DNER e mecanístico e proposta de um catálogo simplificado de pavimentos para a região de Campo Grande (MS). 2004. 169 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia de Transportes) - Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, 2004.	Mixture of gravel (50%) + sandy soil (50%)	Modified	207
	Mixture of gravel (70%) + clay soil (30%)	Modified	236
Fernandes (2004)FERNANDES, C. G. Caracterização mecanística de agregados reciclados de resíduos de construção e demolição dos municípios do Rio de Janeiro e de Belo Horizonte para uso em pavimentação. 2004. 109 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Civil) - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2004.	Recycled aggregates of construction and demolition waste (CDW)	Intermediate	242
		Modified	276
Leite (2007)LEITE, F. C. Comportamento mecânico de agregado reciclado de resíduo sólido da construção civil em camadas de base e sub-base de pavimentos. 2007. 216 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia de Transportes) – Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2007.	Recycled aggregates of construction and demolition waste (CDW)	Intermediate	270
		Modified	320

Mixtures	% of aggregate	% of soil	Representation
Gneiss + Clayey soil	50	50	REF 50/50
	60	40	REF 60/40
	70	30	REF 70/30
	80	20	REF 80/20
	90	10	REF 90/10
Slate waste + Clayey soil	50	50	SLT 50/50
	60	40	SLT 60/40
	70	30	SLT 70/30
	80	20	SLT 80/20
	90	10	SLT 90/10

Mixture	Liquid limit (%)	Plasticity index (%)	Maximum dry density (g/cm³)	Optimum moisture content (%)	Expansion (%)	CBR (%)
REF 50/50	46.3	18.5	2.000	9.6	0.10	45.9
REF 60/40	44.5	16.4	2.050	7.9	0.04	70.5
REF 70/30	42.5	14.9	2.100	7.2	0.04	75.6
REF 80/20	41.6	14.6	2.200	5.5	0.02	82.3
REF 90/10	38.3	12.3	2.250	5.1	0.01	103.1
SLT 50/50	26.1	8.1	2.020	9.9	0.06	41.5
SLT 60/40	25.9	8.5	2.125	8.2	0.04	67.9
SLT 70/30	23.1	7.4	2.188	6.6	0.08	72.5
SLT 80/20	21.5	5.8	2.250	5.1	0.04	79.0
SLT 90/10	20.7	4.1	2.260	4.6	0.02	94.0

Mixtures	CP	Composite model $R M = K_{1} \times σ_{3}^{K_{2}} \times σ_{d}^{K_{3}}$				RM range (MPa) for all stresses	RM (MPa)	Mean RM (MPa)
Mixtures	CP	K1	K2	K3	R2	RM range (MPa) for all stresses	RM (MPa)	Mean RM (MPa)
REF 50/50	1	304.5	0.1690	-0.0029	0.994	149 - 209	183	168
	2	539.7	0.3698	0.0171	0.996	115 - 198	159
	3	643.5	0.3844	0.0529	0.985	109 - 203	161
REF 60/40	1	335.4	0.1317	0.1172	0.982	136 - 246	180	182
	2	320.2	0.1369	0.0876	0.981	136 - 244	180
	3	323.9	0.0256	0.2245	0.978	120 - 252	185
REF 70/30	1	358.2	0.1706	0.0812	0.983	142 - 267	186	186
	2	374.4	0.1706	0.0964	0.980	149 - 268	189
	3	432.5	0.1916	0.1481	0.978	116 - 258	184
REF 80/20	1	524.9	0.0187	0.2498	0.954	173 - 311	226	260
	2	514.6	0.0404	0.2121	0.958	198 - 433	291
	3	468.6	0.0703	0.1715	0.986	181 - 348	265
REF 90/10	1	379.2	0.2117	-0.0770	0.978	206 - 326	249	269
	2	1049.0	0.3932	0.0364	0.942	215 - 422	276
	3	867.2	0.3677	-0.0157	0.912	223 - 401	283
SLT 50/50	1	187.5	0.0606	-0.0243	0.983	141 - 193	167	156
	2	600.7	0.4029	0.0209	0.987	113 - 200	155
	3	502.0	0.3556	0.0436	0.983	98 - 189	145
SLT 60/40	1	348.0	0.0574	0.1919	0.974	113 - 249	195	171
	2	430.1	0.2857	0.0594	0.990	121 - 243	171
	3	206.7	-0.0662	0.2456	0.978	117 - 215	146
SLT 70/30	1	424.8	0.1840	0.1624	0.979	108 - 238	179	183
	2	508.6	0.2105	0.1871	0.980	116 - 279	190
	3	384.1	0.1137	0.2017	0.985	111 - 249	180
SLT 80/20	1	562.7	0.1367	0.1461	0.989	209 - 411	279	241
	2	408.3	0.1242	0.1052	0.984	162 - 294	229
	3	367.0	0.0155	0.2279	0.976	131 - 283	214
SLT 90/10	1	1087.7	0.3575	0.0920	0.973	198 - 389	276	254
	2	970.0	0.3071	0.1471	0.928	187 - 403	253
	3	641.0	0.5290	-0.2058	0.935	98 - 309	233

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